Table of contents
Open Table of contents
- 2003年股东大会
- 2003年年度股东大会
- 第二部分/第六部分
- 18. 用股票期权作为薪酬是“疯狂的”
- 18. 用股票期权作为薪酬是“疯狂的”
- 19. 低通胀有利于投资者,但保持低预期
- 20. 经理们自行决定是否参加年会
- 21. 决策不基于“宏大的未来预测”
- 22. “理想的”GDP显示经济如何影响家庭
- 23. 巴菲特不是从书本学习会计的
- 24. 许多信用保险公司“并不真正知道自己在做什么”
- 25. 我们努力“看得很远”
- 26. 芒格:GDP的15%用于医疗保健“并不疯狂”
- 27. 巴菲特:给予和获得爱才是真正的成功
- 28. 巴菲特不记得给理查德·雷恩沃特建议
- 29. 喜诗糖果的教训:倾听批评
- 30. 从“雪茄烟蒂”到高质量公司
- 31. 重新获得失去的竞争优势很难
- 18. “Crazy” to use stock options as compensation
- 19. Low inflation helps investors, but keep expectations low
- 20. Managers decide whether to come to annual meeting
- 21. Decisions not based on “sweeping future projections”
- 22. “Desirable” GDP shows how economy affects households
- 23. Buffett didn’t learn accounting from books
- 24. Many credit insurers “don’t really know what they’re doing”
- 25. We try to look “a long way into the future”
- 2003年度股东大会 第三部分(共六部分)
- 32. “焦虑的性格”会损害你的长期表现
- 33. AAA评级不会“导致我们做任何蠢事”
- 34. 从一开始就计划行使科隆再保险的购买期权
- 35. 伯克希尔回购股票是可能的,但可能性不大
- 36. 即使公用事业控股公司法未被废除,中美能源也将增长
- 37. 为什么巴菲特不收业绩报酬
- 38. 关于衍生品的“温和警钟”
- 39. 经理人是热爱企业还是热爱金钱?
- 下午会议
- 1. 关于税前运营利润的澄清
- 2. 读一切,忽略管理层,等待“好打的球”
- 3. “我们尽力解释”伯克希尔
- 4. “奇怪的事情”在市场上发生
- 5. “内在价值非常重要也非常模糊”
- 6. Freddie Mac, Fannie Mae, and systemic derivatives risk
- 6. 房地美、房利美与系统性衍生品风险
- 7. “We do not run a big currency risk”
- 7. “我们不承担巨大的货币风险”
- 8. Acquisition opportunities growing like a rolling snowball
- 8. 收购机会如滚雪球般增长
- 9. Buffett tells how he didn’t let Jack Ringwalt wriggle out of National Indemnity deal
- 9. 巴菲特讲述他如何没让杰克·林沃尔特从国民 indemnity 交易中溜走
- 10. No telecom stocks, but maybe junk bonds
- 10. 不买电信股,但可能买垃圾债
- 11. Nobody can “successfully dethrone Coca-Cola”
- 11. 没有人能“成功推翻可口可乐”
- 12. Buying Level 3 bonds is a “bet on the people”
- 12. 购买Level 3债券是一次“对人的押注”
- 13. Why Berkshire invested in Mark Byrne’s hedge fund, Value Capital
- 13. 伯克希尔为何投资马克·伯恩的对冲基金 Value Capital
- 18. 不对“机会主义”债券策略发表评论
- 19. 银行可以“出人意料地”盈利
- 20. 看机会成本,而不是“资本成本”
- 21. 中石油投资不是什么“大事”
- 22. 为什么我们要把钱“回馈社会”
- 23. 许多优秀企业无法通过投入更多资本来提高利润
- 24. 巴菲特:我不向朋友寻求帮助
- 25. “一个很有钱的人对所有事情都大放厥词,这有点不招人喜欢”
- 26. 不要把社保资金投入股市
- 27. 简单的薪酬计划和不请顾问
- 28. 巴菲特不介意大型经纪商持有他的股票
- 29. 各州不应拿纳税人的钱买股票
- 30. 内在价值:“模糊的”,但至关重要
- 31. 芒格:侵权诉讼制度“疯狂”
- 31. Munger: Tort lawsuit system is “crazy”
- 32. “从破产中购买东西很难”
- 32. “It’s tough to buy things out of bankruptcy”
- 33. “我们喜欢重仓介入”购买股票时
- 33. “We like to go in heavy” when buying a stock
- 34. 短期利率不影响投资决策
- 34. Short-term rates don’t affect investment decisions
- 35. 股息应该征税
- 35. Dividends should be taxed
- 36. 为什么伯克希尔要求至少10%的回报
- 36. Why Berkshire wants at least a 10 percent return
- 37. 伯克希尔为百事可乐10亿美元竞赛承保
- 37. Berkshire insures $1B Pepsi contest
- 第二部分/第六部分
2003年股东大会
上午场
1. 巴菲特欢迎”真正的股东”
沃伦·巴菲特:(掌声)谢谢。我们保证不唱歌。(笑声)早上好,我们很高兴大家能来到这里。经营伯克希尔有趣的地方之一,就是我们能看到真正的股东。我们持有的股份中,由个人持有而非机构持有的比例,可能比美国几乎所有大公司都要高。这正是我们喜欢的。我们非常欢迎你们来,我们能见到你们,你们购买我们的产品。你们知道,楼下还有些东西在卖——(笑声)——会议期间查理讲话时,你们随时都可以溜出去——(笑声)——下楼买点东西。
原文
WARREN BUFFETT: (Applause) Thank you. We promise not to sing. (Laughter) Good morning, and we’re delighted to have you all here. One of the things that makes it fun to run Berkshire is that we see real shareholders. We have — we probably have a larger proportion of our shares held by individuals and not by institutions than virtually any large company in America. And that’s the way we like it. We love it when you come, we get to see you, you buy our products. You know, there’s still a few things left downstairs so — (laughter) — feel free to leave anytime during the meeting when Charlie’s talking — (laughter) — to go down and make a few purchases.
2. 安迪·海沃德与”自由的孩子”
沃伦·巴菲特:现在,我们将像往常一样进行。首先,我要特别感谢安迪·海沃德。安迪,请你站起来好吗?(掌声)安迪就是那位——他就在那里。(掌声)安迪制作那些卡通片,他请来沃尔特·克朗凯特和比尔·盖茨,他写剧本。他让查理和我也去录音。他制作的片子真是太精彩了。对于你们中那些——去年我提到过一个在公共广播公司播出的节目叫”自由的孩子”。这个节目正在连续播出。我想,一共有40集。它讲述了美国建国的故事,是一种了解历史的绝妙方式。我自己也看了很多集,这让我回想起早年上学时的情景。
安迪制作这个节目,我认为他对美国的父母和整个国家做出了真正的贡献。我敢预言,一百年后人们还会看”自由的孩子”。所以,我向安迪·海沃德致敬,请一定要在公共广播公司收看。安迪,感谢你带来的精彩制作。(掌声)
原文
WARREN BUFFETT: Now, we’re going to do as we’ve always done. First of all, I’d like to — I would like to give very special thanks to Andy Heyward. Andy, would you stand up if you will please? (Applause) Andy is the man that — there he is. (Applause) Andy does those cartoons, he recruits Walter Cronkite and Bill Gates, and he does the script. He gets Charlie and me to do recordings. And it’s just wonderful the production he’s put on. And for those of you — last year I mentioned a program that’s on public broadcasting called “Liberty’s Kids.” It’s running in — consecutively. There’s, I think, 40 episodes. It tells the story, really, of the founding of the country, and it’s a marvelous way to learn history. I’ve watched a number of the sessions myself, and it kind of comes back to me from my early days, grade school and high school.
And Andy’s done, I think, the parents of America and the country, a real service in producing this. And I will predict that a hundred years from now, people will be watching “Liberty’s Kids.” So I really salute Andy Heyward, and be sure to catch it on public broadcasting. And Andy, thanks for a wonderful production. (Applause)
3. 当天的议程
沃伦·巴菲特:现在,我们将按照惯例,在三到四分钟内轻松地完成正式会议部分。(笑声)然后——我实际上会对我们的业务做一些评论,还有几项收购——之后,剩下的时间一直到下午3:30,中间会有午餐休息,我们都会在这里回答你们的问题。我们在各个区域都放置了麦克风,我们会轮流进行,尽量覆盖到——任何你们想提的问题,尽管问,简单的问题我来回答,难的问题交给查理回答。(笑声)
原文
WARREN BUFFETT: Now, we’re going to follow our usual procedure of leisurely proceeding through the formal part of the business in three or four minutes. And — (laughter) — then we will — I’ll have a few comments, actually, on our business, and then — and a couple of acquisitions — and then we will spend the rest of the day, until 3:30 with a break for lunch, we will spend here to answer any questions you have. We have microphones in various zones, and we will proceed around and try to get every — any subject that’s on your mind, fire away and I’ll answer the easy ones and Charlie will answer the tough ones. (Laughter)
4. 解读芒格的回答
沃伦·巴菲特:所以现在我们开始进行正式会议部分,他们给我写了一个小剧本,我会照着念。会议现在开始。哦,我应该介绍一下这边的查理,虽然他不需要介绍。但查理——(掌声)查理和我在1959年就成为了某种形式的合伙人。我们都在奥马哈长大,但当时并不认识对方。我们都在同一家杂货店工作过。我们有类似的经历,我们都发现自己不喜欢努力工作。(笑声)如果你们去西部传统博物馆,他们刚刚开设了那家杂货店的展览。这是一个永久性展览,实际上我很喜欢。查理比我早几年在那里工作过,但我们直到我28或29岁才真正见面,查理比我大几岁,他现在仍然比我大。(笑声)——我们现在以某种方式合作了44年。我们从未争吵过。虽然有时我们会在某些事情上意见不一。
他——你们要学会解读查理的回答。他——当我问他是否喜欢某件事时,如果他说”不”,那就意味着我们全部投资进去。我是说,这是一个巨大的——(笑声)如果他说”这是我听过的最愚蠢的主意”,那我们会进行更适度的投资。然后你们需要校准他的回答,但一旦你学会了,你就会得到很多智慧。
原文
WARREN BUFFETT: So now we will go through the formal part of the business, they’ve written a little script for me and I will go through this. The meeting will now come to order. Oh, I should introduce Charlie over here, not that he needs an introduction. But Charlie — (Applause) Charlie and I have been partners of one sort or another since 1959. We both grew up a good bit here in Omaha, but we didn’t know each other at the time. We both worked at the same grocery store. We had a similar experience, we found that neither one of us liked hard work. (Laughter) And if you go down to the Western Heritage Museum, they just opened an exhibit of that grocery store. It’s a permanent exhibit, and actually, I loved it. Charlie worked there a few years before I did in the past, but we didn’t actually meet until I was 28 or 29, and Charlie was a few years older, as he still is. And — (laughter) — we have worked together now for — in one way or another — for 44 years. We’ve never had an argument. And we disagree sometimes on things.
He — you have to learn to calibrate Charlie’s answers. He — when I ask him whether he likes something, if he says, “No,” that means we put all our money in it. I mean, that is a huge — (Laughter) If he says, “That’s the dumbest idea I’ve ever heard,” that’s a more moderate investment that we make. And then you have to calibrate his answers, but once you learn to do that you get a lot of wisdom.
5. 介绍伯克希尔董事
沃伦·巴菲特:我们的董事们都在这里,我来介绍一下。请大家在我念到名字时起立,然后——这有点难做到——但你们可以等他们都站起来后再鼓掌。苏珊·T·巴菲特、霍华德·G·巴菲特、马尔科姆·G·蔡斯、罗纳德·L·奥尔森、小沃尔特·斯科特,除了查理之外,这些都是伯克希尔·哈撒韦的董事。(掌声)正如我们在年报中提到的,我们将增加一些符合我在报告中提出的四个标准的董事。我们可能会在接下来的一年内增加一些。当我们被要求时——每当我们需要这样做时,我们就会去做。我们将邀请那些像你们一样,在伯克希尔有大量自身资金投入的人。他们将根据伯克希尔的表现而受益或受损,而不是根据他们的董事费或其他东西。所以他们将根据商业智慧来挑选,他们将拥有这种智慧。
他们将根据对公司的兴趣来挑选,这几乎由他们的持股量来保证。他们将根据他们的股东导向来挑选,同样,我认为他们的持股会产生这种导向。我们将在下次会议前让这些人加入董事会。
原文
WARREN BUFFETT: We have our directors with us, and I’ll introduce them. We have, if you’ll stand please as I call your name and then you can — it’ll be hard to do — but you can withhold your applause till they’re all standing. Susan T. Buffett, Howard G. Buffett, Malcolm G. Chace, Ronald L. Olson, and Walter Scott Jr., in addition to Charlie. Those are the directors of Berkshire Hathaway. (Applause) As we mentioned in the annual report, we will be adding some directors who meet the four tests that I laid out in the report. We’ll be adding some of those, probably within the next year. When we’re required — whenever we’re required to do so, we will be doing it. And we will have people who have a lot of their own money on the line, just like you do, in Berkshire. And they will prosper or suffer in relation to how Berkshire does, and not in relation to their directors’ fees or other things. So they will be selected for business savvy, which they will have.
They will be selected for interest in the company, which is almost guaranteed by their holdings. They will be selected by their shareholder orientation, which, again, I think that their holdings will produce. And we will have those people on board, probably by our next meeting.
6. 正式业务会议开始
沃伦·巴菲特:今天和我们在一起的还有德勤会计师事务所的合伙人,我们的审计师。他们可以回答你们关于他们事务所审计伯克希尔账目方面的任何适当问题。我可以说,几乎任何问题都是合适的。伯克希尔秘书福雷斯特·克鲁特先生将做会议记录。贝基·阿米克女士被任命为本次会议的选举监察员,她将证明董事选举中投票数的统计结果。本次会议指定的代理投票人是小沃尔特·斯科特和马克·D·汉堡。我们将进行会议的业务部分,然后休会——结束正式会议。之后我们将回答你们可能有的问题。
沃伦·巴菲特:秘书是否有关于伯克希尔已发行、有权投票以及在本次会议上代表的股份数量的报告?
福雷斯特·克鲁特:是的,我有。如伴随本次会议通知的代理声明中所示,该通知已发送给2003年3月5日(此为本次会议的登记日期)的所有登记股东,共有1,309,423股伯克希尔·哈撒韦A类普通股已发行,每股有权在会议上审议的动议中投一票。以及6,763,493股B类普通股已发行,每股有权在会议上审议的动议中投1/200票。其中,截至5月1日星期四晚上,通过代理投票返回的A类股为1,071,967股,B类股为5,228,705股。
沃伦·巴菲特:谢谢。这个数字构成法定人数,因此我们将直接进行会议。第一项议程是宣读上一次股东大会的会议记录。我请沃尔特·斯科特先生向会议提出一项动议。
沃尔特·斯科特:我动议,免去宣读上一次股东大会的会议记录,并批准该会议记录。
沃伦·巴菲特:有人附议吗?动议已提出并有人附议。有评论或问题吗?我们将通过口头表决对此动议进行投票。同意的请说”赞成”。
声音:赞成。
沃伦·巴菲特:反对的?你们可以说”我要走了”来表示。(笑声)动议通过。
原文
WARREN BUFFETT: Also with us today are partners in the firm of Deloitte and Touche, our auditors. They’re available to respond to appropriate questions you might have concerning their firm’s audit of the accounts of Berkshire. And I might say that almost any question would be appropriate. Mr. Forrest Krutter, secretary of Berkshire, he will make a written record of the proceedings. Miss Becki Amick has been appointed inspector of elections at this meeting, and she will certify to the count of votes cast in the election for directors. The named proxy holders for this meeting are Walter Scott Jr. and Marc D. Hamburg. We will conduct the business of the meeting and then adjourn to the — adjourn the formal meeting. After that we will entertain questions that you might have.
WARREN BUFFETT: Does the secretary have a report of the number of Berkshire shares outstanding, entitled to vote, and represented at the meeting?
FORREST KRUTTER: Yes, I do. As indicated in the proxy statement that accompanied the notice of this meeting that was sent to all shareholders of record on March 5, 2003, being the record date for this meeting, there were 1,309,423 shares of Class A Berkshire Hathaway common stock outstanding, with each share entitled to one vote on motions considered at the meeting. And 6,763,493 shares of Class B Berkshire Hathaway common stock outstanding, with each share entitled to 1/200th of one vote on motions considered at the meeting. Of that number 1,071,967 Class A shares and 5,228,705 Class B shares are represented at this meeting by proxies returned through Thursday evening, May 1.
WARREN BUFFETT: Thank you. That number represents a quorum and we will therefore directly proceed with the meeting. First order of business will be a reading of the minutes of the last meeting of shareholders. I recognize Mr. Walter Scott who will place a motion before the meeting.
WALTER SCOTT: I move that the reading of the minutes of the last meeting of the shareholders be dispensed with and the minutes approved.
WARREN BUFFETT: Do I hear a second? Motion has been moved and seconded. Are there any comments or questions? We will vote on this motion by voice vote. All those in favor say “aye.”
VOICES: Aye.
WARREN BUFFETT: Opposed? You can signify by saying, “I’m leaving.” (Laughter) The motion is carried.
7. 选举伯克希尔董事
沃伦·巴菲特:会议的第一项业务是选举董事。如果有股东希望撤回之前寄来的代理投票并亲自投票选举董事,他们可以这样做。同样,如果任何在场的股东尚未提交代理投票并希望获得选票以便亲自投票,你们也可以这样做。如果你们希望这样做,请向过道中的会议工作人员表明身份,他们将向你们提供选票。希望获得选票的人请表明身份,以便我们分发选票。我现在请沃尔特·斯科特先生就董事选举向会议提出一项动议。
沃尔特·斯科特:我动议选举沃伦·E·巴菲特、查尔斯·T·芒格、苏珊·T·巴菲特、霍华德·G·巴菲特、马尔科姆·G·蔡斯、罗纳德·L·奥尔森和小沃尔特·斯科特为董事。
沃伦·巴菲特:听起来不错。动议已提出并有人附议,选举沃伦·E·巴菲特、查尔斯·T·芒格、苏珊·T·巴菲特、霍华德·G·巴菲特、马尔科姆·G·蔡斯、罗纳德·L·奥尔森和小沃尔特·斯科特为董事。有其他提名吗?有讨论吗?提名已准备就绪,可以付诸表决。如果有股东亲自投票,请现在在董事选举选票上做标记,并将选票交给选举监察员。请代理投票人也向选举监察员提交一份按照他们收到的指示投票的董事选举选票。阿米克小姐,当你准备好时,可以给出你的报告。
贝基·阿米克:我的报告准备好了。代理投票人的选票,根据截至上周四晚上收到的代理委托书,为每位被提名人投了不少于1,058,098票。这个数字远远超过所有已发行A类和B类股份总票数的多数。特拉华州法律要求的关于投票精确计数的证明,包括代理投票人根据本次会议收到的代理委托书将投出的额外选票,以及本次会议上亲自投出的任何选票,将交给秘书存入本次会议的记录中。
沃伦·巴菲特:谢谢你,阿米克小姐。沃伦·E·巴菲特、苏珊·T·巴菲特、霍华德·G·巴菲特、马尔科姆·G·蔡斯、查尔斯·T·芒格、罗纳德·L·奥尔森和小沃尔特·斯科特已当选为董事。
原文
WARREN BUFFETT: The first item of business at the meeting is to elect directors. If a shareholder is present who wishes to withdraw a proxy previously sent in and vote in person on the election of directors, he or she may do so. Also, if any shareholder that is present has not turned in a proxy and desires a ballot in order to vote in person, you may do so. If you wish to do this, please identify yourself to meeting officials in the aisles who will furnish a ballot to you. Will those persons desiring ballots please identify themselves so we may distribute them? I now recognize Mr. Walter Scott to place a motion before the meeting with respect to election of directors.
WALTER SCOTT: I move that Warren E. Buffett, Charles T. Munger, Susan T. Buffett, Howard G. Buffett, Malcolm G. Chace, Ronald L. Olson, and Walter Scott Jr., be elected as directors.
WARREN BUFFETT: Sounds good to me. It has been moved and seconded that Warren E. Buffett, Charles T. Munger, Susan T. Buffett, Howard G. Buffett, Malcolm G. Chace, Ronald L. Olson, and Walter Scott Jr., be elected as directors. Are there any other nominations? Is there any discussion? The nominations are ready to be acted upon. If there are any shareholders voting in person, they should now mark their ballots on the election of directors and allow the ballots to be delivered to the inspector of elections. Would the proxy holders please also submit to the inspector of elections a ballot on the election of directors voting and proxies in accordance with the instructions they have received? Miss Amick, when you’re ready you may give your report.
BECKI AMICK: My report is ready. The ballot of the proxy holders, in response to proxies that were received through last Thursday evening, cast not less than 1,058,098 votes for each nominee. That number far exceeds a majority of the number of the total votes related to all Class A and Class B shares outstanding. The certification required by Delaware law of the precise count of the votes, including the additional votes to be cast by the proxy holders in response to proxies delivered at this meeting, as well as any cast in person at this meeting, will be given to the secretary to be placed with the minutes of this meeting.
WARREN BUFFETT: Thank you, Miss. Amick. Warren E. Buffett, Susan T. Buffett, Howard G. Buffett, Malcolm G. Chace, Charles T. Munger, Ronald L. Olson, and Walter Scott Jr., have been elected as directors.
8. 将B类股纳入慈善计划的提案
沃伦·巴菲特:下一项业务是伯克希尔股东克里斯托弗·J·弗里德提出的提案,他持有两股B类股。弗里德先生的动议已在代理声明中陈述,提议股东要求公司允许持有至少七股注册B类股的B类股东有资格参与股东指定捐款计划。董事们建议股东投票反对此提案。我们现在请弗里德先生或其指定人员发言,介绍他的提案。
克里斯·弗里德:谢谢您,巴菲特先生。早上好,各位股东。我叫克里斯·弗里德,我来这里提交一项股东提案。这项提案旨在将股东指定捐款计划扩展到B类股东。首先,我想引用我们股东”所有者手册”中的一段话:“虽然我们的形式是公司,但我们的态度是合伙制。查尔斯·芒格和我是将我们的股东视为所有者合伙人,而将自己视为管理合伙人。我们不将公司本身视为我们商业资产的最终所有者,而是将公司视为股东拥有资产的渠道。” 考虑到这一点,我提出以下提案供投票。该提案将把股东捐款计划扩展到持有至少七股注册B类股的B类股东。根据我的提案,每只B类股将被分配A类捐赠额的1/30。目前A类捐赠率为18美元,相当于每股B类股60美分。
所需的最低七股注册股份使得B类股东捐赠金额不低于4.20美元。这个数字很重要,因为考虑到通货膨胀因素,这个捐赠率将与1981年最初启动股东指定捐赠计划时的水平持平。我理解拥有A类股涉及某些特权。然而,这些特权应仅限于投票权和将A类股转换为B类股的能力。因此,我认为将股东指定计划扩展到B类股东是合适的。如果伯克希尔·哈撒韦要真正践行它所宣扬的——这家公司是所有股东之间的合伙关系——那么B类股东必须至少有权选择参与股东指定捐款计划。因此,我请求各位伯克希尔·哈撒韦股东对此事投赞成票。谢谢你们的时间。
沃伦·巴菲特:谢谢你,弗里德先生。你说得完全正确,查理和我确实将我们的股东视为合伙人,从我们真正开始以来一直如此。事实上,伯克希尔在某种意义上是从几个合伙企业发展而来的。查理有一个合伙企业,我有一个合伙企业,我们对某些事情进行了投资。我们的许多原始合伙人仍然是我们的股东。但合伙企业——合伙企业有合伙协议,当我们——或者当我们在几年前发行B类股时,我们制定了合伙人的相关条款。A类和B类在经济条款上非常相似,但并不完全相同。当时我们向一群新的合伙人——B类合伙人发行这些股份时,我相信我们非常清楚地解释了具体有哪些差异。投票权有差异,A类股可以转换为B类股但反之则不行,还有股东指定捐款计划也有差异。
自从我们发行这些股票以来,我不知道,大概是六七年前吧,我们实际上与A类和B类股东都达成了一项契约,即我们将按照发行时解释的方式对待这两个类别。因此,如果我们改变投票权、转换比例或股东指定捐款计划,我们实际上就是改变了一项自B股发行以来就已经达成并被认可的交易。人们因为某些原因选择购买A股而非B股。人们也因为其他原因购买B股。但他们依赖于这样一个事实:我们将遵守在发行这些股票时所说的话。我们不会从B类中拿走任何东西,也不会从A类中拿走任何东西。我们将维持现状。未来,你们知道,我碰巧持有的股份集中在A类股。但除了我们在B股发行时列出的那些,A股永远不会获得比B股更多的优势。
实际上,如果告诉A类股东,特别是那些在B股发行后购买了A股的股东,说A类和B类之间的经济关系正在被改变,即使只是微小的改变,对B类有利而对A类不利,那对A类股东是不公平的。我们不会朝任何一个方向这样做,这就是我们建议投票反对的原因。查理,你想补充什么吗?
查理·芒格:嗯,不仅这些都对,而且将计划扩展到所有B类股东的成本——这将是一个非常低效的过程。
沃伦·巴菲特:是的,当然——这就是原因,回到我们发行B股的时候,我的意思是,我们预见到了这一点。所以这似乎是一件对B类股东提供很少价值却对公司造成重大成本的事情,因此我们相信在最初的招股说明书中说得很清楚,随后的每份年报也都说明了。所以这就是协议,协议规定——我们还规定,除了最初招股说明书以及后来所有年报中解释的内容外,我们永远不会为了给A类比B类任何优势而改变任何事情。有人附议弗里德先生的动议吗?如果我们没有得到附议,我们该怎么办,查理?
查理·芒格:那就胎死腹中了。
沃伦·巴菲特:好的。我想它就这么死了。(笑声)但是,提出这样的问题并没有什么不妥(听不清)。我的意思是,我完全理解你的想法。但我认为你必须考虑对两个类别的公平性。继续往下进行——看看我们到哪了。
原文
WARREN BUFFETT: The next item of business is a proposal put forth by Berkshire shareholder Christopher J. Fried, the owner of two Class B shares. Mr. Fried’s motion is set forth in the proxy statement, and provides that the shareholders request the company allows Class B shareholders who own at least seven registered shares of Class B stock to become eligible to participate in the shareholder-designated contributions program. The directors recommended that the shareholders vote against this proposal. We will now open the floor to recognize Mr. Fried, or his designee, to present his proposal.
CHRIS FRIED: Thank you, Mr. Buffett. Good morning, my fellow shareholders. My name is Chris Fried, and I am here to present a shareholder proposal. This proposal is designed to extend the shareholder-designated contribution program to include Class B shareholders. Let me first start off by saying in our shareholder’s “Owner Manual,” there is a statement that I’d like to quote at this time. “Although our forum is corporate, our attitude is partnership. Charles Munger and I think of our shareholders as owner-partners, and of ourselves as managing partners. “We do not view the company, itself, as the ultimate owner of our business assets, but instead view the company as a conduit through which our shareholders own the assets.” With that in mind, I present the following proposal for a vote. This proposal would extend the shareholder contribution program to Class B shareholders who own at least seven registered shares of Class B stock. Under my proposal, each Class B stock would be allocated 1/30th the value to Class A donation rate. Currently the Class A rate is $18 which translates to 60 cents per Class B share.
The required minimum seven registered shares results in no less than $4.20 being donated by a Class B shareholder. This figure is important, for when inflation is taken into account, the donation rate will be on par with the original 1981 donation level when the shareholder — proposal — designated program was initiated. I do understand that there are certain perks involved with owning a Class A share. However, those perks should only be limited to voting rights and the ability to convert Class A shares to Class B shares. Therefore, I believe that is an appropriate — to extend the shareholder-designated program to Class B shareholders. If Berkshire Hathaway is to truly follow — truly follow what it preaches about this firm being a partnership among all of its shareholders, then Class B shareholders must have the right to at least have the option to take part in the shareholder-designated contribution program. Thus, I ask my fellow Berkshire Hathaway shareholders to vote in affirmative on this matter. Thank you for your time.
WARREN BUFFETT: Thank you, Mr. Fried. And you’re absolutely right that Charlie and I do regard our shareholders as partners, and we have ever since we really started. In fact, Berkshire, in a sense, evolved out of a couple of partnerships. Charlie had a partnership, I had a partnership, we made an investment in certain things. And a lot of our original partners are still with us as shareholders. The partnership — but partnerships have partnership agreements, and when we set forth — or when we issued the Class B shares some years ago, we set forth the relative terms of the partners. And the Class A and the Class B are quite similar in economic terms, but they’re not identical. And at the time we issued those shares to a new group of partners, Class B partners, we explained, quite clearly I believe, exactly what differences there were. There was a difference in voting rights, there was a difference in that the Class A could be converted to B, but not the reverse. And there was a difference in the shareholder-designated contribution program.
Ever since we issued those shares, I don’t know, maybe six or seven years ago, we, in effect, have had a compact with both the A and B shareholders that they — that we would treat the two classes in a way consistent with what was explained at the time of issuance. So if we were to change the vote, the conversion ratio, or the shareholder-designated contribution program, we would, in effect, be changing a deal that was made, and that has been recognized as having been made, ever since the B shares were issued. People have bought the A shares in preference to B because of certain reasons. People have bought the B shares for other reasons. But they have relied on the fact that we would abide by what we said we would do at the time we issued those shares. We’ll not take anything away from the B, we’ll not take anything away from the A. We’ll run things just as they are. And in the future, you know, I happen to have shares — my holdings — concentrated in A shares. But the A will never get any advantage over the B except for the ones we laid out at the time of issuance of the B.
It would actually be unfair to A shareholders, and particularly to A shareholders who have bought since the B was issued, to tell them that the economic relationship between the A and B was being changed, even though only in a slight way, to the benefit of the A — benefit of the B — and the detriment of the A. We wouldn’t do that in either direction, so that’s why we recommended to vote against it. Charlie, do you want to add anything?
CHARLIE MUNGER: Well, not only is all of that true, but the cost of getting down to all of B would — it would be a very inefficient process.
WARREN BUFFETT: Yeah, well of course — and that’s the reason, back when we issued the B, I mean, we anticipated that. So it seemed like something that would offer very little value to the B at a significant cost to the company, and therefore we spelled it out quite clearly, I believe, in the original prospectus, and it’s been spelled out in every annual report subsequently. So it’s the deal, and the deal is that — is also that we never change things to benefit the A in any way over the B, except as originally explained in the original prospectus, and subsequently in all the annual reports. Is there a second to Mr. Fried’s motion? What do we do if we don’t get a second, Charlie?
CHARLIE MUNGER: It dies.
WARREN BUFFETT: OK. I guess it just died. (Laughter) But, there’s nothing inappropriate about bringing something like that up (inaudible). I mean, I understand exactly, you know, what you’re thinking about. But I think you have to think of fairness to both classes. Moving right along — figuring out where we are.
9. 正式业务会议休会
沃伦·巴菲特:我想我们该进行到会议休会了。之后我们将进行我们谈到的问答环节,我也会告诉你们一些关于业务的最新情况,因为年报已经发布了。沃尔特·斯科特,你有动议要提交吗?
沃尔特·斯科特:我动议休会。
沃伦·巴菲特:有人附议吗?
声音:我附议。
沃伦·巴菲特:休会动议已提出并有人附议。我们将进行口头表决。有讨论吗?如果没有,同意的请说”赞成”。
声音:赞成。
沃伦·巴菲特:反对的说”不”。会议休会。(笑声和掌声)
原文
WARREN BUFFETT: I guess we’re moving along to adjournment of the meeting. And after that we will have the questions we talked about, and I’ll also tell you a little bit about the business, since the annual report come out — came out. Walter Scott, do you have a motion to put before the meeting?
WALTER SCOTT: I move we adjourn the meeting.
WARREN BUFFETT: Do we have a second?
VOICE: I second.
WARREN BUFFETT: Motion to adjourn has been made and seconded. We will vote by voice. Is there any discussion? If not, all in favor say, “aye.”
VOICES: Aye.
WARREN BUFFETT: All opposed say, “No.” The meeting’s adjourned. (Laughter and applause)
10. 提问用的麦克风
沃伦·巴菲特:现在,我想让大家了解一些最新情况,然后我们将开始提问。我们在礼堂周围放置了八个麦克风,我们会轮流进行,不断地轮换。马克,音乐厅那边有麦克风吗?我不太确定。也许马克可以上来告诉我音乐厅那边是否(听不清)有麦克风——
声音:那里有两个。
沃伦·巴菲特:音乐厅有两个麦克风——
声音:是的,九号和十号。
沃伦·巴菲特:九号和十号在音乐厅。那边人很多吗?
声音:是的,满了。满了。
沃伦·巴菲特:满了?
声音:是的。
沃伦·巴菲特:哦好的。我们还没有把人行道上的麦克风放好,但总有一天会做到的。(笑声)
原文
WARREN BUFFETT: Now, I’d like to bring you up to date on a couple of things, and then we will proceed with questions. We have eight microphones placed around the auditorium here, and we will proceed regularly around and just keep going around, and around. And Marc, do we have anything in the — any microphones in the Music Hall or not? I’m not aware. Maybe if Marc could come up and inform me whether there’s (inaudible) Music Hall or not, we can —
VOICE: There’s two in there.
WARREN BUFFETT: There’s two microphones in the Music —
VOICE: Yes, nine and 10.
WARREN BUFFETT: Nine and 10 are in the Music Hall. And are there quite a few people there?
VOICE: Yeah, it’s full. It’s full.
WARREN BUFFETT: It’s full?
VOICE: Yeah.
WARREN BUFFETT: Oh OK. We haven’t put microphones out on the sidewalks yet, but we’ll get to that someday. (Laughter)
11. 从沃尔玛收购迈凯伦
沃伦·巴菲特:我们今年已经——签订了收购两家公司的合同。你们可能刚在今天早上的报纸上看到了其中一家,但这笔交易是在昨天早上美国中部时间7:45公布的,涉及从沃尔玛公司购买迈凯伦的合同。迈凯伦是一家非常大的批发商,服务于各种机构,包括便利店、快餐店、沃尔玛自身的运营、影院、餐厅等。今年我们可能要做大约220亿美元的生意。所以这是一家非常大的企业,在全国各地都有配送中心,拥有大量的运输设备。沃尔玛自1990年左右起拥有迈凯伦。在他们拥有期间,公司大幅增长。公司一直由一位出色的管理者经营,他今天也在这里,格雷迪·罗西尔。格雷迪将业务从30亿美元带到了220亿美元左右。
沃尔玛出于非常好的理由,希望专注于他们极其擅长的领域。通过高盛公司,他们在不久前联系了我们,询问收购该业务的可能性。这对双方来说都很有意义,因为沃尔玛非常清楚如何在他们自己的业务中很好地运用资本,并且有很多机会。而这对他们来说是一种副业。另一方面,他们拥有迈凯伦导致一些本应是迈凯伦合理客户的公司不愿与其开展业务,因为他们不想与竞争对手做生意。我们计划很快与所有这些公司会面,并向他们解释情况不再如此,他们可以放心地与我们做生意,而不必担心惠及其竞争对手沃尔玛。所以这笔交易——上周四,也就是上上周四,沃尔玛的一位代表,首席财务官,来到了奥马哈。我们大概谈了一两个小时就达成了协议,握手成交。当你们与沃尔玛握手时,交易就达成了。
所以从那时起到昨天早上,合同已经准备好,需要通过哈特-斯科特-罗迪诺法案的审批程序。但显然没有冲突,所以我们完全预计在几周内,迈凯伦将成为伯克希尔的一部分。它目前服务于大约125,000家便利店中的36,000家左右。如果你们看看美国前50大连锁便利店,它与这些公司做了58%的生意。它平均每年向每家便利店销售大约30万美元或略多的产品,然后这些便利店再转售给消费者。它还服务于大约18,000家快餐店,主要是百胜餐饮集团旗下的:塔可钟、必胜客和肯德基。随着我们的发展,将有机会服务更多。所以我们很高兴。如果你们有机会见到格雷迪,或者更好的是,如果你们中有人拥有便利店,请上前一步,我们很乐意给你名片。
(笑声)这真的是——你知道,沃尔玛知道我们会是一个好主人,他们知道我们对迈凯伦的员工有好处。他们知道我们的支票能兑现,我们不会提出建议然后遇到融资困难,或者后来试图在合同上做手脚。这是一种理想的做生意方式,我们很高兴将迈凯伦加入伯克希尔的公司集团。显然,这是一个利润率非常低的生意。我的意思是,当你的销售额达到220亿美元,一边是好时、玛氏这样的公司,另一边是7-11和沃尔玛这样的买家时,他们不会在中间留下太多利润空间。但你必须为他们提供有价值的服务,才能赚取比如说税前1%的利润。但迈凯伦知道如何做到这一点。这是一个非常高效的运营,并将继续为他们的供应商和客户都带来价值。
原文
WARREN BUFFETT: We’ve made — we’ve contracted to make — two acquisitions this year. You just read about one, perhaps, in this morning’s paper, but it went on the tape at 7:45 yesterday morning, Central Time, and that involved the contract to buy McLane’s from the Walmart company. McLane’s is the very large wholesaler to all kinds of institutions, but convenience stores, quickserve restaurants, the Walmart operation itself, theaters, restaurants. And this year we’ll probably do something like 22 billion of business. So it’s a very substantial enterprise, with distribution centers around the country, with much in the way of transportation equipment. Walmart had owned McLane’s since about, I believe, 1990. It grew substantially while they owned it. It’s been run by a terrific manager who’s here with us today, Grady Rosier, and Grady took the business from 3 billion to 22 billion, or thereabouts.
Walmart, for very good reasons, wants to specialize in what they do extremely well, and through Goldman Sachs and Company, we were approached by them a little while back about the possibilities of buying the business. It’s a — it really makes sense for both sides, because Walmart knows what to do with the capital very, very well in their own business, and has lots of opportunities. And this was something of a sideline to them. On the other hand, their ownership of McLane’s resulted in certain people that would be logical customers of McLane’s not wanting to do business because they didn’t want to do business with a competitor. And we plan to see all those people very soon, and explain to them that that’s no longer the case, and they can sleep well at night doing business with us and not worry about benefiting their competitor, Walmart. So this deal — a representative of Walmart came up last Thursday to Omaha, a week ago this past Thursday, a CFO. And we made a deal in, maybe, an hour or two and shook hands. And when you shake hands with Walmart, you have a deal.
And so the time remaining until yesterday morning, a contract was put together and it must go through the Hart-Scott-Rodino process in — to be cleared. But there’s obviously no conflict, so we fully expect that, in just a few weeks, that McLane’s will become part of Berkshire. It serves, presently, about 36,000 of the 125,000 or so, convenience stores. If you take the 50 largest convenience store chains in the country, it does 58 percent of the business with those companies. Sells each convenience store an average of, perhaps, 300,000 or a slight bit more of product a year, which those convenience stores then resell to the consumer. It also serves about 18,000 quick-serve restaurants, primarily those operated by Yum! Brands: the Taco Bell, and Pizza Hut, and Kentucky Fried Chicken group. And it will have opportunities to serve many more as we go along. So we’re delighted. If any of you get a chance to see Grady, or better yet, if any of you own a convenience store, step forward and we’ll be glad to give you our card.
(Laughter) It’s really — you know, Walmart knows that we will be a good owner, they know we’ll be good for the people that work at McLane’s. They know our check will clear, that we won’t, you know, make a proposition and then run into financing difficulties, or try to jiggle around the contract later on. And it’s just an ideal way to do business, and we’re delighted to add McLane’s to the Berkshire group of companies. It’s a very narrow-margin business, obviously. I mean, when you get up to 22 billion of sales and you’ve got Hershey, and Mars, and people like that on one side, and you’ve got buyers like 7Eleven and Walmart on the other side, they’re not going to leave a lot in between. But you have to perform a valuable service for them in order to earn, you know, say, one cent on the dollar, pre-tax. But McLane’s knows how to do it. It’s a very efficient operation, and it will continue to deliver value to both their vendors and their customers.
12. 收购克莱顿 Homes
沃伦·巴菲特:正在进行的另一项收购是克莱顿 Homes。克莱顿是活动房屋行业的佼佼者,这次收购以一种有趣的方式达成。在过去五年的每一年里,来自田纳西大学诺克斯维尔分校的大约40名金融专业学生会来奥马哈,他们在奥马哈玩得很开心。他们会去家具城。然后下午他们会来基维特广场,和他们的教授阿尔·奥克西耶一起,与我会面大约两小时,就像上课一样。这是一个很棒的学生团体。通常,在会议结束时,他们会给我一个橄榄球或篮球,田纳西大学有一支很棒的女篮队,所以我们一起度过了愉快的时光。事实上,一年前他们来的时候,比尔·盖茨碰巧在城里。所以我把他介绍为代课老师,这是他一直想要的职位。
(笑声)学生们感到非常惊喜。今年他们来的时候,40名学生,我们在基维特广场一起进行了两个小时的愉快会面。结束后,他们给了我一本书。那是吉姆·克莱顿的自传,他创办并经营了克莱顿 Homes,并将其打造成一个巨大的成功企业。他在书上写了一段很好的题词,我向学生们和教授提到,我是克莱顿的崇拜者。我以其他方式关注过活动房屋行业,但并非总是成功,我看到了克莱顿的成就。所以我说我期待阅读这本书,我确实读了。然后我打电话给凯文·克莱顿,吉姆·克莱顿的儿子,凯文是公司的首席执行官。我告诉他我很喜欢他父亲的书。我说我们在奥马哈还有一些钱——(笑声)——如果他们决定做什么,你知道,我们会感兴趣。我建议了我们可能感兴趣的价格。
打了一两个电话之后,我们就达成了交易。我没有去过诺克斯维尔。你知道,我检查了几栋活动房屋。建议我的家人买一套法拍屋。(笑声)但交易就这样达成了。这就是伯克希尔做事的风格。你知道,电话响了,或者我们拿起电话,在这个案例中就是这样。活动房屋行业遇到了严重的麻烦,非常严重的麻烦,因为信贷条件——它们四五年前在信贷方面变得疯狂。当你在信贷方面变得疯狂时,你会遭受非常大的损失,这个行业就是这样。你们中可能有人读到过的康赛可公司,最终持有——或者应该说服务——价值200亿美元的活动房屋信贷,并因此和其他原因陷入大麻烦。我们持有一些垃圾债券的奥克伍德公司,则陷入了破产。它是全国性的大公司,这个行业其他几个最大的玩家也在大量亏损。
活动房屋公司在销售这些房屋时,无法将应收账款证券化。所以这个行业陷入了困境。今年,或者说过去一年,大概卖出了16万套新建活动房屋,但同时大约有9万套法拍屋回流,这极大地抑制了市场。就像我说的,融资来源已经枯竭。很多贷款人已经退出这个领域。所以对于像克莱顿这样强大的公司,特别是有了伯克希尔这样的财务后盾,这应该是一个好领域。美国大约20%的新建独栋房屋是活动房屋。我的意思是,你可以——我们大约每平方英尺30美元就能给你一套,如果你对比一下现场建造的房屋,这很划算。我的意思是,我感到惊讶。他们有两层、2500平方英尺的房子,我的意思是,这在过去三四十年里发生了很大变化。我们有一个运营,即使是竞争对手也承认,它显然是这个领域的佼佼者。
但是即使对克莱顿来说,融资也变得越来越困难。我的意思是,贷款界在活动房屋上遭受了严重的损失,人们从贷款的角度发誓不再涉足。克莱顿在今年二月确实成功发行了一笔证券化产品,但他们不得不自己保留更多的底层证券化份额。所以这是一个很好的联姻,我们可以在其中对他们有所帮助。未来我们应该合作得很好。
原文
WARREN BUFFETT: The other acquisition that is in the works is Clayton Homes. Clayton is the class of the manufactured home industry, and the acquisition came about in kind of an interesting way. Every year for the last five years, a group of about 40 finance students from the University of Tennessee in Knoxville would come up to Omaha, and they would have a lot of fun in Omaha. They’d go to the Furniture Mart. And then in the afternoon they’d come to Kiewit Plaza and the 40 students or so, with their professor, Al Auxier, would have a session with me. We’d just have a classroom session for a couple of hours, and wonderful group of students. And generally at the end of the session they would give me a football, or a basketball, they’ve got a great women’s basketball team at the University of Tennessee, and so we’d have a good time together. And, matter of fact, a year ago, when they came up, Bill Gates, by chance, was in town. So I presented him as a substitute teacher, which is a post he’s always wanted.
(Laughter) And students got quite a surprise. This year when they came, 40 or so students, we had a good session together, a couple of hours at Kiewit Plaza. And when they got through, they gave me a book. And it was the autobiography of Jim Clayton, who started and ran Clayton Homes, and built it into a huge success. And he’d written a nice inscription inside, and I mentioned to the students and the professor that the — that I was an admirer of Clayton. I’d followed the manufactured home industry in other ways, not always so successfully, and I’d seen what Clayton had done. And so I said I look forward to reading the book, which I did. And then I called Kevin Clayton, Jim Clayton’s son, and Kevin is the CEO of the company. And I told him how I’d enjoyed his dad’s book. And I said we still had a little money left in Omaha — (laughter) — and, if they ever decided to do anything, you know, we would be interested. And I suggested at what price we might be interested in.
A phone call or two later, a couple of phone calls, we made a deal. And I had not been to Knoxville. You know, I checked out a few manufactured homes. Suggested that my family buy a repo. (Laughter) But that deal came about in that manner. And that’s the way things tend to happen at Berkshire. It, you know, the phone rings or we pick up the phone, in this particular case. And the manufactured home industry got into significant trouble, very significant trouble, because credit terms — well, they went crazy on credit four or five years ago. And when you go crazy on credit, you suffer in a very big way, and that’s what happened to that industry. Conseco, that some of you may have read about, ended up holding — or servicing I should say — $20 billion worth of manufactured home credit and they got in big trouble, for that and other reasons. And Oakwood, where we own some junk bonds, went into bankruptcy. They’re a big operation in the country, most of the — couple of the other biggest players in the industry are losing significant money.
Manufactured home companies have lost the ability to securitize the receivables they get when they sell these — when they sell homes. And so the industry’s been in the tank. This year, or this past year, there were maybe 160,000 new manufactured homes sold, but there were also about 90,000 repos came back and that depresses the market enormously. And like I say, financing sources have dried up. A lot of people that lent money have left the field. So for the strong, as Clayton is, and particularly with the financial backer like Berkshire, it should be a good field. Twenty percent or so of all the new single-family homes are manufactured homes in this country. I mean, you can — we can put you in one for about $30 a square foot, and if you compare that to a site-built home, it’s quite a deal. I mean, I was amazed. They have 2,500 square foot homes, two stories, I mean, it’s changed a lot over the last 30 or 40 years. And we’ve got an operation that is, even the competitors would admit, it’s clearly the class of the field.
But even for Clayton, financing was getting more difficult. I mean, the lending community got burned very badly in manufactured homes, and people have sworn off them, from the lending standpoint. And Clayton did securitize an issue in February this year, but they had to keep more of the bottom layers of the securitization themselves. So it’s a good marriage, and it’s one where we will be useful to them. And we should do very well together in the future.
13. 保险业务推动盈利
沃伦·巴菲特:第一季度,我还没有最终数据,我今天说的话——我们会把它放到网站上,这样大家在周一开盘前都能看到信息。但是,正如你们所知,经济一直相当疲软。实际上已经疲软了很长时间。有趣的是,我在9/11之后写的一封信里(也在网站上)放了些内容。我说我们处于——一直处于衰退中,这在当时并不是普遍认可的观点,而且我认为这轮衰退会比大多数人预期的更长、更深。实际情况是,实际上自2000年末以来,房地产和汽车行业表现相当不错,但经济的其他部分一直非常疲软。而且这种情况仍在持续。在此期间,我们大幅降低了联邦基金利率,降到了1.25%。查理和我不——可能不会预料到我们这辈子会看到这个数字,也许还会更低。
我们现在有巨额预算赤字,但商业仍然疲软。所以我们的非保险业务在第一季度总体上表现不佳。我们的保险业务则表现异常出色。当第一季度报告发布时,我们将显示大约2.9亿美元的税前承保利润,这是在扣除了大约1.4亿美元的追溯性保险费用及其收购成本之后的数字——我相信你们中许多不喜欢会计的人——我只能告诉你们,这是一项许多公司不承担但我们自愿承担的费用,因为它给我们带来好处。但我们的2.9亿美元是扣除这笔费用之后的。我们的浮存金增长了,可能至少13亿美元,所以我们达到了大约425亿美元的浮存金。这意味着人们——人们让我们使用这笔钱。正如我在第一季度所说,使用这笔钱不仅没有成本,而且实际上,人们付钱给我们让我们使用这笔钱,我们希望他们继续这样做。
(笑声)但我认为从这一点开始,我们的浮存金不会增长太多。查理上次说它不可能增长,但很可能还是会增长。我不知道他是否会改变看法,但我真的认为我们的保险业务状况异常良好。我们拥有世界上一些最好的保险业务。GEICO第一季度保费收入增长了略高于16%,4月份增长正好17%。第一季度它有大约6%的承保利润。Gen Re,感谢乔·布兰登和塔德·蒙特罗斯的出色工作,已经大大地扭转了局面,在第一季度也显示了承保利润。阿吉特·贾因赚了那么多钱,我都不想告诉你们了。(掌声)我们的一些主要运营——是的,你们应该为他鼓掌。我是说——(掌声)当你们让查理鼓掌时,你们就知道他为我们赚了很多钱。(笑声)我们的主要业务,特别是美国责任险和国家赔偿险的主要运营,以及我们的家乡州公司,它们都做得——都做得非常好。我——在保险业,你永远不知道会发生什么。我的意思是,加州或东京可能发生8.0级地震,或者密苏里州的新马德里,就像几百年前发生的那样。可能明天就发生,今年夏天可能有巨大的飓风等等。但我无法想象有比我们现在拥有的更好的公司团队或管理者了,他们现在都运作得很好。有一段时间,Gen Re是个拖累,但现在不是了。我认为我们很有机会在未来五年左右,或者真的在可预见的未来,拥有非常低成本、甚至可能是零成本或负成本的浮存金。但这并不意味着它不会波动。但如果你平均来看,我认为我们将以非常便宜的价格获得我们的浮存金。
你知道,就像[电视名人]玛莎[斯图尔特]会说的,“拥有425亿美元零成本的东西是件好事。“(笑声)说到这里,我想我们已经涵盖了——第一季度是一个好季度。总体而言,这是我们有过的最好的运营收益。现在,我们拥有的资本比以往任何时候都多,但无论如何,这将是一个好季度。我估计,我认为可以公平地说,马克[汉堡],从运营收益来看,我们会有大约17亿——在17亿的范围内。我们也有一些证券收益,但我不计算这些,因为它们每个季度都可能不同。我们不关心这些的时机。但从纯粹的运营角度来看,税后大约17亿美元。这个数字安全吗,马克?或者——好吧。他还能说什么呢?(笑声)在伯克希尔我们不更改数字,我向你们保证。
很多公司会改,但现在比几年前少了。(笑声)好了,我们要开始提问了。查理,关于收购、运营或其他你想说的,有什么要补充的吗?
查理·芒格:嗯,我不想当乐观主义者,但是——(笑声)
沃伦·巴菲特:他从来都是。(笑声)
查理·芒格:我们最近几年确实为伯克希尔增加了许多优秀的业务。这是一些令人愉快的生意。
沃伦·巴菲特:这就是你们能从他那里得到的全部了,各位。(笑声和掌声)
原文
WARREN BUFFETT: The first quarter, I’ll just — I don’t have final figures yet, and we’ll put this — what I say today — we’ll put it on the website so that everyone has the information before the opening on Monday. But the economy, as you know, has been quite sluggish. It’s really been sluggish for a very long time. It’s interesting, I wrote in a letter that’s also on the website, right after September 11th, I put something up there. And I said that we were in — we had been in a recession, which was not something that was generally acknowledged at that time, and I thought would be longer and deeper than most people anticipated. And what has happened is that, really since late 2000, housing and autos have done quite well, but the rest of the economy has just been plain sluggish. And it continues. During that time we’ve dropped the federal funds rate dramatically down to 1 1/4 percent. Charlie and I weren’t — probably wouldn’t have predicted that we might ever see that in our lifetime, and maybe it’ll even go lower.
And we’re running a huge budget deficit now, but business continues to be sluggish. So our non-insurance businesses generally did not do great in the first quarter. Our insurance businesses did extraordinarily well. And we will show — when the first quarter report is published — we will show an underwriting profit of about 290 million pre-tax, which is after about 140 million of charges for retroactive insurance, the acquisition costs on that — which I’m sure many of you that don’t love accounting — all I can tell you is that it’s a charge that many companies don’t bear but that we willingly bear because it gives us benefits. But our $290 million is after that charge. Our float grew by, probably, at least 1.3 billion, so we’re up to 42 1/2 billion or so of float. And people — that means people have — are letting us use that money. And as I said in the first quarter, did it not only cost us nothing to use the money, but, in effect, people paid us to use the money, which we would like them to continue to do.
(Laughter) And I don’t see our float growing much from this point. Charlie said last time that it was impossible for it to grow, but it probably would. I don’t know whether he’ll change his opinion on that, but I think — I really think our insurance businesses are in exceptionally good shape. We have some of the best insurance businesses in the world. GEICO’s premium volume was up a little over 16 percent in the first quarter, and in April it was up just right at 17 percent. It had a 6 percent, roughly, underwriting profit in the first quarter. Gen Re, thanks to an incredible job by Joe Brandon and Tad Montross, has turned the corner in a big, big way, and it showed an underwriting profit in the first quarter. Ajit Jain made so much money I don’t want to even tell you about it. (Applause) Some of our primary operations — yeah, you should give him a hand. I mean, that — (Applause) When you get Charlie to clap, you know he’s made us a lot of money. (Laughter) And our primary businesses, particularly U.S.
Liability and National Indemnity primary operations, and our Homestate Company, they’ve all done — they’re all doing remarkably well. And I — You never know what’s going to happen in insurance. I mean, there could be an 8.0 earthquake in California or Tokyo, or there could be one in New Madrid, Missouri, as there was a couple hundred years ago. And it could happen tomorrow, there could be huge hurricanes this summer, whatever. But I can’t imagine having a much better group of companies or managers than we have, and they’re all working well now. For a while, Gen Re was a drag, but that’s not true now. And I think that we have an excellent chance of having very low cost, and perhaps even no-cost or negative cost float over the next five years or so, or really as far as the eye can see. Now, that doesn’t mean it won’t fluctuate around. But if you average it out, I think we will have our float at a very cheap price.
And it’s — you know, as [TV personality] Martha [Stewart] would say, “Having 42 1/2 billion for nothing is a good thing.” (Laughter) Now, with that, I think we’ve covered — the first quarter was a good quarter. Overall, it’s the best operating earnings we’ve ever had. Now, we’ve got more capital now than we’ve ever had, but nevertheless it will be a good quarter. And I would estimate, I think it’s fair to say, Marc [Hamburg], that from operating earnings we will have something like 1.7 — in the range of 1.7 billion. We had some securities gains too, but I don’t count those because they can do anything from quarter to quarter. We don’t pay any attention to the timing of those. But we — from a straight operating standpoint, 1.7 billion or so after-tax. Am I safe with that number, Marc? Or — OK. What could he say? (Laughter) We don’t change numbers at Berkshire, I promise you that.
There are — a lot of companies do, but fewer now than did a few years ago. (Laughter) So, we’re going to get the questions in. Charlie, do you have anything to add about acquisitions or operations, or anything else you’d care to say?
CHARLIE MUNGER: Well, I hate to be an optimist, but — (Laughter)
WARREN BUFFETT: Does he ever. (Laughs)
CHARLIE MUNGER: We really added a lot of wonderful businesses to Berkshire in the last few years. It’s been some delightful business.
WARREN BUFFETT: That’s all you’re going to get out of him, folks. (Laughter and applause)
14. 奈特杰特前景光明但今年不会盈利
沃伦·巴菲特:好了,我们要开始轮流转了——我们已经在音乐厅增加了两个麦克风——让我们从1区开始,在我右边。有第一个问题吗?
观众成员:早上好。我是来自北卡罗来纳州达勒姆的乔治·布鲁姆利。我的第一个问题与行政喷气机有关。收购行政喷气机已经将近五年了,这笔收购是在非常不同的经济和地缘政治环境下进行的。在一个如此多变的行业中,您使用什么业务指标来衡量成功?自收购以来,这些指标发生了哪些变化?欧洲的前景如何,这些前景是否发生了变化?尽管没有竞争对手在规模和范围上接近行政喷气机,它们对竞争环境有何影响?最后,请您解释一下业务模式的长期方面,因为许多飞机将逐渐老化并退出计划?
沃伦·巴菲特:好的乔治,我上大学时回答的问题都没这么多。(笑声)但乔治的叔叔[弗雷德·斯坦巴克]是我婚礼上的伴郎,所以他想问多少都行。奈特杰特,正如你们将在第一季度看到的,出现了巨额亏损。亏损的很大一部分是由于飞机减记造成的,因为——我喜欢这个说法,业内称之为”二手飞机”。我称之为”旧飞机”。但——活动房屋行业也做同样的事,他们称之为”二手房屋”而不是”旧房屋”。无论如何,抛开委婉说法不谈,二手飞机市场,实际上整个公务机市场,都非常疲软。二手飞机市场待售的飞机比三四五年前多得多。这将影响新飞机的生产——已经影响了。它影响了二手飞机的定价,我们从退出计划的人那里回购了飞机,我们这样做并且会继续这样做。
但在市场下跌期间,我们购买了一些飞机,并对这些飞机进行了减记。你们将在我们第一季度的报告中看到,我相信那可能是我们唯一亏损的运营。它——这是一个受欢迎的产品,是一个增长中的业务,在我看来,未来几年它将成为一个非常大的业务。我们每天都看到这一点。我的意思是,我们做了很多生意,客户不断加入我们。有三个主要竞争对手。我认为可以公平地说,他们在运营上都亏损严重,更不用说他们可能对其库存进行的任何减记了。我们的市场份额,我们从FAA获得关于注册和出售飞机的人的数据。我们的市场份额,本来就已经是最大的,在过去几年中大幅上升。按飞机价值计算,已经上升到大约75%。我们说的是四家公司市场份额的75%。按净飞机数量计算,这个比例甚至更高。
换句话说,新售出的飞机减去退回的飞机。但我们收到的定价并不——在美国,如果没有这次减记,将是非常微薄的利润。在欧洲,我们已经并且正在亏损大量资金。欧洲的公务机总数大约是——我不是说我们的,我说的是所有——大约只有美国的十分之一,尽管人口相似。所以我们从一个很小的基数开始,在那里增长得非常快。没有人会来挑战我们。在我看来,这是一个服务的一部分,未来几年将在全球范围内成为一个非常大的业务。我认为没有其他人能后来居上。所以我认为它是不可或缺的,而且对我们的运营来说是必不可少的。欧洲大约一半的飞行里程来自美国机主。未来几年这只会越来越大,因为我们的机主数量每个月都在显著增加。
我们有来自马奎斯的员工,他们基本上成了我们的客户,然后转售25小时的卡。最近几个月,他们每月增加40到50个客户。所以这是一个受欢迎的服务,会成为一个更大的业务。我认为在某个时候会出现洗牌,也许很快。你们可以看看雷神公司的招股说明书或10-K报告,会发现一些关于他们业务的有趣信息。你们可以——不难看出发生了什么。我不知道洗牌何时会发生。但我可以向你们保证,我们不会是那个被洗掉的。(笑声)查理,你想评论一下吗?
查理·芒格:不。(笑声)
沃伦·巴菲特:他会评论盈利的业务。他把这个留给我——长期业务模式是,基本上,我们相信,未来几年与我们合作的人数可能会是目前飞行的10倍。拥有最好的服务、最好的记录、最好的安全和安保政策,将使我们在该领域占据非常主导的地位,人们将为这项服务支付合适的价格。我们看到了各种各样的证据。但我认为,今年奈特杰特不会盈利。
原文
WARREN BUFFETT: OK George, I got through college answering fewer questions than that. (Laughter) But George’s uncle [Fred Stanback] was best man in my wedding, so he gets all he wants. The — NetJets, as you will see in the first quarter, had a significant loss. A large portion of that loss was caused by the write-down of planes because there — of — I love it, they call it in the trade, they call them pre-owned planes. I call them used planes. But the — they did the same thing in manufactured homes, so they call them pre-owned homes instead of used homes. But in any event, putting aside the euphemisms, there — the used plane market, well the entire business aircraft market, is very soft. The used plane market has far more planes for sale than, say, three or four or five years ago. That’s going to affect the production of new planes — already has. And it affects pricing in used planes, and we have bought back planes from people leaving the programs, which we do and will continue to do.
But we have bought during a declining market, some of those, and we have had write-downs in connection with those planes. And you will see in our first quarter report, I believe that that’s probably the only operation we have that’s losing money. And we have — it’s a popular product, it’s a growing business, it’s going to be a very big business in my opinion over the years. And we see it every day. I mean, we write a lot of business, and customers are joining us. There are three main competitors. I think it’s fair to say that they’re losing significant money from operations, forgetting about any markdowns they might have on their own inventories. Our market share, we get figures from the FAA as to registrations and as to people that are selling their planes. And our share of market, which was always the largest, has gone up dramatically in the last couple of years. It’s gone up to roughly 75 percent, in terms of value of planes. And we’re talking 75 percent of the four-company market. It’s gone up even higher than that, in terms of net planes.
In other words, new planes sold, less planes coming back. But the pricing we are receiving does not — in the U.S. it would be — absent this one writedown — it would be very, very modestly profitable. In Europe, we have lost and we are losing significant amounts of money. Business jets in Europe, the total is about one — and I’m not talking about ours, I’m talking about all — are about roughly 1/10th the number as in the United States, even though the population is similar. So we have grown from a small base quite rapidly over there. Nobody else will be taking us on. It’s part of a service that will be part of a very big business worldwide, in my view, over the years. I don’t think anybody else can come in after us. So I think it’s integral, and it is integral, to our operation. Half the — roughly half the miles flown in Europe arise from American owners. And that will just do nothing but get bigger over the years, because our number of — every month our number of owners goes up, goes up significantly.
We have people here from Marquis, who have essentially — they’ve become a customer of ours, and then they resell cards for 25 hours. And they have added 40 or 50 customers a month in recent months. So it’s a popular service, it will be a much bigger business. I think there will be a shakeout at some point, and maybe fairly soon. You can look at the Raytheon prospectus and — or the Raytheon 10K, and you will find some interesting information about their operation. And you can — it’s not hard to figure out what’s going on. I don’t know the answer as to when the shakeout will occur. But I can assure you that we will not be one of the shook. (Laughter) Charlie, do you want to comment on it?
CHARLIE MUNGER: No. (Laughter)
WARREN BUFFETT: He’ll comment on the profitable operations. He gives me the one — The long-term business model is that, basically, we believe that, you know, perhaps 10 times the number of people that are now flying with us will be flying with us some years in the future. That having the best service, the best record, and the best policies for safety and security, will leave us very dominant in the field, and that people will pay an appropriate price for the service. And we see all kinds of evidence of that. But we do not see a profit this year, in my view, at NetJets.
15. “我们真正想要的是零成本浮存金”
沃伦·巴菲特:让我们去2号麦克风。
观众成员:早上好。我是来自澳大利亚墨尔本的马克·拉比诺夫。我有两个相关问题要问两位先生,基本上都与浮存金有关。如您所述,浮存金已成为我们资产基础中非常大的一部分。假设我们的保单持有人继续与我们续约,并且我们控制住了综合成本率,在计算伯克希尔的内在价值时,我们能否将浮存金视为准股权?相关的问题是,鉴于我们在这一领域仍然是一个小众玩家,我们能否预期浮存金在未来五到十年内继续以每年10%的速度增长?谢谢。
沃伦·巴菲特:嗯,我希望它能以10%左右的速度增长,至少如果是盈利的话,我相信它很可能会是这样。我们3月31日的浮存金大约是425亿美元。我认为美国财产-意外险行业的整个浮存金可能在5000亿美元左右。所以我们可能占到大——大致在8%或略多一点,甚至9%,大概在这个范围内。在美国总的P-C浮存金中——当然,我们在国外也有一些,但世界P-C市场的主要部分在美国。我们在1967年起步时,我想我们可能有1000万美元的浮存金。所以从1000万到420亿,坦率地说,让我感到惊讶。但这也意味着——未来以显著的百分比增长将更加困难。我们的目标——我们喜欢增长的想法——但我们真正想要的是零成本浮存金。
我的意思是,这是目标,增长根本不是首要的。我的意思是,我要求我们的经理们负责的不是提供更多的浮存金。我要求他们负责提供盈利的浮存金。这是我们始终牢记的关键。如果它随之而来,我们喜欢。但我们会看到它是否真的会来。你问题的第一部分,如果425亿美元确实能以零成本获得,甚至更好的是以盈利的方式获得,那它对我们的用处就像股权一样。当然,你在清算时不一定能实现它。哦,你在清算时不能实现它。你在出售时也不一定能实现它,这取决于情况。所以我并不是要告诉你们如何计算它——是否把它算作内在价值的一部分,你们必须自己决定。但对我们来说,它的效用就像从股权中获得425亿美元的资金而不发行普通股一样。这就是我们35或36年来一直对它如此热衷的原因之一。
这对我们来说是一个很好的生意。时不时地,我们会偏离轨道。你知道,我们在80年代初偏离了轨道,70年代中期有一两个问题,还有Gen Re几年来的问题。所以——没有什么是一成不变的,我要说的是:我认为,对于P-C行业的大多数公司来说,P-C业务不是一个好生意。它在很大程度上是一种商品业务。所以我不认为P-C行业的大多数公司能够以有吸引力的成本获得浮存金。我们必须是个例外。但我们有一些杰出的公司和杰出的管理者,我真心相信我们能够以远低于行业的成本获得浮存金。这就是目标。GEICO,如果它继续以16%的速度增长,比如今年,就会增加10亿美元的保费收入。这不会像Gen Re那样产生那么多浮存金,但确实会创造浮存金。所以GEICO的浮存金会增长。
我愿意用生命打赌。但我们的某些其他交易更具机会主义性质,那些浮存金甚至可能减少。如果浮存金减少,只要我们能产生承保利润,对我来说也没问题。它会去它该去的地方。查理?
查理·芒格:是的,在现在利率如此之低的情况下,我们辛辛苦苦建立起来的这些浮存金短期内对我们来说并没有那么值钱。毕竟,我们有160亿美元的现金在手,收益率非常低。所以增量的一美元浮存金现在看起来并不那么有利。但我们有更长远的眼光。我们相信最终我们会做得比2%好得多。
沃伦·巴菲特:在那160亿美元上,我们可没赚到2%,查理。(笑声)我们确实,顺便说一句,在3月31日,大约有160亿美元现金,不包括金融业务中的任何现金,因为那在效用上有点假。我的意思是,它被借来的钱抵消了。但——除了金融业务,我们正好有160亿美元的现金及现金等价物,我们还有很多债券之类的东西。在那160亿美元上,你知道,我们可能赚大约0.7%,0.75%,假设是税后160亿美元的收益率,这不会让我们垂涎欲滴。但是——(笑声)——我们宁愿避免垂涎欲滴也不愿遇到麻烦。我们会使用——沃尔玛昨天公布
2003年年度股东大会
第二部分/第六部分
18. 用股票期权作为薪酬是“疯狂的”
股东提问: 我的问题是关于公司如何使员工薪酬与股东利益一致的。查理·芒格在《杰出投资者文摘》的一次采访中提到了联邦快递做对了的例子。我们在报纸上都看到了美国航空、伯利恒钢铁等许多公司做错了的例子。我发现关于薪酬体系的文章少得可怜。您能否与我们分享伯克希尔公司是如何做对的?还有,您的高尔夫教练和赛马场老友鲍勃·德怀尔问我,您是否愿意告诉我们您对肯塔基德比大赛的预测?(笑声)
沃伦·巴菲特: 鲍勃在你后面吗,马丁?
股东: 不,在中间。
沃伦·巴菲特: 哦。鲍勃和我高中时确实花了很多时间在赛马场。他不仅是伍德罗·威尔逊高中的篮球教练,还是高尔夫教练。每当我想去赛马时,他就会给我其他老师写假条,说我们必须去参加高尔夫球队的活动。(笑声)然后我们就去查尔斯镇、阿弗尔迪格蕾丝或皮姆利科之类的地方。他后来改邪归正了。(笑声)很高兴鲍勃和我们在一起。他以著名的三号铁击球闻名。那时候他被称为“电车线”德怀尔。
18. 用股票期权作为薪酬是“疯狂的”
沃伦·巴菲特: 查理,你想谈谈薪酬问题吗?
查理·芒格: 嗯,股东们知道,我们的制度与大多数大公司不同。我们认为它更少随意性。股票期权制度会偶然地给某些人极其慷慨的奖励。而在另一些时候,尽管做出巨大贡献的人什么也得不到,却拒绝给予任何奖励。所以,除非我们是继承而来的,我们就是不使用它。但我们必须是少数派——远低于1%,对吧?
沃伦·巴菲特: 这正是我们喜欢的位置,对吧。有趣的是,我们在伯克希尔继承了一些股票期权,主要是在通用再保险交易中。而且,不是任何人的错——绝无贬低之意——但这些期权结果变得非常有价值。如果通用再保险作为一家独立公司被保留下来,它们就不会有价值。它们是因为伯克希尔其他部分表现良好而获益,钱流向了那些持有这些期权的人,而这些人一段时间内对伯克希尔的业绩毫无贡献。现在,这绝不是对通用再保险任何人的指控。这是对期权制度的指控,这种制度代表了一张彩票,也是对时间流逝的一种版税。因为正如你所知,期权持有人从留存收益中获益,而从股息中完全得不到好处。这可能使他的利益与股东的利益完全相反。所以我们相信为业绩付费,但我们相信将业绩与被考核者实际合理控制的事情挂钩。
而给一个经营仅占整个公司1%业务的人一张伯克希尔·哈撒韦整体业绩的彩票,这真是疯了。我要说,你可能看到在过去五年里,整个公司体系——美国企业界——的薪酬失当,比之前一百年还要多。这是非同寻常的。90年代创造了财富,就像80年代、70年代、60年代、50年代一样。但财富转移却是前所未有的。而且,你不能责怪人们想从中获利。如果有人想走过来递给我半打内布拉斯加彩票,我会接受。但这与我经营伯克希尔的表现毫无关系。
实际上,查理和我认为,一个设计得当的期权制度,包括资本成本和其他一些因素,并将其与相关人员的工作表现挂钩,我们认为那是有意义的,当我们使用过类似的各种激励计划时。但只是分发期权,告诉人们在十年内他们可以免费搭车,然后重新定价——你知道,如果你的股票下跌,他们的股票不会下跌,他们的期权价格会下跌。那可不是我们心目中伟大的薪酬制度。
查理·芒格: 是的,如果我们的总体方法是对的,那就有相当重要的含义。因为自然的含义是,在美国,超过99%的公司薪酬制度都或多或少有点疯狂。我想强调,伯克希尔并不吝啬。我的意思是,我们各种激励制度下,有人赚了数千万,甚至可能数亿。所以,我们不反对奖励那些做出巨大贡献的人。但一个本质上随意、不能很好地因人因事定制结果的制度,我们认为它就是疯狂。
沃伦·巴菲特: 我们喜欢看到与伯克希尔相关的人赚钱,只要他们同时为你赚钱。这很简单。但我们不希望他们靠你的钱免费搭车。(掌声)薪酬是个有趣的话题,我明年会写一些。但是,这不是一个市场体系。你可以读所有你想读的东西。公关人员会告诉你,“乔·史密斯的薪酬是由市场体系决定的,他就像棒球运动员一样”诸如此类。但他并不像棒球运动员。棒球运动员是与一个花自己钱雇佣他的人谈判,并计算他自己掏腰包——球队老板——是否更划算来得到那个球员。
但是,当你有一个美国大公司的薪酬委员会时,桌子一边是对薪酬金额有巨大利益关系的人。而桌子另一边的人,相信我,绝不是因为他们是董事会中的杜宾犬而被选中的——他们处理的东西,很多时候是我朋友汤姆·墨菲所说的“假钱”。一边的人,不管某人得到10万股限制性股票还是100万股限制性股票,几乎毫无意义,而对桌子另一边的人来说却意义重大。美国商业中几乎所有其他谈判,双方都有某种程度上的利益对等。但在最高层的薪酬谈判中,却没有利益对等。当你下到工会层面时,你才有利益对等。管理层想压低价格,工会想获得更多钱。那才是真正的谈判。
在美国商业中有很多其他真正的谈判,但许多公司——显然不是全部——但在很多很多公司里,薪酬根本就不是真正的谈判。管理层聘请薪酬顾问进来,我从未见过薪酬顾问进来后说:“我们应该降低这个人的薪水。”我也从未见过薪酬顾问进来说:“你为什么不炒掉这个笨蛋?”我是说——(笑声)——他们不可能都那么出色。但是——你能想象薪酬顾问这样做还能再接到任务吗?不会发生的。所以这是一个糟糕的制度,需要改进。也许正在一点点改进。正如我今年在年报中写的,薪酬发生了什么是对公司改革的终极考验。因为坦率地说,美国CEO们,他们不在乎董事会是否多元化,还是其他什么。在很多情况下,他们在乎的是自己赚多少钱。
而你们这些所有者,特别是大所有者,必须提供一些制衡力量,否则你们就会看到过去20年所发生的情况:顶层人员与底层人员薪酬比率的巨大差距。以及经营企业的人的薪酬与给他们提供资金的所有者的结果之间的脱节。所以,起来吧,(听不清)股东。(掌声)
19. 低通胀有利于投资者,但保持低预期
沃伦·巴菲特: 我们来看第5个问题。
股东提问: 早上好。我叫马特·绍尔,来自北卡罗来纳州达勒姆。在1977年《财富》杂志一篇题为《通货膨胀如何欺骗股票投资者》的文章中,您认为企业整体盈利就像债券息票,因此受到高通胀的负面影响。由于当时的高通胀,您提出了一个世界,其中12%的企业股本回报率——在税后降至7%,实际净回报为0%。您几年来一直对股市前景表示悲观,我们假设很大程度上与极端的高估值起点有关。如果通胀在1977年对投资者绝对是坏事,那么今天经济中相对缺乏通胀,对股票所有者来说难道不是一个加分项吗?在您警告投资者可能对股市结果失望时,是否也包含了未来通胀预期的成分?
沃伦·巴菲特: 嗯,我会——毫无疑问,没有通胀对所有者来说是件好事。我的意思是,在我看来,你从拥有美国企业——以类似价格购买——获得的实际回报,如果我们经历长期较低或接近零通胀,会比长期高通胀时期更高。我认为这毫无疑问。因为那篇文章继续解释了你是如何对名义回报和实际上的虚假回报纳税的。所以你的问题,哪个时期对投资者更好——低通胀时期在任何长期内都对投资者更好。而问题,正如你也指出的,是起点,就预测股票投资者的温和回报而言。我预测的回报不一定那么温和。它们只是相对于人们在1982年至1999年那个长期牛市中开始认为的回报而言是温和的。盖洛普与当时我认为是潘恩韦伯的机构合作进行的民意调查显示,股市中人们的预期回报率,我记得达到了14%或15%。他们认为在低通胀环境下能获得14%或15%的回报。那是在做梦。在低通胀环境下,赚取6%或7%完全没问题。那可能也差不多——这就是将会发生的最好情况,因为在低通胀环境下,GDP会增长多少?如果有2%的通胀,即使有3%的实际增长,名义GDP增长率大约是5%。如果GDP以这个速率增长,随着时间的推移,企业利润将以大致相同的速率增长。如果企业利润每年增长5%,这些利润的价值,资本化价值,在长期内以大致正常的起点,可能会以类似的速度增长。再加上股息,在摩擦成本之前你会得到6%或7%。投资者承担了大量摩擦成本。
他们不必这样做,但他们确实承担了。这常常是他们投资的1.5%到2%。所以数学并不差,只是对那些在1998年或1999年习惯于或期望基于后视镜获得非常高回报的人来说很差。查理?
查理·芒格: 我的总体态度只是比沃伦稍微消极一点。(笑声)
沃伦·巴菲特: 你们都听到了,朋友们。(笑声)那不是世界末日。我的意思是,实际上,如果拥有美国企业的人得到馅饼的5%到6%——现在10万亿美元的经济,有一天会是20万亿美元。但如果我们得到馅饼的5%或6%,我们这些拿出资本为美国商业——美国消费者、美国人口——生产商品和服务的人,我不知道这是否——这正是设计宇宙的人会想出的结果。但对我来说,无论从哪个方向看都不疯狂。我认为——这对投入资本的人来说是大量的商品和服务,但你有超过一亿的劳动力为你工作,使用你的资本,生产这些商品和服务。如果你有低通胀,这提供了我认为相当不错的实际回报。
如果进入高通胀时期,正如我在1977年写的,很容易使投资者的实际回报变得非常非常低,甚至可能是负数。我是说,通胀可以欺骗股票投资者,正如我当时所写的,我用7000字解释了原因,如果有人仍然感兴趣,我很乐意寄给你那篇文章的副本。但通胀是唯一能长期使投资者整体结果变成负数的东西。它是投资者的敌人。查理,这引发你进一步的思考吗?
查理·芒格: 我认为你从经济学界也得不到关于这些主题的完美帮助。他们有一些标准公式。对经济学家来说,当制造业工作流向中国时,那只是生产力的提高。如果你问他们,假设美国所有的制造业工作都流向中国,那会不会有点效率提高过头了?答案是不会。人们在主要大学里靠这样思考而获得报酬。(笑声和掌声)
沃伦·巴菲特: 是的,如果——当然,要说明问题的点是把所有经济学教学都出口到中国,那时——(笑声)——那时就会出现新的洞见。
20. 经理们自行决定是否参加年会
沃伦·巴菲特: 第6个问题。
股东提问: 杰克·赫斯特(PH),费城。我有一个关于经理们的问题,还有一个关于保险业务的评论和问题。这些会议有更多的子公司和更多的经理来参加,会更有趣。我也认为更有教育意义,因为你可以与他们互动。你们有没有得到任何反馈,经理们喜欢来这里,他们从会议中有所收获?
沃伦·巴菲特: 嗯,我们这里有一些经理,但我不要求任何人来。有些经理极少来参加会议。我不记名字,甚至不能告诉你他们是谁。但是,如果他们喜欢,他们就会来。当然,他们中的许多人在楼下有业务,卖东西给你们,有些人是来帮忙的。但我们有一群了不起的经理。他们经营自己的业务,他们在自己所做的事情上非常出色,我们不干涉他们。我们几乎不要求他们做任何事,除了为所有者工作。但你会——我希望你今天在这里见到他们中的一些人,因为他们——在这里的那些人,显然喜欢与股东互动。而且把面孔和职能联系起来很有趣。我喜欢这样,我想他们中的很多人喜欢来这里。
在楼下工作的人,他们是自愿来的。他们喜欢见到股东,喜欢吹嘘他们公司的成就,他们有很多值得吹嘘的。我希望你见到他们时感谢他们,因为这对他们来说是很费力的。我今天早上六点就到了,但有人比我更早,他们昨天就在为这个做准备。我想亲自感谢他们。查理?(掌声)
查理·芒格: 我认为来参加这次会议的经理们并没有学到新招数。我们的大多数经理都知道与他们业务相关的所有招数。但这是一个非常有趣的地方,而且每年都变得更有趣。使它有趣的有一部分是无可指摘的,我认为人们喜欢成为其中的一部分。
沃伦·巴菲特: 是的,我们的经理们——在一些方面,我们偶尔会合作。有时子公司A的经理会直接与其他一些经理联系,不通过奥马哈。他们会问,“你为软件付多少钱?”或“你为UPS付多少钱?”等等,“如果我们联合起来能不能得到更好的交易?”有时候我们省了钱,有时是相当可观的钱。但这从来不是由奥马哈发起的,也从未由奥马哈监督。这是因为经理A决定打电话给经理B。他们互相喜欢,有时通过联合采购力使自己的经营更好,偶尔仅仅是通过这里或那里有一个想法。但在伯克希尔没有组织化的方式来做这件事,没有人必须参与。
21. 决策不基于“宏大的未来预测”
沃伦·巴菲特: 第7个问题。
股东提问: 我是来自波士顿的约翰·贝利(PH)。我想问关于我们的消费业务,这意味着我必须问关于整体消费者的问题。据我理解,情况是,在过去30年左右,中等消费者看到他的收入仅比通胀增长快一点,远慢于整体GDP的增长。收入不平等处于400年来的高位。中等收入者终身收入的现值增长缓慢。然而,他的终身负债规模,如医疗保健、住房、教育和退休,却急剧膨胀。那么,消费者的经济净值可能比他们自己认为的更差。为了应对,中等收入者让妻子工作,抵押房屋,还使用信用卡。所以我认为这可能对消费业务的可持续性有一些影响。看到我们最近收购了一些消费业务,我们如何看待这个问题?是否有任何非明显的风险我们应该考虑?
沃伦·巴菲特: 总体上美国消费者比10年前更好,但并非显著更好。甚至比20年前也好一些。但你说得对,在那段时期人们在财务进展方面存在相当大的不平等。我们没有宏大的想法——我的意思是,我们不基于对未来的一些宏大预测来做出购买什么业务的决定。我们相信美国会随着时间的推移表现相当好。事实上,我们相当肯定它会随着时间的推移表现良好,我们的孩子会比我们生活得更好。我的孩子们会说那并不难。(笑声)但孙子辈会生活得更好。这是美国经济的历史。我相信20世纪实际人均收入增长了七倍。那是巨大的。据我所记得,在电话发明40年后,从纽约到圣弗朗西斯科打一个三分钟的局间电话要花18美元。
当时18美元超过了美国的平均周薪。想象一下,如果另一端有个小孩接电话,在你试图让你女儿接电话或其他什么的时候,整个周薪就没了。所以,这个国家的人们会十年又十年地变得更好。但我们在伯克希尔并不热衷于做未来学家之类的事情。我要告诉你的是,就我们的消费业务而言,现在它们非常疲软。我们的家具和珠宝业务——糖果业务,日常与消费者打交道的业务——都疲软,第一季度盈利下降了。
22. “理想的”GDP显示经济如何影响家庭
沃伦·巴菲特: 你必须考虑的一件事——人们不经常关注这个。但你读到GDP时,这是我认为我们实际上已经处于衰退——不是巨大的,也不是剧烈的——但已经超过两年的原因之一。当政府谈论GDP时,他们说GDP增长了2%。但当然,国家人口每年增长超过1%。所以重要的是人均GDP。而这几乎没有变化。但更重要的因素在某种程度上是,GDP包括了那些让你脱鞋上飞机的人。它包括了额外的警察。它包括了所有那些不一定转化为——它们转化为国家想要的商品和服务,但它们不是我们想要的商品和服务——我是说,它们是商品和服务,但我们希望我们不需要它们。
所有这些都以同样的方式计算。如果机场有20个警卫而不是3个警卫,这会计入GDP。但这会让你觉得你每月工资的花费更好吗?可能不会。当你进入战争,例如,如果你把飞机扔进大海,这算作GDP,制造那些飞机的成本。但这对你的家庭没有任何作用。所以,就我所说的“理想的GDP”而言,我猜想在人均基础上,过去几年几乎没有增长,因为我们将资源转移到其他并不真正进入你家或你餐桌的东西上。GDP的质量在你每天拿起经济报告时并没有被太多讨论。查理?
查理·芒格: 是的,你给我们的关于不平等的数据往往掩盖了一个基本而重要的事实。如果同样的家庭永久处于经济阶梯的顶端,那么当前的不平等会引起巨大的怨恨。但当剪息票者和杜邦家族衰落,有人创造了像“Pampered Chef”这样的事物并崛起时,在某种意义上,平等方面正在发生美妙的事情,即使最终看起来似乎没有进步。这种大量的变动使人们觉得整个系统更公平。(掌声)
沃伦·巴菲特: 不过,我们实际上更喜欢不成为变动的一部分,我认为在这个时点上。(笑声)我们在30或40年前更支持变动。(笑声)
23. 巴菲特不是从书本学习会计的
沃伦·巴菲特: 请第8个问题。
股东提问: 我叫约翰·弗罗伊登伯格(PH),来自德国。我想知道您最喜欢的会计书是什么。谢谢。(笑声)
沃伦·巴菲特: 嗯,我已经很久没读会计书了。我记得大学时读过芬尼的书。我一直喜欢会计。对任何从商的人来说,你基本上学多少会计都不够。但我不——你知道,我对会计书籍并不特别了解。也许查理最近读过一些。实际上,我希望如果你长期阅读伯克希尔的报告,你会得到某些关于会计的教训。但我想,你可能通过阅读处理会计问题、会计丑闻等的优秀商业文章,学到更多会计知识。你需要知道的是这些数字是如何构成的,基本原则是什么,然后你必须知道可以用这些数字做什么。你从会计数字开始作为理解企业的原材料,但你还必须为此带来一些额外的东西。
我想不出关于这个主题的好书。我认为我多年来读了很多好的杂志文章,对我的知识有所贡献。我只是读了很多年报,看到了人们可以用会计做什么。正如我以前说过的,如果我不理解它,我判断很可能是因为管理层不想让我理解它。如果管理层不想让我理解它,可能有什么不对劲的事情发生。通常,人们不会无目的地用数字来混淆视听。当你遇到这种情况时,最好的做法就是远离。查理?
查理·芒格: 是的,问沃伦他知道什么关于会计的好书——就像问他有什么关于呼吸的好书一样。(笑声)这暗示着,你从学习记账的基本规则开始,这些规则有点像加法和减法的基础规则。然后你必须花大量时间让会计与更大的现实联系起来,这是一个终身的过程。
24. 许多信用保险公司“并不真正知道自己在做什么”
沃伦·巴菲特: 好的,我们试着转到音乐厅。第9个问题。这个能用吗?
股东提问: 我相信可以。
沃伦·巴菲特: 好的。
股东提问: 比尔·阿克曼,来自纽约市,我的问题如下:保险公司——您能否评论保险公司通过出售信用衍生品承担信用风险的情况,以及这些衍生品会计的充分性?最后,您能否解释为什么金融担保保险公司,这些衍生品的主要卖方,尽管其杠杆率超过140倍,且承担的风险具有相关性,却拥有与伯克希尔相同的AAA评级?
沃伦·巴菲特: 嗯,我认为你应该去为标准普尔或穆迪工作。关于信用保险或某种形式的信用担保的问题,这变得非常流行。实际上,近年来在标准的财产险公司中也变得流行。我要说,在很多情况下,参与这项业务的人并不真正知道自己在做什么。在保险业中,这是如此容易——这是保险业的诅咒——也是它的好处之一——人们给你一大笔钱,只因为你写了一张小纸片。你在那张纸片上写的内容极其重要。但看起来如此容易进来的钱可能会引诱你去做非常非常愚蠢的事情。
15或20年前,在80年代中期,我们奥马哈这里有一个情况,奥马哈互助保险公司——世界上最大的健康与意外保险协会,至少曾经是——他们决定进入财产险再保险业务。在非常非常短的时间内,他们签了很少的合同,结果导致了几十年积累起来的净资产的半数被抹去。如果你愿意在保险业做蠢事,世界会找到你。你可以在大西洋中部的一艘划艇上,低声说“我愿意承保这个”,然后报一个愚蠢的价格,就会有经纪人游向你——他们戴着脚蹼,顺便说一下。(笑声)这是残酷的。如果你愿意做蠢事,外面有很多人存在,这可以理解。他们会找到你,你会预先拿到现金。
你会看到大量现金,看不到任何损失,你会继续这样做,因为短期内你看不到损失。所以你会越来越多地承担这些,然后灾难就会降临。我在年报中提到,GEICO在80年代早期收了几份保单约7万多美元——70,000美元的保费,他们当时认为只是在摘樱桃,他们还再保了很多。到目前为止我们已经损失了9300万美元。而我们最多能赚的是7万多,我不知道最多能损失多少。但我知道9300万引起了我的注意。(笑声)当你参与这样的游戏时,你承受不起犯错。一个错误,或者如你提到的几个相关错误——因为这些事确实相关——几个错误就会抹去一生的积蓄。
当你正确时,你赚几分钱一美元,当你错误时,你会损失惊人的金额。在信用保险中,很多人根据评级来担保信用。他们说,好吧,我们担保一大堆A级评级,或者我们创建这些涉及A级信用的结构性安排。他们会使用大量研究,显示每年有X%的A级信用违约,追溯到30年代的测试。但问题在于提问者提到的相关性。当事情变糟时,各种从未有人预料到的相关性都会出现。在债务领域,你有一大批,比如说,电信或能源公司,都被评为类似级别。但它们在很大程度上是相关的,你并没有得到多样化。你得到的是你没有意识到的集中。
没有什么比未被认识到的风险集中更致命,但这经常发生。所以我要说,我们看到一个BBB+信用被某人担保提升到AAA信用,他们可能收取10或15个基点。然而市场收益率差可能是100个基点。这在我们看来并不聪明。关于AAA评级,我要说的是,他们在理赔方面有AAA评级,但我认为他们没有一般的AAA评级。我认为现在美国只有八九个AAA评级。伯克希尔·哈撒韦是其中之一。但我相信只有另一家保险公司,即AIG,然后还有五六家其他公司。所以那些公司在信用方面与伯克希尔不在同一等级,也不被认为在同一等级。但我要说,在140倍杠杆下,你可能会在某个时候陷入大麻烦——承保信用。查理?
查理·芒格: 是的,他还问了会计质量的问题。在我看来,至少,美国对衍生品交易的会计质量仍然是可怕的。它太乐观了,这就是它的可怕之处。其中最糟糕的领域之一是当你谈论担保未来多年后的信用时。这种事情很容易让人在假设和经审计的数字上变得极其乐观。人们关注的是经审计的数字,而不是潜在的现实。因此,如果会计很差,商业决策就很差。我认为当我们坐在这里时,这种情况正在大规模发生。
沃伦·巴菲特: 是的,美国有几十家保险组织或交易组织在过去几年里以衍生品形式签发了信用担保合同,规模巨大。我几乎可以向你保证,每一个签发的合同,在第一周内,签发者都会确认某种收入入账,有人会因为签发每个合同而获得一些报酬。你知道其中很多会变坏,也许作为一类,这将是一个可怕的类别。但从来没有人签发合同时就记录损失。他们就是不这样做。我要告诉你,有很多这样的合同,如果有人为我签发它们,10秒钟后我就会付钱给别人请他们拿走,我会认为它们有内在损失。从来没有人记录衍生品合同的内在损失。
事实上,我发现非常奇怪的是,有两个衍生品交易商,交易商A和交易商B签一份票据,交易商A记录利润,交易商B也记录利润,尤其是如果这是一个20年的合同?那是我喜欢生活的世界,但我还没有找到它。
25. 我们努力“看得很远”
沃伦·巴菲特: 第10个问题。
股东提问: 嘿,早上好,查理,沃伦。我是来自圣马特奥的杰里·麦克劳克林,从音乐厅连线。你们应该看看自己在那边。我们离你们两人墙大小的图像大约12英尺,这很有趣,但喜诗糖果盒子太大了,我现在明白坦塔罗斯经历了什么。
沃伦·巴菲特: 音乐厅有多少人?
股东提问: 我们可能想找个警察来估算,但我说大概有两千。不管怎样,继续——希望我能问两个问题。一是,在我们经营的小公司Branders,我们看到——我们在员工福利上花得更多了。特别是健康保险一直在上涨。很多次,几年前和现在又有点,你听到关于医疗危机的鼓声,以及它为雇主提供健康保险的成本。我想这肯定在很多伯克希尔运营公司经理的脑海里。我想知道你们俩是否感觉——我是说,就成本而言,“危机”这个词合适吗?看起来我们GDP的更大比例正在用于医疗保健。是因为我们认为得到了更好的医疗,还是真的只是某种通胀?
第二件事是,冒着你们认为我们这边都是怪人的风险,大厅这边的几个人让我问你,沃伦,你是否在认真考虑在某个时候被冷冻保存——(笑声)——我想,希望在遥远的、遥远的未来。
沃伦·巴菲特: 什么——?
查理·芒格: 冷冻保存。
沃伦·巴菲特: 哦,我们去年讨论过这个。
股东提问: 是的,去年问这个问题的人让我跟进他。嘿,最后,与这两点无关——
沃伦·巴菲特: 我看起来更接近需要它了吗?(笑声)
股东提问: 最后一件事是,当你们看公司、考虑未来收益时,你们有没有什么经验法则?通常,对于一个你相信、你认为你了解其业务的公司,你觉得你能看多远?是五年、十年?你真的认为你有,你知道的,某种永续、无限期的收入流来计算价值吗?谢谢。
沃伦·巴菲特: 是的,嗯,我们不会预测得那么远,如果我们认为可以成功被冷冻的话我们可能需要那样做。(笑声)但我们真的——我们要永远拥有这些企业。所以,我们需要一个我们认为,如果经营良好,会在几十年内具有某种竞争优势的企业。我们不会转卖它们。我们最好有一些不仅现在好而且会持续好的东西。所以我们不买呼啦圈公司或宠物石头公司,我们也不买那些我们认为需求会大幅爆发但我们不知道谁是赢家的行业中的公司。所以我们看得远——我们努力——我们喜欢认为自己看得很远。
26. 芒格:GDP的15%用于医疗保健“并不疯狂”
沃伦·巴菲特: 关于医疗保健成本——唯一一次全公司经理会议——那时我们经理少得多——但15或20年前我们开了一次大多数当时数量较少的经理的会议,确实讨论了各公司在健康成本上做了什么,因为那时它们是我们成本结构中增长最快的部分。如今,员工补偿成本可能——以及其他与健康无关的保险成本——至少在过去几年里,增长甚至比健康成本更剧烈。但健康成本对我们来说是巨大的。在很多情况下,每个员工6、7000美元,而且还在快速增长。这是美国经济中我们无法解决、我们的员工也无法解决的通胀部分。它成为成本类型中很大的一部分——它是原材料成本——我们在第一季度有更高的能源成本。但在我看来,健康成本是只会不断上升的,我没有好的解决办法。
查理经营一家医院,比我更了解医疗体系,我们听听他怎么说。
查理·芒格: 嗯,我会说,提供的医疗质量,包括制药行业的,已经大大提高了。当然,成本也提高了,但国家更富裕了。如果美国想在医疗保健上花费GDP的15%,我不认为那是疯狂的。如果到16%或17%,我不会认为这是世界末日。当然,最终会有一个点,花这么多就不明智了。
沃伦·巴菲特: 你认为,如果我们花费13%或14%,而其他拥有相当不错体系的国家花费7%或8%,我们相对于他们得到了物有所值吗?
查理·芒格: 嗯,当然,他们从7%中获得的每美元价值比我们从15%中获得的要多。但这是否意味着我们花15%是疯狂的?我不知道。我猜不是。但从我所看到的一切来看,我看不出它不会继续上升的迹象。
沃伦·巴菲特: 这是一个——我不知道我们花了多少——我们从未汇总伯克希尔各公司的数据,因为它没有意义。但我们在医疗保健上花了很多钱。某些州远高于其他州。你在哪里经营有很大区别。
27. 巴菲特:给予和获得爱才是真正的成功
沃伦·巴菲特: 第1个问题?
股东提问: 你好,巴菲特先生和芒格先生。我叫贾斯汀·冯(PH),13岁,来自加利福尼亚。这是我连续第三年参会。首先,我祝愿你们身体健康,这样我们可以多年来继续来奥马哈。(掌声)
沃伦·巴菲特: 谢谢你。
股东提问: 谢谢您去年回答了我关于友谊的问题。我今年的问题是,您如何定义成功和幸福?它们相关吗?一个人如何实现它们?谢谢。
沃伦·巴菲特: 嗯,我告诉大学生们,当你到了我这个年龄,如果你希望爱你的人确实爱你,你就是成功的。如果你——查理和我认识一些很有钱的人,他们得到致敬晚宴,他们的名字出现在建筑物上,但事实上,没有人爱他们。不是他们的家人,也不是那些用他们名字命名建筑物的人。这是可悲的。不幸的是,这是你买不到的东西。查理和我谈过很多次,如果我们能买一百万美元的爱,那该多好啊?那会比努力变得可爱更令人满意得多。(笑声)但事情不是那样的。唯一被爱的方式是变得可爱。
我很遗憾在你13岁时告诉你这个,但好的一面是,你总是得到比你给予的更多。我不知道是奥斯卡·哈默斯坦还是谁说的,“钟不敲不响,歌不唱不成。心中的爱不是放在那里留存。爱不是爱,直到你给予它。”基本上,你总是会得到比你给予的更多。如果你不给予任何东西,你也得不到任何东西。这很简单。我不认识我这个年龄被很多人爱的人——前几天晚上我们有个晚宴,唐·基奥在那里——人人都爱唐·基奥,这是有原因的。我不知道有谁——命令周围人、同事、家人和邻居的爱的人——不是成功者或不感到成功的人。
我不知道那些知道没有人爱他们的人感觉如何,但我无法相信他们感觉很好。所以这很简单。你无法摆脱爱。如果你努力付出爱,你得到的回报比你给予的更多。这是最好的事情。查理,你怎么说?(笑声)
查理·芒格: 嗯,你不想像加利福尼亚那个电影业高管一样,他们说葬礼如此盛大是因为每个人都想确认他死了。(笑声)还有一个类似的故事,牧师在葬礼上说:“有没有人愿意站起来为死者说句好话?”长长沉默之后,终于有个人站起来说:“嗯,”他说,“他兄弟更差。”(笑声)
沃伦·巴菲特: 听着,我要这样说。看看比你年长的人,看看你的年长亲戚或其他什么人,你不会看到一个被周围人爱着的不幸福的人。这个房间里的大多数人财务上都会做得很好。我交谈过的大多数大学生都会财务上做得不错。他们中的一些人随着年龄增长会几乎没有朋友——真正的朋友——而其他人则会得到人们无尽的帮助。我随时都能看到这一点。所以这是我们今天关于这个的建议。
28. 巴菲特不记得给理查德·雷恩沃特建议
沃伦·巴菲特: 第2个问题。(掌声)
股东提问: 你好,我叫凯文·特鲁伊特(PH),我是来自伊利诺伊州芝加哥的股东。巴菲特先生和芒格先生,谢谢你们为股东和合作伙伴举办这个精彩的盛会。我非常享受并热爱来这里。我从中学到了很多,这里的人真是太棒了。我有三个希望简短的问题。前两个问题是给您的和芒格先生的,第三个问题是给您的。我的第一个问题是,芒格先生,很大程度上是您将沃伦从本·格雷厄姆所实践的“雪茄烟蒂”投资方法中拉了出来。据说购买喜诗糖果教给了你们这个购买好企业的重要教训。你在什么时点意识到购买好企业的概念是更好的长期投资策略?你在与沃伦的讨论中,是什么让你能够说服他朝那个方向走?巴菲特先生,芒格先生关于购买好企业的论点中,是什么说服您放弃了“雪茄烟蒂”方法并走向他的方向?
我的第二个问题是,在你们两人的经验中,您或芒格先生是否知道有哪家公司曾重新获得或取代了它失去的竞争优势?我的第三个问题,巴菲特先生,在他的职业生涯早期,理查德·雷恩沃特找您,问您成为成功投资者需要什么。您能告诉我们他问了什么以及您告诉了他什么吗?谢谢。(掌声)
沃伦·巴菲特: 最后一个问题,我完全不记得了。我是说,雷恩沃特给我打过几次电话,但我不太记得对话了。那是很多年前的事了,我可能说了同样的话——就像我在这个会议上被问到问题一样。所以多年来我与理查德·雷恩沃特没有什么联系。就像我说的,我想我见过他一次,他打过几次电话,所以——
29. 喜诗糖果的教训:倾听批评
沃伦·巴菲特: 查理,你想回答第一个问题关于你是如何——
查理·芒格: 嗯,我认为有一些神话,认为我是沃伦·巴菲特的重要启蒙者。(笑声)沃伦不需要太多启蒙,但我们俩一直在学习,所以五年前的我们不如最终成为的我们明智。喜诗糖果确实给我们俩上了一课。如果我告诉你完整的故事,它也会给你上一课。如果喜诗糖果多要10万美元,沃伦和我就走了。那时我们就是这么笨。
沃伦·巴菲特: 多一万。(笑声)
查理·芒格: 我们没有走的一个原因是,当我们做出这个我们不愿多付一分钱的绝妙决定时,艾拉·马歇尔对我们说:“你们疯了。有些东西你应该为它付高价,比如业务质量等等。你们低估了质量。”嗯,沃伦和我没有像其他地方那样行事,我们听了批评。我们改变了想法。这对任何人来说都是一个非常好的教训。建设性地接受批评的能力——想想我们从接受那一次批评中赚了多少钱。如果你算上从购买喜诗中学到的东西的间接影响,可以说伯克希尔的部分建立是由于从批评中学习。现在,我们今天不想再听任何批评了。(笑声)
沃伦·巴菲特: 我们也喜欢花生脆糖。(笑声)
30. 从“雪茄烟蒂”到高质量公司
沃伦·巴菲特: 查理解释过,我从一位专注于定量方面的本·格雷厄姆那里学到了投资,并从中获得了巨大收益。他并没有否定定性方面,但他说你通过聚焦于定量方面就能赚足够的钱,那是一种更稳妥的方法,能使你识别出雪茄烟蒂。他会说定性更难教,更难写,可能需要比定量更多的洞见。而且,定量效果很好,为什么要更努力呢?在小规模上,这有一个很好的道理。但查理确实——不只是艾拉·马歇尔——但查理比我刚开始时更强调定性。他的背景在某种程度上与我的不同,我被一位出色的老师深深影响,这是有充分理由的。但正如我们指出的,以公平的价格购买一家出色的企业,比以出色的价格购买一家公平的企业更合理。
我们改变了——或者至少我改变了我的焦点,查理已经有了——多年来朝着那个方向。当然,我们也从所看到的东西中学到了东西。当你观察企业50年,要知道一些关于它们的事情,知道大钱可以在哪里赚到,这并不难。现在,你说这是什么时候发生的?这非常有趣。因为即使你有了一个新的重要想法,旧的想法仍然存在。所以这是一个闪烁进出的过程。并没有一条鲜明的红线,我们从雪茄烟蒂转向了出色的公司。但我们朝那个方向移动,偶尔退回,因为雪茄烟蒂也能赚钱。但总体而言,我们一直朝着越来越好的公司方向前进,现在我们拥有了一系列出色的公司。
31. 重新获得失去的竞争优势很难
沃伦·巴菲特: 至于竞争优势——失去后又重新获得——这样的例子不多。在财产险公司方面,我有一个朋友总想买烂公司,指望把它们变成好公司。我就问他:“过去一百年里,你看到哪里发生过这种事?”GEICO在70年代早期遇到了麻烦,但它有一个出色的商业模式。它确实脱轨了,但不是因为模式走偏,而是因为他们开始错误地准备准备金,在增长上发疯,还有类似一些事情。但基本模式仍然存在。你可能会说,有一家公司失去了竞争地位,然后以不同的方式回来了,实际上是百事可乐。他们曾“五美分给两倍的量,也一样。”他们以定量为基础销售,你花五美分可以喝到两倍量的东西,正如标语所说,二战后成本大幅上涨时他们失去了这个优势。所以他们基本上成功地改变了营销方式,这是非常罕见的。但你必须为此给他们记功。在某种程度上,吉列在30年代失去了竞争地位,在与他们所谓的“一分钱刀片”等产品的竞争中失去了市场份额,然后在接下来的十年左右非常强劲地重新获得,市场份额大幅上升。但总的来说,如果你失去了竞争地位——帕卡德汽车公司在30年代中期拥有顶级汽车。凯迪拉克不是顶级——是帕卡德。然后有一年他们向下走,再也没有回来。那一年他们的销量暴增,因为每个人都想拥有一辆帕卡德,现在你可以更便宜地拥有一辆。但他们再也没有恢复高端形象。某些百货公司也做过同样的事。它们有过高端形象。
原文
Title: 2003 Annual Meeting
Part 2/6
AUDIENCE MEMBER: My question is about a company getting its employee compensation aligned with shareholder interest. Charlie Munger, in one of his “Outstanding Investor Digest” interviews, cites the case of FedEx getting it right. In the newspapers, we’ve all just read about American Airlines, Bethlehem Steel, and a lot of other companies getting it wrong. I find precious little written about compensation systems. Would you share with us how you get it right at Berkshire companies? Also, your old golf coach and racetrack friend, Bob Dwyer, asked me if you would like to share with us your pick in the Kentucky Derby. (Laughter)
WARREN BUFFETT: Is Bob back there with you, Martin?
AUDIENCE MEMBER: No, in the middle.
WARREN BUFFETT: Oh. Bob and I did spend a lot of time at the racetrack in high school. He was not only the basketball coach at Woodrow Wilson High, but he was also the golf coach. And whenever I wanted to go the races he would write an excuse to my other teachers saying that we had to go out for the golf team. (Laughter) And then we would head off to Charles Town, or Havre de Grace, or Pimlico or someplace. And he cleaned up his act subsequently. (Laughter) It’s good to have Bob with us. He was known for his famous three-iron shots. He was known as “Trolley Wire” Dwyer in those days.
18. “Crazy” to use stock options as compensation
WARREN BUFFETT: Charlie, do you want to talk about comp a little?
CHARLIE MUNGER: Well, as the shareholders know, our system is different from that of most big corporations. We think it’s less capricious. The stock option system will give extraordinarily liberal awards sort of by accident to some people. And it’ll deny other people any reward at all at some different time, in spite of great contributions made by the people who are getting nothing. So except where we inherit it, we just don’t use it. But we must be in a minority — far less than 1 percent, right?
WARREN BUFFETT: It’s where we like to be, right. It’s interesting, we inherited some stock options at Berkshire, primarily in the General Re transaction. And, not through any failing of anybody or — there’s no aspersions to be cast at all, but those options turned out to be quite valuable. They would not have been valuable if General Re had been left alone as a standalone company. They were — they profited from the fact that other parts of Berkshire did well, and the money went to the people that had these options who delivered nothing to the performance of Berkshire for a while. Now, that’s — that is not an indictment of anybody, in the least, at Gen Re. It’s an indictment of an options system which represents a lottery ticket, and also a royalty on the passage of time. Because as you know, an option holder has benefits from retained earnings and benefits not at all from dividends. And that puts his interest, maybe, quite contrary to that of the shareholders. So we believe in paying for performance, but we believe in tying performance to what is actually under the reasonable control of the person that’s being measured.
And we — to give a lottery ticket on the overall results of Berkshire Hathaway to someone who is running a business that’s 1 percent of the whole is really crazy. And I would say that you have seen probably more misdirected compensation throughout the corporate system — corporate America — in the last five years, you know, than in the hundred years before that. It’s been extraordinary. There was wealth creation in the ’90s, just like in the ’80s, in the ’70s, in the ’60s, in the ’50s. But there was a wealth transfer like had never been experienced before. And, you know, you can’t blame people for wanting to cash in on it. You know, if anybody wants to walk up and hand me a half a dozen lottery tickets for the Nebraska lottery, you know, I’ll accept them. But it will have nothing to do with how I do in terms of running Berkshire.
Actually, Charlie and I think a properly designed options system, which includes cost of capital and some other factors, and ties it to the performance of the people involved, we think that can make sense, when we’ve used various incentive programs that are similar to that. But the idea of just passing them out and telling people that for 10 years they get a free ride and then repricing — you know, if your stock goes down, their stock doesn’t go down, their option price goes down. You know, that is not our idea of a great compensation system.
CHARLIE MUNGER: Yeah, if we are right with our general approach, it has considerably important implications. Because the natural implication is that more than 99 percent of corporate compensation systems are more than a little crazy in America. And I want to emphasize that Berkshire is not illiberal. I mean, we’ve got various incentive systems out where people make tens of millions and may make hundreds of millions. And so, we’re not against rewards for people who make vast contributions. But a system that’s basically capricious, and which doesn’t tailor the results per person and per activity very well, we just think it’s crazy.
WARREN BUFFETT: We love to see people that are associated with Berkshire making money, as long as they’re making money for you at the same time. It’s very simple. And — but we don’t want them to get a free ride off your money. (Applause) Compensation’s an interesting subject and I’m going to write about it next year, some. But, you know, it’s not a market system. You can read all you want. I mean, you know, the PR people will tell you, you know, that “Joe Smith’s compensation was determined by a market system and he’s just like a baseball player,” anything of the sort. But he’s not just like a baseball player. You know, the baseball player negotiates with somebody who’s spending his money to hire the baseball player, and making a calculation whether he’s better off laying out the money out of his own pocket — the owner of the team — to get that player.
But when you get a comp committee at a large American corporation, you have somebody with an enormous interest in the amount of comp on one side of the table. And you’ve got somebody on the other side of the table, who was not picked because they were the Doberman of the board, believe me — and who is dealing with what — many times is what my friend, Tom Murphy, used to call “play money.” I mean, you know, it’s almost meaningless to the person on one side of the table whether somebody gets 100,000 shares of restricted stock or a million shares of restricted stock, and it’s not meaningless to the guy on the other side of the table. Almost every other negotiation in American business, you have some parity of concern. But you do not have a parity of concern, you know, in terms of the — in terms of comp at the top levels. You have a parity of concern when you get down to labor unions. I mean, the management wants to keep down the prices and the union wants to get more money. And that’s a real negotiation.
And you have, you know, you have lots of other real negotiations in American business, but the compensation in many companies — not all, obviously — but in many, many companies has not been a real negotiation at all. And the management has hired comp consultants to come in, and I have never seen a comp consultant come in and say, “We ought to reduce this guy’s salary.” I’ve also never seen a comp consultant come in and say, “Why don’t you get rid of this bozo?” You know, I mean — (laughter) — they can’t all be wonderful. But — you know, can you imagine a comp consultant doing that and ever getting another assignment? It wouldn’t happen. So it’s a bad system, and it needs improvement. And it may be getting a little improvement. And as I wrote in the annual report this year, what happens with comp is the acid test of corporate reform. Because frankly, the CEOs of America, they don’t care whether their boards are diverse, or not diverse, or anything of the sort. They care about how much money they make, in a great many cases.
And you, the owners, and big owners in particular, you know, have to provide some countervailing force, or you’ll have what you’ve had in the last 20 years, which is an enormous disparity in the rates of compensation of people at the top compared to people at the bottom. And also a disconnect between the comp of people running businesses and the results of the owners who gave them the money. So arise, (inaudible) shareholder. (Applause)
19. Low inflation helps investors, but keep expectations low
WARREN BUFFETT: Let’s go to number 5.
AUDIENCE MEMBER: Good morning. Good morning, my name is Matt Sauer and I’m from Durham, North Carolina. In a 1977 Fortune magazine article titled “How Inflation Swindles the Equity Investor,” you argued that corporate earnings in aggregate acted like a bond coupon, and thus, were negatively impacted by high inflation. Due to high inflation at the time, you posited a world where a 12 percent return on corporate equity would —was reduced to 7 percent after taxes, and netted out to 0 percent in real terms. You have been sounding downcast about the prospects for equities for several years, much of which we assume relates to extreme starting valuations. If inflation was decidedly bad for investors in 1977, isn’t the relative lack of it in today’s economy at least one mark in the plus column for equity owners? Is there also a future inflation expectation component in your warnings that investors are likely to be disappointed by equity results?
WARREN BUFFETT: Well, I would — there’s no question that the lack of inflation is a plus for owners. I mean, the real return you will obtain, in my view, from owning American business — if purchased at similar prices — the real return will be higher if we have long periods of lower or close to no inflation, than if we had long periods of high inflation. I don’t think there’s any question about that. Because that article went onto explain how you got taxed on nominal returns and fictitious returns in real terms. So your question about which period is better for investors — a low inflation period over any long period is better for investors. And the problem, as you pointed out also, was the starting point, in terms of predicting modest returns for equity investors. The returns weren’t necessarily so modest, I predicted. They were just modest compared to what people had begun to think returns would be during that long bull market from 1982 to 1999. There were polls taken by Gallup working with, I think, PaineWebber at the time — now they’ve moved it over to UBS Warburg — that showed the expectancy of people in the stock market.
And those returns that people expected got up to 14 or 15 percent, as I remember. And they were thinking they were going to get 14 or 15 percent in a low-inflation environment. Well that, you know, that was dreaming. And there’s nothing wrong, in a low-inflation environment, at all, in earning, you know, 6 or 7 percent. That’s probably as well — Well, it is as good as will happen, because in a low inflation environment how much is GDP going to grow? Well, GDP, you know, if you have a 2 percent inflation and even 3 percent real growth, you’re talking about 5 percent, in nominal terms, GDP growing. If GDP grows at that rate, over time corporate profits will grow at — more or less, at that rate. And if corporate profits grow at 5 percent a year, the value of those corporate profits, the capitalized value, will probably grow at something like that over any long term with sort of a normal starting point. And add that to dividends and, you know, you will get 6 or 7 percent before frictional costs. Investors incur a lot of frictional cost.
They don’t have to, but they do. And that often is 1 1/2, 2 percent of their investment. So the math isn’t bad, it’s just bad for those people that got used to, or expected, very high returns based on looking in the rearview mirror back in 1998 or 1999. Charlie?
CHARLIE MUNGER: My general attitude is just slightly more negative than Warren’s. (Laughter)
WARREN BUFFETT: You’ve heard it, folks. (Laughter) That isn’t the end of the world. I mean, in effect, if the people who own American business get 5 to 6 percent of the pie — $10 trillion economy now, someday a $20 trillion economy. But if we get 5 or 6 percent of the pie, those of us who put our capital out to produce goods and services for American business — for American consumers, American population — is that a, you know, I don’t know whether that’s — you know, that’s exactly what somebody who designed the universe would come up with. But it doesn’t strike me as crazy in either direction. You know, I think that — that’s a lot of goods and services to go to people that put up the capital, but you — and you’ve got, you know, a hundred million-plus people in the working force that are working to turn that out for you, using your capital. And it provides a — what I would regard as a pretty decent real return if you have low inflation.
If you get into high inflation, as I wrote about back in ‘77, you could easily have the real return, to investors, get to a very, very low number, and perhaps negative. I mean, inflation can swindle the equity investor, as I wrote back then, and I used 7,000 words to explain why, and will be glad to send you a copy of that article if anyone’s still interested. But inflation is the one thing that, over a long period of time, can turn investors’ results, in aggregate, into a negative figure. And it’s the investors’ enemy. Charlie, does that bring forth any further thoughts?
CHARLIE MUNGER: I don’t think you’ll get perfect help on these subjects from the economics profession, either. They have certain standard formulas. To an economist, when a manufacturing job goes to China, that’s just so much productivity increase. And if you ask one, well suppose all of the manufacturing jobs in America went to China. Wouldn’t that be a little too much efficiency increase? And the answer would be no. And people actually get paid for thinking like this in major universities. (Laughter and applause)
WARREN BUFFETT: Yeah, if — what would get across the point, of course, is if all the teaching of economics got exported to China, in which — (laughter) — at that point a new insight would appear.
20. Managers decide whether to come to annual meeting
WARREN BUFFETT: Number 6.
AUDIENCE MEMBER: Jack Hurst (PH), Philadelphia. I have a question about the managers, and a comment and a question about the insurance operation. These meetings are a lot more fun with more subsidiaries and more managers. I also think more educational, because you get to interact with them. Is there any feed — do you get any feedback from the managers that they enjoy coming here and they get anything out of the meeting?
WARREN BUFFETT: Well, we have a number of our managers here and I — but we don’t require anybody to come. I mean, we have managers that, very, very seldom have come to a meeting. And I don’t keep names, I can’t even tell you which ones they are. But you know, if they enjoy it, they come. Many of them, of course, have operations down below, selling you things, and some of them come to help out in that respect. But we’ve got a — you know, we have a sensational group of managers. They run their own businesses, they’re extraordinary at doing what they do and we don’t get in their way. We don’t demand that, virtually, that they do anything, except work for the owners. But you will — I hope you meet some of them here today because they — you know, the ones that are here, obviously, enjoy interacting with the shareholders. And it’s fun to put faces to functions. I mean, it — I enjoy it, I think a lot of them enjoy coming here.
And the people that are working downstairs, you know, they volunteer to come. And they enjoy seeing the shareholders, and they enjoy bragging about their companies, and they’ve got a lot to brag about. And I hope you thank them when you see them because, you know, it’s a lot of effort for them. I got here at six o’clock this morning, but there were people that were here a lot earlier than that, and they were working yesterday to get ready for this. And I want to thank them myself. Charlie? (Applause)
CHARLIE MUNGER: I don’t think our managers who come to this meeting are picking up new tricks. Most of our managers know all the tricks that are related to their businesses. But this is a very interesting place, and it gets more interesting every year. And part of what makes it interesting is not discreditable, and I think people like being part of it.
WARREN BUFFETT: Yeah, our managers — in a few respects, we’ll occasionally work together. Sometimes a manager of subsidiary A will check with some of the others, not through Omaha, directly themselves. And they will say, you know, “What are you paying for software?” or “What are you paying for UPS?” or whatever it is, and “Can we make a better deal if we pool our efforts?” There are times when we have saved money, sometimes pretty real money. But that has never been instituted by Omaha, it’s never been overseen by Omaha. It’s because manager A decides to call manager B. And you know, they like each other and they can make their own operation better, sometimes by combining purchasing power, and occasionally by just having an idea here or there. But there’s no organized way of going at that in Berkshire and nobody has to play.
21. Decisions not based on “sweeping future projections”
WARREN BUFFETT: Number 7.
AUDIENCE MEMBER: I’m John Bailey (PH) from Boston. I’d like to ask about our consumer businesses, which means that I have to ask about the consumer in general. The situation, as I understand it, is that over the last 30 years or so the median consumer has seen his income rise only a little faster than inflation, and much slower than GDP, overall. Income inequality is at a 400-year high. The present value of lifetime income for the median person has improved slowly. Yet the size of his lifetime liabilities, such as health care, housing, education, and retirement, has ballooned. The economic net worth, then, of the consumer may be poorer than they think. To cope, the median guy has put his wife to work, borrowed against the house, and also the credit cards. So I think this may have some implications for the sustainability of consumer businesses. And seeing that we’ve been buying a number of them recently, how do we think about this problem? And are there any non-obvious risks that we should be considering?
WARREN BUFFETT: The American consumer, overall, is better, but not dramatically better off than 10 years ago. Even somewhat better off than 20 years ago. But you’re quite right in that there’s been considerable inequality, in terms of the progress of people financially during that period. We don’t have broad ideas about — I mean, we don’t make decisions on what business we buy based on some sweeping future projections about things. We think America will do pretty well over time. In fact, we’d — we’re quite sure it will do pretty well over time and that our kids will live better than we live. My kids would say that wouldn’t be so difficult. (Laughter) But the — and the grandchildren will live better. You know, that has been the history of the American economy. The real income per capita grew sevenfold, I believe, in the 20th century. That is huge. You know, it cost $18, as I remember, to make a three-minute station-to-station call from New York to San Francisco 40 years after the telephone was invented.
And at the time the $18 was more than the average weekly wage in the United States. You know, think if some little kid had picked up the phone on the other end and there went the whole weekly wage while you tried to get, you know, your daughter on the phone, or whatever. So it — people will be better off in this country decade after decade. But we don’t — we’re not big on being futurologists or anything at Berkshire. I will tell you this, in terms of our consumer businesses, right now, they’re very soft. Our furniture and jewelry businesses generally — candy business, businesses dealing with the consumer day by day — are soft, and the first quarter the earnings were down.
22. “Desirable” GDP shows how economy affects households
WARREN BUFFETT: One of the things you have to think about — and people don’t — they don’t focus on this very much. But you read about GDP, and this is one reason I think — I really think we’ve been in a recession now — not a huge one, but — or not a violent one — but for over two years. When the government talks about GDP, A, they talk about GDP, we’ll say, going up 2 percent. But of course, the population of the country, you know, goes up something over 1 percent per year. So it’s per capita GDP that counts. And that has gone very close to no place. But the more important factor, to some extent, is that GDP counts the people that, you know, have you take off your shoes when you go to get on an airplane. You know, it counts extra police. It counts all of these things that don’t really translate into — they translate into goods and services that the country wants, but they are not goods and services — I mean, they’re goods and services we wish we didn’t want.
And they — all of that counts the same way. If there’s a — 20 guards at the airport instead of three guards, that goes into GDP. But does it make you feel any better about how you’re spending your paycheck every month? Probably not. And when you get into a war, for example, if you drop planes into the ocean, you know, that’s part of GDP, the cost of manufacturing those planes. But it doesn’t do anything for you at your house. So in terms of what I would call “desirable GDP,” I think my guess is that, on a per capita basis, that has gone no place in the last few years as we’ve diverted resources to other things that don’t really translate to what goes into your house or onto your table. And the quality of GDP is something that is not really talked about very much when you pick up the economic reports every day. Charlie?
CHARLIE MUNGER: Yeah, and the type of figures you gave us about inequality tend to obscure a basic and important fact. If the same families were permanently at the top of the economic heap there would be huge resentments about current inequality. But when the coupon clippers and the DuPont family go down, and somebody creates something like Pampered Chef and comes up, in a real sense, something wonderful is happening in terms of equality, even though at the end it looks like there’s been no progress. That much churn makes people think the whole system is fairer. (Applause)
WARREN BUFFETT: We prefer not to be part of the churn, though, actually, at this point, I think. (Laughter) We were much more in favor of churn 30 or 40 years ago. (Laughter)
23. Buffett didn’t learn accounting from books
WARREN BUFFETT: Number 8, please.
AUDIENCE MEMBER: My name is Johann Freudenberg (PH). I come from Germany. I would like to know the accounting book you like best. Thank you. (Laughter)
WARREN BUFFETT: Well, it’s been a long time since I’ve read an accounting book. I read Finney back when I was in college, I remember that. And I always liked accounting. And for any of you in business, you know, you basically can’t get enough accounting. But I don’t — you know, I am not really up to date on accounting books. Maybe Charlie’s been reading some of those lately. I would hope, actually, that if you read the Berkshire reports over time that you get certain, perhaps, lessons on accounting. But I think you learn more accounting, probably, in terms of — well I mean, once you know the basics of it, by reading good business articles that deal with accounting issues, accounting scandals, that sort of thing. I mean, what you really need to know is you need to know how the figures are put together, the underlying principles of it, and then you have to know what can be done with those. And — you start with the accounting figures as the raw material of understanding a business, but you have to bring something additional to that.
And I can’t think of any good books on that subject. I think I’ve read a lot of good magazine articles that contributed to my knowledge over the years. And I’ve just, you know, I’ve read a lot of annual reports, and seen what people can do with accounting. And as I’ve said before, if I don’t understand it, I figure it’s probably because the management doesn’t want me to understand it. And if the management doesn’t want me to understand it, there’s probably something wrong going on. I mean, people don’t obfuscate with numbers, usually, without a purpose. And when you run into that the best thing to do is you stay away. Charlie?
CHARLIE MUNGER: Yeah, asking Warren, you know, what good books he knows about accounting would be — it’s like asking him what good books does he have about breathing. (Laughter) The — and — (applause) — what the implication of that is, is that you start by learning the basic rules of bookkeeping, which are sort of like the basic rules of addition and subtraction. And then you have to spend a lot of time before that accounting gets related to the larger reality, and that’s a lifelong process.
24. Many credit insurers “don’t really know what they’re doing”
WARREN BUFFETT: OK, we’re going to try to go to the Music Hall. Number 9. Is this working?
AUDIENCE MEMBER: I believe so.
WARREN BUFFETT: OK, good.
AUDIENCE MEMBER: Bill Ackman from New York City, and my question is as follows: Insurance companies — could you comment on insurance companies taking on credit risk through the sale of credit derivatives, the adequacy of the accounting for these derivatives? And finally, could you explain why the financial guarantee insurers, who are the primary sellers of these derivatives, have the same triple-A rating Berkshire has, despite their more than 140-to-one leverage, and the correlated nature of the risks that they take on?
WARREN BUFFETT: Well, I think you should go to work for Standard and Poor’s or Moody’s. The question about credit insurance or credit guarantees of one sort or another, you know, that’s become very popular. And it’s become — actually, popular with, sort of, the standard insurance, property-casualty insurance, companies in recent years. And I would say that, in many cases, the people participating in that business don’t really know what they’re doing. It’s so easy in the insurance business — it’s the curse of the insurance business — it’s also one of the benefits of it — is that people hand you a lot of money for writing out a little piece of paper. And what you put on that piece of paper is enormously important. But the money that’s coming in that seems so easy can tempt you into doing very, very foolish things.
We had a situation here in Omaha 15 or 20 years ago in the mid-’80s where Mutual of Omaha — largest health and accident association in the world, at least at one point — and they decided to go into the reinsurance — property-casualty reinsurance business. And in a very, very, very short time they wrote not very many contracts, and it resulted in wiping out half of the net worth of everything that had built up over many, many decades. If you are willing to do dumb things in insurance, the world will find you. I mean, you do not — (Laughter) You can be in a rowboat in the middle of the Atlantic and just whisper out, “I’m willing to write this,” and then name a dumb price, and you will have brokers swimming to you, you know — (laughter) — with their fins showing, incidentally. (Laughter) It is brutal. I mean, if you are willing to do dumb things, there are people out there, and it’s understandable. But they will find you, and you will get the cash up front.
You will see a lot of cash and you won’t see any losses, and you’ll keep doing it because you won’t see any losses for a little while. So you’ll keep taking on more and more of this, you know, and then the roof will fall in. And I mentioned in the annual report how GEICO had taken in, you know, 70-odd thousand dollars — $70,000 — of premiums in the early ’80s for a few policies, and they thought they were just picking cherries at the time, and they reinsured a lot of it. And so far we’ve lost $93 million. Now, the most we could make was 70-odd thousand, and I don’t know what the most we can lose is. But I know that 93 million has gotten my attention. (Laughter) When you’re playing in a game like that, you can’t afford to make a mistake. I mean, it’s — the mistake — a single mistake or a few mistakes that are correlated, as you’ve mentioned — because these things do correlate — a few mistakes will overcome a lifetime of savings.
I mean, it is — you will make a few cents on the dollar when you’re right, and you will lose incredible sums when you’re wrong. And in credit insurance, when you go around — a lot of people went around guaranteeing credits based on ratings. And they said, well, we’ll guarantee a whole bunch of single-A ratings, or we’ll create these structured arrangements that involve A-rated credits. And they would use a lot of studies that would show that X percent of A-rated credits defaulted per year, and you go back to the ’30s, and all these back-tested arrangements. But the problem with that is that what the questioner mentioned is correlation. And when things go bad, all kinds of things correlate that no one ever dreamed correlated. And what you had, of course, in the debt field was you had a whole bunch of, say, telecoms or energy companies, that were all rated similarly. But they were correlated in a huge way and you weren’t getting a diversification. You were getting a concentration that would — you didn’t realize.
And there’s nothing more deadly than unrecognized concentrations of risk, but it happens all the time. So I would say we see a B-double-A credit enhanced to a triple-A credit by somebody guaranteeing it, and they may guarantee it for 10 or 15 basis points. And yet the spread in market yield might be 100 basis points. That does not strike us as smart. And I would say this about the triple-A rating. They have a triple-A rating for claims paying, but they don’t carry, I don’t think, general triple-A. There’s only, I think, eight or nine triple-As left in the United States. Berkshire Hathaway’s one of them. But I believe there’s only one other insurance company, which is AIG, and then there’s a half a dozen other companies. So those companies are not in the same class, credit-wise, as Berkshire, nor are they recognized as being in the same class. But I would say you could get into a lot of trouble at 140-to-one — at some point — insuring credits. Charlie?
CHARLIE MUNGER: Yeah, he also asked about the quality of accounting. And in my view, at least, the quality of accounting in America for derivative transactions is still terrible. And it’s terrible in that it’s too optimistic. And one of the places where it’s most terrible is when you talk about guaranteeing future credits way, way out — years ahead. That sort of thing just lends itself to people getting very optimistic in their assumptions and in their audited figures. And people pay attention to the audited figures, not the underlying reality. So therefore, if the accounting is lousy, the business decisions are lousy. And I think that’s going on mightily as we sit here.
WARREN BUFFETT: Yeah, there are dozens of insurance organizations or trading organizations in the country that have written credit guarantee contracts in derivative form in the last few years, in fact, on a huge scale. I will guarantee you, virtually, that every single one of those contracts that was written, in the first week, whoever wrote it, you know, recognized some sort of an income account or an income entry, and that somebody got paid a little bit of money for writing each one of them. And you know that many of those are going to go bad, and maybe, as a category, that it’s going to be a terrible category. But nobody ever wrote a contract and recorded a loss at the time they wrote it. I mean, they just don’t do it. And I will tell you that there are a lot of those contracts that if somebody wrote them for me, 10 seconds later I would’ve paid somebody to take them off my hands, so that I would’ve regarded them as having a built-in loss. Nobody ever records a built-in loss on a derivative contract.
In fact, I find it extraordinary that you have two derivative dealers, and dealer A and dealer B write a ticket, and dealer A records a profit and dealer B records a profit, you know, particularly if it’s a 20-year contract, you know? I mean, that is the kind of world I’d love to live in, but I haven’t found it yet.
25. We try to look “a long way into the future”
WARREN BUFFETT: Number 10.
AUDIENCE MEMBER: Hey, good morning, Charlie, Warren. Jerry McLaughlin from San Mateo checking in from the Music Hall. You should see yourselves over here. We’re about 12 feet from wall-size images of both of you, which is interesting, but the See’s Candy box is so big, I understand what Tantalus went through now.
WARREN BUFFETT: How many people do you have in the Music Hall?
AUDIENCE MEMBER: We probably want to get a cop to estimate, but I’d say it’s a couple of thousand. Anyway, moving right along — hoping I can get a twofer here. One is, at Branders, small company we run, we’re seeing — we’re spending a lot more on employee benefits anymore. Health insurance in particular is going up and up again. And lots of times, in the press years ago and now again a little bit, you’re hearing the drumbeat of a health care crisis and what it costs employers to provide health insurance. I got to figure that’s on the minds of a lot of Berkshire operating company managers. I’m wondering whether both of you feel — I mean, is crisis the right word, with respect to cost? Looks like bigger percentages of our GDP are going to health care. Is that because we think we’re getting better health care, or is it really just sort of inflationary?
Second thing is, at the risk of you thinking we’re all a bunch of kooks over here, a couple of people over on this side of the hall have asked me to ask you, Warren, whether you’re seriously considering being cryogenically frozen at some point — (laughter) — I think, hopefully, in the distant, distant future.
WARREN BUFFETT: What —
2003年度股东大会 第三部分(共六部分)
你可以通过搞各种打折促销活动来提振销售,特别是如果你有一个高端的品牌形象。但往低端市场走很容易,再想回到高端市场就非常困难了。你看到过一些很棒的百货公司或专卖店就遇到了这个问题。查理,你有什么想法吗?
原文
And you can always juice up your sales, particularly if you’ve got a great upscale image, by having, you know, this sale or that sale, and going downmarket. It’s very hard to back upmarket again, and you’ve seen some great department stores that have had that — or specialty stores — that had that problem. Charlie, you got any thoughts on that?
查理·芒格:没有了。
沃伦·巴菲特:好。
32. “焦虑的性格”会损害你的长期表现
沃伦·巴菲特:第三个问题。
股东:嗨,我是布鲁斯·吉尔伯特,来自纽约市的股东。大约四五年前,我把家庭的大部分投资组合——实际上是全部——都投到了伯克希尔·哈撒韦。过去四五年里,股价一直相当平稳,我挺过了2000年,那时朋友们赚了50%,而我却在投资上亏损了50%。但我必须承认,去年当我读到你在《财富》杂志的文章,提到股价“昂贵”时,我感觉很糟。现在,我白天有时会开心地计算伯克希尔·哈撒韦的价值,但晚上一想到你的评论,我也会担心得睡不着。我意识到你最近谈了很多关于事物的定性和定量方面。我想请你,以你自我反思的角度,能不能像谈论你的呼吸一样,谈谈你当时说股价昂贵时,是用了什么衡量标准?你说它昂贵时,是相对于什么价格和什么价值?
沃伦·巴菲特:我觉得如果你——我不记得那篇文章的确切措辞了,但我很确定我告诉过那篇文章的作者,而且我几乎肯定文章里也写了,我说我认为伯克希尔比持有整个市场或标普500指数更有吸引力。所以我说我更喜欢它胜过一般市场。我当然很高兴把我99%以上的净资产都放在里面。我从未卖过一股,我对持有它直到我死的那一天,甚至之后更长的时间,也毫无不适。(笑声)但有一段时间了,我并不认为股票便宜。而且我从来不想鼓励任何人,特别是最近几年,去买伯克希尔或其他任何股票,因为我觉得市场——你知道,我觉得我们经历了一个巨大的泡沫。而且你知道,我认为伯克希尔的价值已经提升了——我想查理也这么认为——在最近几年相当显著。
而且我会——如果我有机会免税把伯克希尔换成标普500指数,或任何共同基金或其他任何东西,你知道,我连想都不会想。但这并不意味着我认为伯克希尔或股票便宜。查理?
查理·芒格:我没什么要补充的。
沃伦·巴菲特:我不记得我们曾经推荐过买入或卖出伯克希尔的股票。我们确实在某个时候说过我们会回购股票,这带有某种潜在信息。我们在其他时候也说过我们不会买入股票。这并不意味着我们会卖出任何股票,只是在当时的条件下我们不会买。但我们一直避免推荐,实际上不仅是买入或卖出伯克希尔,也包括任何其他特定股票。我们只是偶尔给出我们对整体股市水平的看法。但我确实认为,如果你回头看看那篇文章——我希望我把它带来了。但我想你会发现我说过,我更喜欢它胜过股票这种资产类别。它——
查理·芒格:我确实认为,培养一种能够持有证券而不焦虑的性情,这很有道理。我认为焦虑的性格是长期表现的敌人。
沃伦·巴菲特:嗯,这几乎是——我认为,如果你每天晚上睡觉前都想着股票的价格,那么要在股票上长期表现良好几乎是不可能的。我的意思是,查理和我,我们思考的是它们的价值。但我们会很高兴,就像那部电影里一样——如果明天证券交易所关门了,迪克·格拉索不会高兴,我们的专家吉米·马奎尔也不会高兴。但这根本不会困扰我和查理。我们会继续卖砖头、卖Dilly Bars、卖糖果、承保保险。你知道,很多人拥有私营公司,他们从未得到过报价。你知道,我们在1972年收购了喜诗糖果。从那以后再也没有得到过它的报价。这会让我们怀疑我们在喜诗糖果上做得怎么样吗?不会,我们看公司的经营成果。所以,专注于公司成果没有错。
专注于股票价格是危险的,因为这实际上意味着你认为股票市场比你更了解情况。如果股票市场可能比你更了解情况,那么你就不该投资股票。我的意思是,你应该——股票市场是为你服务的,而不是指导你的。所以你需要形成自己对价格和价值的看法,如果价格变得更便宜而你又还有资金,你知道,逻辑上你应该买入更多,如果——我们一直这么做。坦率地说,我们犯错误的地方,正是当我们关注价格和价值时,我们开始买入,然后价格稍微上涨我们就停止了,你知道,就像查理提到的,我们可能在喜诗糖果上犯过这样的错误。几年前在沃尔玛股票上,这样的错误让我们损失了80亿美元,因为它的价格上涨了。你知道,当我们买入的东西价格上涨时,我们并不高兴。我们希望它们下跌,不断下跌。我们还会继续买入更多——希望我们的钱不会用完。
当然,那是另一回事了。查理?
查理·芒格:没有了。
33. AAA评级不会“导致我们做任何蠢事”
沃伦·巴菲特:第四个问题。
股东:嗨,我是来自密苏里州圣路易斯的大卫·安格林。谢谢你们带来这个周末,非常愉快。这里总是很有趣。根据《经济学人》的一篇文章,AAA评级对于再保险公司来说是一个非常关键的品质。瑞士再保险、慕尼黑再保险已经失去了它们的AAA评级。科隆再保险出局了。伯克希尔的再保险业务是否会因为现在是少数仍持有AAA评级的主要再保险公司,即使它实行非常严格的承保纪律,而无意中暴露在更高的风险之下?
沃伦·巴菲特:不会,AAA评级不会增加我们的风险,因为它不应该影响我们的行为。它可能会影响哪些业务被提供给我们。我的意思是,从逻辑上讲,我们应该会最先和最后获得业务机会。我是说,我们是那个五年后、十年后一定能赔付的再保险公司。所以当——我的意思是,我们有一些合同,比如针对截瘫患者的结构化结算,他们指望我们在50年后向他们付款。那些人坐在轮椅上,他们可能——你知道,他们可能依靠氧气,各种情况。他们依赖着一张印有我们名字的小纸片,上面写着我们将在他们余生中向他们付款。对他们来说,名字是谁非常重要。但这不应该导致我们做——不应该导致我们做任何愚蠢的事。这只是意味着那些关心未来承诺安全性的人应该来找我们。
但完全没有理由因为慕尼黑再保险或瑞士再保险失去了它们的AAA评级,我们就应该以任何不同的方式进行承保。这只应该意味着我们有更多的选择余地。我可以向你保证,随着这些公司失去它们的AAA评级——过去一年或一年半里,已经有好几家了——我们在通用再保险正在非常实质性地收紧我们的承保。现在,它需要收紧——但在我看来,我们现在——我们有正确的——我们在通用再保险有了一个伟大的承保文化,历史上它大部分时间都有。它一度偏离了,但我认为现在它完全回归了。所以我认为你不用担心那个。查理?
查理·芒格:嗯,我当然希望我们是比慕尼黑再保险更好的承保人。
沃伦·巴菲特:嗯,我们不要指名道姓了。(笑声)不,不,慕尼黑是一家好公司。(笑声)伯克希尔的规则是,我们点名表扬,我们按类别批评。(笑声)我确实认为慕尼黑是一家好公司,但他们失去了AAA评级,坦率地说,可能是因为他们可能——他们在权益方面——在资产端——股票投资相对于净资产暴露太多,我想他们可能也同意这一点。他们在保险业拥有非常强大和重要的地位。我们和慕尼黑再保险有很多业务往来,并且会继续下去。但顺便提一下,还有一些我们不会与之做生意的公司。我的意思是,世界上有一些非常弱的再保险公司,如果发生一次大的自然灾害,或者发生一次大的金融灾难,在我看来,有许多再保险公司将无法赔付。而我们经营我们的事务,确保我们总是能够赔付。
34. 从一开始就计划行使科隆再保险的购买期权
沃伦·巴菲特:第五个问题?
股东:早上好,先生们。我叫奥拉夫·海涅,来自德国。毫不意外,我有一个关于德国再保险市场的问题,恰好与前面问题很契合。当你们收购通用再保险时,我相信你们也继承了一大笔科隆再保险的股份。现在,在你们给股东的上一封信中,你们暗示一家主要的再保险公司可能遇到了麻烦,普遍认为是刚刚提到的科隆再保险。你们大约一小时前也提到,德国在保险方面有点像拖累——(笑)——如果我没理解错的话。
沃伦·巴菲特:我不——我的意思是,我不认为我——我本意不是想说那个。
股东:好吧,但这有助于我提出这个问题。(笑声)
沃伦·巴菲特:好吧,为了回答你的问题,我们就当我那么说过好了——(笑声)——是的。但我没说过。
股东:所以现在通用再保险决定行使对科隆再保险剩余股份的看涨期权,科隆再保险是另一家德国再保险公司。我的问题很简单,是什么促使你们这样做的?
沃伦·巴菲特:是的,这是个好问题。关于这件事,媒体有些误报。实际情况是,通用再保险——我不知道是不是大约六七年前——从控股股东那里收购了科隆再保险的很大一部分股份,并带有一个关于剩余股份的看跌和看涨期权安排。我甚至不完全知道他们为什么要进行这种两步交易的历史,但基本上它是一个两步收购。所以一直以来,我们在账上处理科隆再保险时,都是假设我们会行使这个期权。因为,实际上,如果我们不行使,他们就会行使。从一开始,我们买入这些股票就是板上钉钉的事。所以我们在六七年前做出了一个肯定的决定,买入科隆再保险的很大一部分股份。我们现在——当期权行使后,我们将拥有大约89%的股份。但我们现在做这件事,并没有什么新意。我记得,这个看跌和看涨期权安排,基本上是在今年生效的。
所以今年是必须采取行动的一年,而且是一直计划好的。它并不反映2003年对科隆再保险的任何新判断或新决定。它反映的是1996年或1997年,当初次购买时做出的决定。而科隆再保险是通用再保险不可分割的一部分。我的意思是,我们一直都知道,根据这份合同,我们将拥有它89%的股份。这——从我们几年前与通用再保险管理层坐下来谈交易的那一刻起,就一直存在于我们的想法中。所以媒体似乎暗示今年发生的这笔交易有什么新意,其实根本没有。
35. 伯克希尔回购股票是可能的,但可能性不大
沃伦·巴菲特:第六个问题。查理,你没什么要说的?没有。
股东:早上好——巴菲特先生。我是阿布舍克·达尔米亚,来自阿吉特·杰恩先生的故乡——印度。问题是——
沃伦·巴菲特:如果你那边还有更多像阿吉特这样的人,送过来。我们需要他们。(笑声)
股东:好的。我的问题涉及公司自由现金的配置。问题是,在什么情况下,伯克希尔会考虑将资金用于股票回购计划,而不是保留起来用于未来收购?谢谢。
沃伦·巴菲特:是的,这是个好问题,两三年前我们稍微谈到过。事实上,我想我们1999年的年报是在3月12日发布的——我相信是3月12日——一个周五晚上或周六早上。那正好是纳斯达克指数见顶、伯克希尔股价见底的日子。我们当时说,我们会在——第二天早上,在互联网上——周六早上——我们说我们会回购股票,但我们想让你们先看到年报,不过在那个价位我们可能会回购。纳斯达克指数再也没有回到5100点,伯克希尔的股价也再也没有回到那个水平,大概是41,000左右。我们的偏好——这一点我们甚至20年前就说过——是购买企业。我们想——我们想增加与我们已经拥有的同样优质的企业和同样优秀的管理者,而且价格要合理。这是我们的首要偏好。
如果我们认为伯克希尔被严重低估,并且我们认为用这笔钱去购买企业的可能性很低——我们会回购股票——我们可能无法回购很多股票,但我们只在认为股票价格远低于内在价值时才会购买。内在价值没有神奇的数字。内在价值是一个区间。查理会给出和我不同的数字,但如果我们现在把它写在纸上,我们的区间会非常相似。但它们不会完全相同。所以我们会留下一个很大的安全边际,并且希望在我们可能计算出的内在价值下限的基础上,以一个非常显著的折扣买入。这不是我们的首要偏好。我们更愿意增加——当伯克希尔增加了好企业时,我们非常高兴。
但是,如果通过回购,我们能够增加每股内在价值,并且我们已经向所有股东提供了关于价值的足够信息,这样我们就没有欺骗他们,他们掌握了和我们相同的信息,那么我们就会回购股票。我认为这种情况不太可能发生,即在那种时候我们找不到其他机会去做事。但这可能发生,并且在2000年3月几乎发生了,然后情况非常非常突然地好转了。查理?
查理·芒格:我没什么要补充的。
36. 即使公用事业控股公司法未被废除,中美能源也将增长
沃伦·巴菲特:第七个问题。
股东:早上好。我叫肯·戈德堡,来自马萨诸塞州沙龙。你们对中美能源的长期愿景是什么?具体来说,假设《公用事业控股公司法》被废除,你们有兴趣收购哪种类型的资产,是发电、输电还是配电类的资产?
沃伦·巴菲特:是的,中美能源已经是伯克希尔的重要组成部分。我说它很可能会变得更大。如果1935年颁布的《公用事业控股公司法》被废除,它更容易做得更大。《公用事业控股公司法》,其旋律优美的名字叫PUHCA——(笑声)——是1935年为了应对20年代山姆·因苏尔之流的行为而颁布的。这是非常可以理解的。但我真的认为现在它已经相当过时了。我的意思是,现在是68年之后。我认为我们给公用事业领域带来了一些东西。事实上,我认为我们在过去一年就带来了。可能有一两家公司,如果当时我们无法迅速采取行动处理某些事情,它们现在可能已经破产了。所以——无论法案是否废除——我认为它被废除的可能性不小。但不管废除与否,现在已经很大的中美能源将会变得更大。而且它可能会变得大得多。
现在,至于我们将购买哪种资产,我们没有——例如,对于是天然气管道、国内公用事业公司,还是甚至可能在一些我们感觉不错的国家的公用事业公司,没有明确的偏好。我们会随着事情的出现而观察。我们随时准备行动。我想说,今年我们肯定会关注几笔大的交易。我们能否做成一个,取决于竞争、取决于卖家,以及诸如此类的事情。但中美能源总会发生些什么——你知道,无论是今年、明年还是后年,我们都会有机会做一些重要的事情。而能源领域的性质是你总是谈论大笔资金。我的意思是,这些不是卖柠檬水的小摊。你知道,我们谈论的常常是数十亿美元级别的资产。
所以这将是一个——我们有一个出色的管理层——有两位高管在管理它:戴夫·索科尔和格雷格·阿贝尔,他们是出色的商人。你知道,他们——顺便说一下,我应该公开提到这一点——他们做了些让伯克希尔赚了大钱但与中美能源无关的事情。换句话说,他们花了时间和精力,有时是周末,整合了一些中美能源本身无法做、但伯克希尔可以做的事情。他们没有因此得到一分钱报酬,中美能源也没有得到一分钱报酬。所以他们对伯克希尔的贡献,超出了他们仅仅作为中美能源管理者的贡献。所以这是一笔极好的资产。我们喜欢把钱投给他们——(掌声)——你会看到一些事情发生的。查理?
查理·芒格:嗯,我——真正有趣的事情是这个领域如此巨大。我的意思是,你谈论的是一个巨大的领域。现代文明需要能源,所以如果未来没有更多活动,我们会非常失望。
37. 为什么巴菲特不收业绩报酬
沃伦·巴菲特:第八个问题。等我们结束第十个问题后,我们将休息吃午饭,然后30到40分钟后回来,重新开始。但我想在这之前先完成8、9、10题。第八题。
股东:我是来自德国波恩的诺曼·伦特罗普。巴菲特先生和芒格先生,我有一个感谢和一个问题。感谢你们允许我们股东与你们一起投资,条件平等,几乎没有管理费,也没有业绩报酬。(掌声)当我将我持有伯克希尔·哈撒韦十年的经历与一只私募股权基金相比较时,我充分体会到了这一点。那只基金在同一十年内,扣除费用前收益率为19.8%,扣除费用后为11.2%——(巴菲特笑)现在我的问题是。在20世纪50年代和60年代,当你还有合伙公司时,巴菲特先生,你要求并获得了超过每年6%收益部分的25%作为业绩报酬。
沃伦·巴菲特:正确。
股东:是什么原因让你从那种业绩报酬模式转向我们今天所享受的零费用模式?是因为“施比受更有福”的智慧吗?(笑声)
沃伦·巴菲特:再猜猜看。(笑声)
股东:你觉得这种从业绩报酬到零报酬的转变,是否得到了充分的重视?这对你个人意味着什么?
沃伦·巴菲特:嗯,我很感谢你的话。我会——我会为了我现在这份工作付钱。我会付很多钱。我希望自己不会受到考验,但你知道,这——到底为什么——如果我能和我喜欢的人一起工作,获得和他们一样的结果,最终还拥有那么多钱,你知道,我为什么还需要从他们那里再抽一份成?1956年我开始那个合伙公司时,我的人生地位正在发生重大变化。有几个合伙人——嗯,我想,是的,[巴菲特的姐姐]多丽丝可能是这里唯一的原始合伙人。多丽丝,能请你站起来吗?她是在1956年5月5日加入的,无论她在哪里。你知道,那些人把他们的钱交给了我,但我当时——我当时也需要一些钱。我确实拿了一份超额收益,我认为那是公平的。不过,我没收任何管理费。我从未收取过——今天,大多数管理对冲基金的人每年收取1%,外加盈利的一部分百分比。
我没有那样做。而且在1962年之后,我把我所有的钱都投了进去,这样下行风险就和上行机会对等了。但我一直把这些人当作合伙人。当我们进入伯克希尔时——最初我们进入伯克希尔,伯克希尔是由合伙公司拥有的。所以如果那时我拿了薪水,实际上就等于在合伙公司参与之前,我就从伯克希尔双重获利了。坦率地说,当我掌管伯克希尔的时候,我已经有了我所需要的所有钱。你知道,我宁愿和我的合伙人获得相同的结果,也不愿我获得不同的结果。这不会有任何区别。我的意思是,它可能会对我未来基金会的规模产生影响。但,那又怎样?我喜欢我现在的生活方式。查理?
查理·芒格:嗯,你提出了一个很有趣的问题,如果回溯历史,有类似的情况。[安德鲁]卡内基总是很自豪,他的大部分财富是在他完全不从卡内基钢铁拿薪水的情况下赚到的。约翰·D·洛克菲勒一世几乎没拿过薪水。多年来,最初的范德比尔特以靠股息生活、不拿薪水而自豪。这是另一个时代常见的文化。你会意识到,所有这些人都具有创始人的心理,这可能就是影响沃伦的地方。
沃伦·巴菲特:是什么影响了你的,查理?查理也不拿任何东西,所以——
查理·芒格:我很高兴摆脱了基于业绩报酬给我带来的心理压力。我想沃伦也是。如果你在与他人相处时非常有良心,并且你讨厌让人失望,那么当你因为业绩报酬而获得丰厚回报时,你会承受更多痛苦。所以我认为这对我们来说是一个巨大的优势,我想我们应该感谢你。
沃伦·巴菲特:我应该——(掌声)比尔·盖茨从未在微软拿过期权,只拿非常少的薪水。你会发现这很有趣。他拿微薄薪水的唯一原因是,他觉得如果未来某个时候公司业绩不佳,他希望能够在要求其他人减薪的同时,自己也能够减薪。这就是原因。我的意思是,他现在拿的钱很少,他只是觉得——比尔是一个非常保守的人,他觉得总有一年会不好。他希望——如果他要求其他人减薪5%,他自己就能减薪90%或类似的比例。但他从未拿过期权,我相信[微软CEO]史蒂夫·鲍尔默也没有。他们和他们的股东一起变得富有,而不是从他们的股东身上变得富有,这是我们钦佩的态度。
38. 关于衍生品的“温和警钟”
沃伦·巴菲特:第九个问题?(掌声)
股东:早上好。我是惠特尼·蒂尔森,来自纽约市的股东。当你在《财富》杂志上提前发布了你年度股东信的一部分——这在我看来是前所未有的举措——主要关注衍生品的危险,你称之为“金融大规模杀伤性武器”,伯克希尔的信徒们对此议论纷纷。我有两个相关的问题——第一个问你,巴菲特先生。你能告诉我们《财富》文章是怎么来的吗?你是想引起人们对某个你坚信对我们的金融体系构成巨大风险的事情的额外关注吗?第二个问题问你们两位,既然你们在警告衍生品的风险,信贷市场总体却出现了大幅上涨。这是否反映了投资者对这些系统性风险缺乏担忧,还是由其他因素造成的?
沃伦·巴菲特:第一个问题,我的朋友[《财富》杂志记者]卡罗尔·卢米斯是伯克希尔年报的编辑。没有她,我们出版不了年报。我的意思是,她是世界上最伟大的编辑,同时也是世界上最伟大的商业作家。所以当我把报告交给她编辑时——它回来时不是没有标记的,我要补充一句——她和我讨论了——我的意思是,我很想让关于衍生品的这部分内容有更广泛的受众——我希望它能有比伯克希尔年报更广泛的读者。而且我认为发表这部分内容,它基本上与伯克希尔的业务无关,除了通用再保险参与的历史,这不会以任何方式损害我们向公众披露伯克希尔本身业绩的公平性。所以把它放在《财富》杂志的主要原因,是我希望它能通过《财富》获得更广泛的读者。
你知道,查理和我觉得,衍生品存在一种可能性,虽然低但并非微不足道——而且很低——可能在三年后、五年后、二十年后,或者很可能永远不会发生,那就是衍生品可能会以一种主要方式加剧一个甚至可能源于其他现象的系统性问题。我们认为这一点没有得到充分认识。我们认为,随着衍生品变得越来越复杂,其使用量越来越大,问题也在加剧。所以这是一种呼吁——我们希望是对金融世界的一个温和的警钟——这些事物可能会非常麻烦。当然,我们在过去两年的能源领域看到了这一点。它几乎摧毁或摧毁了一些本不该被摧毁的机构。我们也在1998年看到,整个金融体系几乎瘫痪,特别是在信贷市场,你知道,是由一家公司的行为引起的,该公司的问题不完全基于衍生品,但没有衍生品,它不会陷入那么大的麻烦。所以这是一个没人知道该如何处理的主题。
查理和我不知道如何监管它,但我们认为我们在看到该公司在该领域的特定危险方面有一些经验,并且我们认为我们对可能出现的系统性问题有一些洞察。你知道,人们真的——他们直到事情发生才愿意去想。但金融世界有些事情最好在发生之前就想到,即使它们的概率很低。我们一直在考虑低概率事件,就伯克希尔而言。我的意思是,我们不希望伯克希尔在任何大的方面出问题。因此,我认为,我们会考虑很多人不考虑的事情——仅仅是因为我们担心这一点。当我们戴上社会的帽子时,我们会从世界金融体系的角度思考像衍生品这样的事情。我们在所罗门和通用再保险都有一些经验。查理在所罗门是审计委员会成员,他在审计委员会中看到了一些与交易本身、特别是衍生品有关的事情,这让他疑惑为什么人们会做这些事。
我让查理详细说明。
查理·芒格:是的,在工程学中,人们在系统中设置很大的安全边际——原子能发电厂是极端的例子。而在金融世界的衍生品领域,似乎没有人关心安全。他们只是让它膨胀,再膨胀,在用途、交易数量和交易规模上膨胀。这种膨胀被虚假的会计所助长,人们假装赚了他们实际上没赚到的钱。我认为这非常危险,而且我比沃伦更悲观,因为我敢说,如果我再活五年或十年,如果我们没有一些重大的爆雷事件,我会感到惊讶。
沃伦·巴菲特:它们被宣传为——有时是以相当突出的方式——被宣传为能够为系统的参与者分散风险,并降低系统的风险。我想说,我认为它们早就过了降低系统风险的点,现在它们增加了风险。因为你有——事实是,可口可乐公司无法承受它们面临的外汇风险,或者它们面临的利率风险,以及诸如此类的一切。但是,当可口可乐公司开始将这些风险转移出去,而世界上每一家其他公司——大公司——都只与数量相对较少的玩家做同样的事情时,你现在就加剧了系统中存在的风险。你根本没有分散风险,你只是转移了风险,而且你只转移给了很少的几个玩家。而这些玩家彼此之间有着巨大的相互依存关系,并且在某种程度上,中央银行和所有类似的机构都容易受到这些机构弱点的伤害。当查理和我在所罗门时,你知道,如果我们提出论题说我们太大而不能倒,他们会讨厌。
但事实是,如果当时所罗门倒闭了,对系统其他部分的问题可能非常严重。它们可能是——谁知道确切会是什么?但它们可能非常严重。当你开始将风险集中在高杠杆的机构中,而这些机构又与少数几家类似的机构相互交叉——所有这些机构都承担着相同的风险,在交易部门都有相同的动机——去承担越来越奇特的东西,因为它们可以记录越来越多的即时利润——你就是在招致危险。这就是我这次写这个的原因。我——这不是预测,而是警告。
39. 经理人是热爱企业还是热爱金钱?
沃伦·巴菲特:第十个问题,之后我们就休息吃午饭。
股东:早上好,我是来自加州旧金山的何南。我有一个两部分的问题,关于你们如何评估你们的经理。在你的年度报告中,你写道伯克希尔·哈撒韦拥有“好到伟大”的企业,并雇佣了“伟大到伟大”的经理,我们对此很感激。当你雇佣一个经理,或者评估你考虑收购的企业的管理团队时,你寻找的品质是什么?你们的一些经理是企业家,在他们的商业模式还未被证明时就白手起家创办了企业;而另一些经理则接管了那些在他们接手时已经表现良好的企业。一个伟大企业家的品质,与一个能够出色地管理一家成熟公司、但可能无法白手起家创办企业并调整商业模式使其成功的经理,有什么不同?
沃伦·巴菲特:是的,我们喜欢那些对自己的企业充满热情的经理。当我们收购一家企业时,我们必须问自己:“他们热爱的是金钱还是他们热爱的企业?”如果他们热爱金钱,那也没错,但他们很可能一两年后就不会为我们经营这家企业了。我认为一个区别是,那些创建自己企业的人,即企业家,平均而言,很可能比那些几年前刚被引进、将自己视为几年后通过转售企业获利然后离开的人,对自己的企业有显著更大程度的热情。我——你会发现两个阵营都有例外。但我们在那些基本上像我爱伯克希尔一样热爱自己企业的企业家身上,有过极好的运气。我的意思是,他们不会让任何事情发生在他们的企业上。
他们可以——你知道,如果我要在他们运营中搞砸什么事情,他们会告诉我别插手,而且他们并不认为——我的意思是,在某种意义上,他们知道自己是伯克希尔的一部分。但他们几乎以一种嫉妒的态度,视其为自己的企业,我们喜欢这样。你知道,当我们看到它时,我们就能识别出来。我们也能避开相反的情况。我们从未——我前几天刚接到一个投资银行家发来的东西,关于有人想转售他们几年前买的一家企业。嗯,你知道,他们以某种方式篡改数据或者试图卖掉的概率很大——我的意思是,对他们来说,那只是一块肉而已。如果对他们来说只是一块肉,你知道,我要它有什么用?
所以,如果我们对他们对企业热情的判断正确,他们会继续为我们经营——他们可能银行里有很多钱——但他们仍会继续为我们经营这些企业,因为他们热爱这些企业。他们确实被和我同样的动机所驱动。你知道,我拿多少报酬根本无关紧要。在我的脑海里,我与伯克希尔的成败息息相关。我真的不关心世界其他地方如何看待伯克希尔的表现。我的意思是,换句话说,当我们几年前看起来不合时宜时,这对我并不重要,只要我对伯克希尔的表现感觉良好。但我确实——你知道,这是我每天衡量自己工作的方式——不是通过股票价格,而是通过企业正在发生的事情。
这就是——我们有一群这样的经理,我认为——我觉得,如果能够找到某种方法衡量经营企业所涉及的热情,这个国家不可能有哪家公司能接近我们设法在伯克希尔聚集起来的数量。这是随着时间的推移偶然发生的,但它真的几乎是独一无二的。我认为是独一无二的。查理?
查理·芒格:嗯,思考什么最重要——是热情还是与生俱来的能力——是非常有趣的。当然,伯克希尔充满了这样一群人,他们对自己企业的热爱有着非同寻常的热情。我想说,可能热情比智力更重要。
沃伦·巴菲特:是的,当他们来到我们这里时,如果他们热情但无能,他们不会到我们这里来。我的意思是,除非他们有能力,否则他们不会在那里,但问题是他们在某种程度上是热爱金钱还是热爱他们的企业。他们都喜欢钱,而且原因——他们喜欢钱,部分是因为钱使他们能够建立他们热爱的事业。但他们不——当我们开始为一笔生意投入大量资金时,我们不会看到一个无能但热情的经理。他们很久以前就被淘汰了。所以我不需要淘汰那些人,但我确实需要淘汰那些想拿一大笔薪水,然后离开去做别的事情的人。就像我说的,我们在这方面的运气非常好。
但我们实际上——我的意思是,我们看到很多很多企业通常由金融操作者类型的人拥有,很明显,你知道,他们进来了,他们加高杠杆,他们在会计上做手脚。他们——这一套基本上已经用完了,你知道,他们想卖掉它。有趣的是,相当常见的是,这些企业是被其他金融操作者收购的,他们认为自己可以再玩一次这个游戏。
下午会议
1. 关于税前运营利润的澄清
沃伦·巴菲特:好。下午没有电影,所以我们马上开始正事。请大家都找到座位。伯克希尔[CFO]马克·汉堡建议我确保讲清楚我可能之前没讲清楚的事情。关于我们给你们的关于第一季度的数字:A,我想我说过我们有160亿的现金或现金等价物,这是正确的。我们有2.9亿美元的税前承保利润。我想我说过这个。我可能说错的地方是,我们有17亿美元的税前运营收益。巧合的是,我们税后收益也差不多正好是17亿美元,这包括了证券收益。但排除证券收益后的运营收益,税前大约是17亿美元。
2. 读一切,忽略管理层,等待“好打的球”
沃伦·巴菲特:我们直接从第一个问题开始。
股东:是的。我叫奥利弗·格劳萨,来自奥地利维也纳。我的问题有两部分。第一部分是,你是如何获得一些极好的投资想法并如此成功的?你是否阅读任何特别的报纸或行业杂志?或者你是否访问公司的总部或任何子公司?你使用哪些信息来源,比如书籍、Value Line、标准普尔、穆迪、路透、彭博、DataStream等数据库、年报、互联网等等,来获得对公司的正确印象?第二部分,如果你(人群噪声)认为一家公司,比如华盛顿邮报、GEICO或吉列,拥有极具竞争力的产品,在你最终决定投资之前有哪些步骤?你阅读哪些刊物来获得对产品最好的了解?公司的资产负债表和损益表有多重要?非常感谢。
沃伦·巴菲特:谢谢。第一部分的答案有点类似于——也可能是第二部分——是以上所有的综合。我的意思是,我们——(笑声)——读很多。我们阅读日报,阅读周刊或月刊,阅读年报,阅读10-K报告,阅读10-Q报告。幸运的是,投资是一个知识可以积累的行业。我的意思是,你在20岁或30岁时学到的一切——你可能随着时间推移会做一些微调——但它们都会累积成一个永远有用的知识库。而且我们——至少,你知道,我读。查理以前读。可能仍然读不少。但我读很多10-K报告,读很多年报。四五十年前,我确实经常与管理层交谈。我过去常常每隔一段时间出去旅行,真正地拜访大概15到20家公司。我已经很久很久没有那样做了。我发现——我们做的大多数事情,坦率地说,我都是通过公开文件发现的。
当我出价收购克莱顿房屋时,我从未访问过这家企业。我从未见过那些人。我是通过电话完成的。我读了吉姆·克莱顿的书。我看了10-K报告。我了解行业里的每一家公司。我会看竞争对手。我试着理解这个行业,没有任何先入为主的观念。外界有足够的信息来评估大量的企业。我们发现与管理层交谈并没有特别大的帮助。管理层经常想来奥马哈和我谈话,他们通常说有各种理由想和我谈,但他们真正希望的是我们对他们的股票产生兴趣。这从来不管用。你知道,在大多数情况下,管理层并不是最好的信息报告方。数字告诉我们的比管理层告诉我们要多。所以我们不花任何可观的时间与管理层交谈。当我们收购一家企业时,我们会看记录来判断管理层是什么样的,然后我们想亲自评估他们,正如我早些时候所说,他们是否会继续工作。
但我们根本不在乎任何人的预测。我们甚至不想听到它们,关于他们未来要做什么。我们从未发现任何类似的东西有任何价值。但仅仅是一般的商业知识,你知道,我们见过什么有效,什么无效。随着时间的推移,你会吸收很多。查理?
查理·芒格:是的。你拥有的基础知识越多,我认为你需要获得的新知识就越少。这个游戏很像那个下盲棋的家伙。他有对棋盘和之前发生的一切的记忆。这使得他能够以你仅仅在比赛中间向他展示棋盘、毫无准备时永远无法做到的方式走下一步棋。所以,关于看哪些出版物,我不知道,沃伦。我会很不愿意放弃《华尔街日报》。
沃伦·巴菲特:哦,你也会很不愿意放弃《布法罗新闻》。
查理·芒格:是的。(笑声)
沃伦·巴菲特:但你可以——嗯,你想随着资料的到来阅读大量的金融材料。实际上,《纽约时报》的商业版块比25年前好多了。但你想读《财富》,你知道。你想读大量的年报。你真的想在你的大脑里有一个数据库,这样你就能通过看数字来判断你正在看的是什么样的企业。这一点被远远高估了——我们从不看任何分析师的报告。我的意思是,我不认为我读过一份,如果说我读过,那是因为当时没有连环画可看——(笑声)——就是没意思——我的意思是,我不明白为什么人们要看它。但是市场上有大量数据。而且,你知道,它的美妙之处在于——这真的是让投资游戏变得伟大的原因——你不必在所有事情上都正确。
你不必对世界上20%的公司、或10%的公司、或5%的公司都判断正确。你只需要每一两年有一个好主意就行了。所以这不是——你知道,当——我以前对赛马非常感兴趣,老故事是——我希望鲍勃·德怀尔还在这里——你知道,你可以赢一场比赛,但你不能赢整个赛马季。你可以对一个单一公司做出非常有利可图的决策。我会讨厌被衡量——如果有人给我标普500指数中的所有500只股票,我必须预测它们在接下来几年相对于市场的表现,我不知道我会做得怎么样。但也许我能在里面找到一个我认为有九成把握、90%正确的机会。这是股票的巨大优势,那就是只要你不犯任何大错误,你一生中只需要对非常非常少的事情做出正确判断。
查理·芒格:有趣的是,至少90%的专业投资管理机构,他们的思维方式和我们完全不同。他们只是认为,如果他们雇佣足够多的人,他们就能更好地判断辉瑞和默克在未来20年中哪个会表现得更好。他们可以那样做,一只股票接一只股票,贯穿整个500只股票,并进行广泛的多元化投资。在10年结束时,他们会领先于其他人,当然,他们不会。很少有人有这种寻找少数机会的想法。
沃伦·巴菲特:是的。你等待那个“好打的球”。泰德·威廉姆斯在一本名为《击球的科学》的书里写过这个。他说,成为一个好的击球手最重要的东西,你知道,基本上就是等待投球进入最佳击球区域。但是,你知道,我一直说,获得一个好商人名声的方法是买下一个好企业。你知道?(笑声)这比拿着一个糟糕的企业,然后展示你有多能干要容易得多,因为我不常见到有人能做到后者。
3. “我们尽力解释”伯克希尔
沃伦·巴菲特:第二个问题。
股东:下午好。大卫·温特斯。新泽西州莫尔廷湖。再次感谢你们举办伯克希尔周末。真是太棒了。利率处于我认为两代人以来的最低点。股票总价值仍然很高。伯克希尔拥有可观的自由现金流,一个短久期的债券组合,并且你是一个低倍数、高质量私营企业的买家,也买一些股票。假设应对衰退的刺激性经济政策最终导致利率上升,或许股票价值下跌,伯克希尔似乎处于非常有利的位置来获益。你能评论一下吗?另外,你们双方是否担心投资者未能充分理解伯克希尔的集团结构,从而错误地为股票定价?
沃伦·巴菲特:嗯,先回答第二个问题,我们希望后者不是真的,因为我们尽力解释它。我的意思是,我在上一次年报里用了14,000个单词,这让我家里某些成员问我是不是按字数拿稿费的。(笑声)我们——我们希望你们理解伯克希尔,我希望这一点能传达出来。这就是为什么我们举办这种会议。这就是为什么我们花大量时间撰写年度报告。我们试图告诉你们,如果立场互换——如果我们立场互换,我们会想知道什么。我们认为,年报中的信息,如果被某些人阅读——他们需要对商业和会计有一定的理解,但如果他们没有,你知道,没有什么能真正帮助他们了解这项业务。但我们认为,如果他们对此有一定理解,我们已经给了他们查理和我自己需要的信息,来形成我们对伯克希尔估值的大致想法,并且我们希望我们能传达出这到底是怎么回事。
你知道,伯克希尔旗下有很多公司,但理解每一个的细微差别并不重要。在许多情况下,观察汇总后的整体结果就足够了。
4. “奇怪的事情”在市场上发生
沃伦·巴菲特:至于我们的定位,你知道,我们有160亿现金,不是因为我们想要160亿现金,也不是因为我们预期利率会上升,或者因为预期股票会下跌。我们有160亿现金,是因为我们没有看到任何东西让我们想要花掉这些现金,而且我们觉得我们为此得到了足够的回报。但我们会花钱的——我们在一个周一早上遇到了合适的企业,或者即使我们能找到我们喜欢的股票,或者我们能找到——像去年我们找到了一些我们喜欢的垃圾债券。今年我们完全找不到,因为价格变化太大了。所以我们真的从来不做任何“定位”。我们只是每天来办公室,尽量做我们认为最明智的事情。如果没有明智的事情可做,现金就是默认选项。查理?
查理·芒格:至于未来的机会,问题是,是否有可能再出现像1973-74年,或者甚至1982年那样的机会,当时股票普遍让人垂涎欲滴?我认为沃伦和我不太可能活着再见到那种情况了。如果是这样,伯克希尔将不会有太多显而易见的机会。我们必须像我们最近一直在做的那样,艰难地前进,这也不全是坏事。
沃伦·巴菲特:不过,我们也有一些令人垂涎欲滴的机会,并非不可能。我的意思是,你永远不知道市场会怎样。市场随时间推移所做的,令人难以置信。既然你提到了利率,你知道,在日本,10年期债券的收益率是1%的八分之五。八分之五的1%。我不认为我们20年前股东大会上的任何人,当然包括查理和我自己,会梦想一个国家的10年期债券,你知道,而且该国还有巨大的赤字,收益率会是1%的八分之五。我是说,你会说对吗,查理?(笑)
查理·芒格:我绝对想不到。但奇怪的事情会发生。
沃伦·巴菲特:奇怪的事情会发生。
查理·芒格:但如果那种事情能发生在日本,那么对于投资者阶层不那么可怕的事情也可能发生在美国。这并非不可想象。我的意思是,我们可能会经历一段相当长的时期,平均来说,那些使用昂贵的付费顾问的、明智的、多元化的普通股票投资者,表现并不好。
沃伦·巴菲特:但你可以说,如果我们警告过、并且希望不会发生的事情——即衍生品出事——真的发生了,那可能会在某些领域为我们创造巨大的机会。我的意思是,你知道,但这对社会不好,但对我们来说很可能是好事。如果你得到混乱的市场——去年垃圾债券市场有些混乱,因为很多垃圾债券被创造出来的速度,远快于用来吸收它们的可用资金流入的速度。现在,今年情况正好相反。资金涌入垃圾债券基金。每周大约十亿美元,这改变了整个价格状况。世界本身没有改变那么多。只是混乱离开了这些工具的市场。
5. “内在价值非常重要也非常模糊”
沃伦·巴菲特:第三个问题。
标题:2003年年度会议
第四部分 / 共六部分
原文
AUDIENCE MEMBER: Yes. Hello. Paul Tomasik. Thornton, Illinois. Ben Graham and the model of value investing — I’d like to bring the discussion back to that. And what’s interesting and exceptional about you, and Charlie, and Ben Graham, is the selfdiscipline. The incredible self-discipline. And if you look at the model and try to think how to present it to teach others that selfdiscipline, I think you have to make a little tweak to it in two areas. And that’s what I’d like you to comment on. One, intrinsic value. It’s always discussed that you calculate intrinsic value. But in practice, I think you find a number that is guaranteed — 99 percent likely — to be less than intrinsic value. Classic example was in 2000 when you said you’d buy shares back at 45,000. You weren’t saying that Berkshire Hathaway’s intrinsic value was 45,000. You were saying it was significantly more. And anyone who bought it for less than 45,000 is grateful to you. The other area is the hidden assumption in the model.
And that is, it’s assumed that once you find a value stock and you buy it, that the intrinsic value isn’t going to go down. And that’s a second part of the analysis that has to be part of the discipline. So even though you found a value stock, you still haven’t done all the work. You have to analyze, is the intrinsic value going to go down. In particular, companies throw away intrinsic value is the most common. Management gives it away. That hasn’t happened at Berkshire Hathaway, although I don’t want to give an unqualified comment on that, since I see you’re remodeling the offices, so we don’t know how much intrinsic value’s been thrown away there. So, if you could comment on the two things. Do you calculate intrinsic value, or a number that’s absolutely positivity under intrinsic value, that’s the number you put in the equation? And even when you find a stock selling for less than this lower bound of intrinsic value, do you still do the homework on the second part and analyze, will the intrinsic value go down in the future? Thank you.
股东:你好。我是保罗·托马西克,来自伊利诺伊州桑顿。我想把讨论带回到本·格雷厄姆和价值投资模型上。你和查理、本·格雷厄姆身上独特而卓越的一点,是自律。那种令人难以置信的自律。当你审视这个模型,并思考如何向他人传授这种自律时,我认为需要在两个方面做一点调整。这正是我希望你们评论的。第一,内在价值。人们总是讨论你们计算内在价值。但在实践中,我认为你们寻找的是一个有保证的数字——99%的可能性——低于内在价值。典型的例子是2000年,你说你会在45000美元回购股票。你并不是说伯克希尔·哈撒韦的内在价值是45000美元。你是在说它要高得多。任何以低于45000美元买入的人都对你心怀感激。另一个领域是模型中隐藏的假设。
那就是,它假设一旦你找到一只价值股并买入,其内在价值就不会下降。这必须是纪律的一部分,是分析的第二部分。所以即使你找到了一只价值股,你仍然没有完成所有工作。你必须分析:内在价值是否会下降?特别是,公司浪费内在价值是最常见的。管理层将其挥霍一空。这在伯克希尔没有发生过,尽管我不想对此做出绝对的评论,因为我看到你们正在翻新办公室,所以我们不知道在那里浪费了多少内在价值。所以,请评论这两件事。你们是计算内在价值,还是计算一个绝对低于内在价值的数字,并将其代入方程?即使你找到一只股票以低于这个内在价值下限的价格出售,你还会做第二部分功课,分析其内在价值未来是否会下降吗?谢谢。
原文
WARREN BUFFETT: Yeah, I would feel somewhat better qualified to speak on self-discipline if I weighed about 20 pounds less, but — (laughter) — for the moment we’ll ignore that. The second part of your question, relating to intrinsic value going down. Actually, if you compute intrinsic value as reflecting the discounted value of future cash flows, that should have, built into it, a calculation that allows for the fact that certain businesses are going to earn less in the future than now. It isn’t that their intrinsic value goes down then, because you should build it into your calculation right now. But, you know, as we point out many times in the past, intrinsic value is terribly important and very fuzzy, and we do our best to work with — in the kind of businesses where we think that we have the highest probabilities — where our predictions are of a fairly highly probable nature. And that leaves out all kinds of companies. It’s pretty good. We’ll say it’s something like a natural gas pipeline. I mean the chances of big surprises in a pipeline should be relatively small.
That doesn’t mean they’re zero, but they’re relatively small. Now, let’s assume that you had a gas pipeline, which some have, where either the supply of gas is going to run down or where there are competitive pipelines that may be trying to take away your contracts that you wrote 10 years ago and expire in two years and you’re going to have to cut prices. I would say that two years from now, when you have to cut prices, the intrinsic value hasn’t gone down from today, if you properly calculate it today and build in the fact that profit margins in the future will be lower than today. We looked at a pipeline recently where we think they are going to be vulnerable to competitive price pressures because of alternate ways of getting gas to market through other pipelines. And the calculation is entirely different — the calculation isn’t different — the results are different, in terms of that pipeline versus the pipeline that is the low-cost way of delivering gas from one market to another, and will remain the low-cost producer. But it isn’t — if properly calculated, you build in the prediction of decline in future operating years.
You don’t wait till you get there to anticipate it. You know, Charlie’s famous for saying that all he wants to know is where he’s going to die so he’ll never go there. (Laughter) Well, that’s part of predicting in business. I mean, there — I love the — I really have never seen an investment banker’s book. I hope to see one someday, and I hope I can survive the shock when I do see it, where the earnings of the business being offered go down. Lots of businesses’ earnings go down. And they’re going to go down. And I get all this nonsense, you know, where they project it out for 10 years and it always goes up. It just isn’t the real world. And you have to analyze businesses — some businesses are going to be subjected to enormous competitive pressures that aren’t extant today. And we made that mistake, for example, at Dexter Shoe. I mean we bought a business that was earning $40 million, or so, pretax.
And we assumed that the future would be as good as the past, and we couldn’t have been more — I couldn’t have been more wrong. So that was a case of projecting into the future, conditions which were not going to exist in the future — competitive conditions. That’s part of, you know, that’s part of business. And I will tell you that, you know, 20 percent of the Fortune 500 — but I don’t know which 20 percent — are going to be earning, you know, significantly less money probably five years from now than they are today. And that’s what the game is all about. Figuring out what those future cash flows are likely to be. And when you can’t — when you feel you can’t come up with reasonable estimates in that respect, you move onto the next one. Charlie?
沃伦·巴菲特:如果我体重能减掉20磅,我可能会觉得更有资格谈论自律,但——(笑声)——我们暂时忽略这一点。你问题的第二部分,关于内在价值下降。实际上,如果你把内在价值计算为未来现金流的折现值,那么在你的计算中,就应该已经包含了某些业务未来盈利会低于现在的因素。并不是说它们的内在价值后来下降了,因为你应该现在就把它纳入计算。但是,正如我们过去多次指出的,内在价值非常重要,但也非常模糊。我们尽力在我们认为概率最高的那些业务中工作——那些我们预测具有相当高确定性的业务。这样就会排除很多公司。这挺好。比如,天然气管道。管道业务出现巨大意外的可能性应该相对较小。
这并不意味着是零,但相对较小。现在,假设你有一条天然气管道,有些管道的天然气供应会枯竭,或者有竞争性管道试图抢走你10年前签订的、两年后到期的合同,你将不得不降价。我会说,两年后当你不得不降价时,如果你今天正确计算,并考虑到未来利润率会低于现在,那么内在价值并没有比今天下降。我们最近考察了一条管道,我们认为它很容易受到竞争性价格压力,因为存在其他管道将天然气输送到市场的替代方式。计算方式完全不同——计算方式并无不同——而是结果不同:这条管道与那条能以低成本将天然气从一个市场输送到另一个市场并始终保持低成本生产商的管道相比,结果完全不同。但如果计算正确,你会把未来经营年份下降的预测纳入进去。
你不会等到事情发生了才去预测。你知道,查理有句名言:他只想知道自己会死在哪里,这样他就永远不会去那里。(笑声)嗯,这是商业预测的一部分。我的意思是,我喜欢——我其实从未见过一份投资银行的推介书。我希望有一天能见到一份,并希望自己能承受住看到它时的震撼,里面所推介的业务盈利是下降的。很多企业的盈利都在下降,而且还会继续下降。我收到所有这些无稽之谈,他们预测未来10年盈利,而且总是上涨。这根本不是真实世界。你必须分析企业——有些企业将承受今天并不存在的巨大竞争压力。我们就犯过这样的错误,比如在德克斯特鞋业。我们收购了一家税前盈利约4000万美元的企业。
我们假设未来会和过去一样好,而我不能再错了——我不能更错了。这就是一个将未来不存在的条件——竞争条件——投射到未来的案例。你知道,这是商业的一部分。我可以告诉你,财富500强中20%的企业——但我不知道是哪20%——五年后的盈利可能会比今天少得多。这就是游戏的全部意义所在:弄清楚那些未来现金流可能是什么。当你无法——当你觉得无法在这方面做出合理估计时,你就转向下一个。查理?
原文
CHARLIE MUNGER: Yeah. We have this simple, old-fashioned discipline, which Warren likens to Ted Williams waiting for a fat pitch. I don’t know about Warren, but if you said to me, “Charlie, you can go into the business of managing money the way other people do, where you’re measured against indexes and you got consultants choosing consultants that are reviewing you to committees,” I would just hate it. I would regard it as being put into shackles. And shackles where the very system was preventing me from delivering value. Warren, how would you feel about that —
查理·芒格:是的。我们有这种简单、老派的纪律,沃伦把它比作泰德·威廉姆斯等待一个好打的球。我不知道沃伦怎么想,但如果你对我说:“查理,你可以像其他人那样进入资金管理行业,你的业绩与指数比较,有顾问挑选顾问,再由他们向委员会评审你,”我会非常讨厌。我会认为这像是被戴上了枷锁。而且这个体系本身就阻止我创造价值。沃伦,你对这个怎么看——
原文
WARREN BUFFETT: Yeah, we wouldn’t
CHARLIE MUNGER: —chore?
WARREN BUFFETT: — do it. We wouldn’t do it. We never did do it, as a matter of fact. And one of the, you know, the initial — when we formed the partnership on May 5th, 1956, I passed out to the seven limited partners something called the “ground rules.” And, you know, I said, “Here’s what I can do and here’s what I can’t do. And here’s some things I don’t know whether I can do or not, maybe.” It was fairly short. But the idea of setting out to do something that you know you can’t do, that can’t be — you know, that’s got to lead to problems. I mean, if somebody tells me I have to high jump seven feet, and we could even move that down to four feet now — (laughter) — you know, between now and sundown or I’ll be shot, you know, I will go out and buy a bulletproof vest. (Laughter)
沃伦·巴菲特:是的,我们不会这样做。我们不会这样做。事实上,我们从未这样做过。你知道,最初——当我们于1956年5月5日成立合伙公司时,我向七位有限合伙人分发了一份名为“基本原则”的文件。我说:“这是我能做的,这是我不能做的。还有一些事情我不知道自己能不能做,也许吧。”这份文件相当简短。但是,着手去做一件明知自己做不到的事情,那肯定会带来问题。我是说,如果有人告诉我,我必须在日落前跳过七英尺高——现在甚至可以降到四英尺——(笑声)——否则就会被枪毙,你知道,我会出去买一件防弹背心。(笑声)
原文
CHARLIE MUNGER: Yeah, the general system for money management requires people to pretend that they can do something that they can’t do, and to pretend to like it when they really don’t. And I think that’s a terrible way to spend your life, but it’s very well paid. (Laughter)
查理·芒格:是的,一般的资金管理系统要求人们假装自己能做那些实际上做不到的事情,并假装喜欢他们实际上并不喜欢的事情。我认为这是一种糟糕的生活方式,但它报酬丰厚。(笑声)
原文
6. Freddie Mac, Fannie Mae, and systemic derivatives risk
WARREN BUFFETT: Number 4.
AUDIENCE MEMBER: Hi. I’m John Golob from Kansas City. I have a follow up question on derivatives. After the press zeroed in on the comments in your annual letter, the head of Fannie Mae got up and said, well, Mr. Buffett’s criticisms don’t apply to Fannie because, number 1, we have simple vanilla derivatives that are priced in the market. And secondly, we need derivatives to protect against interest rate risk. And I guess, given what happened to the savings and loan industry back in the ’80s, that seems reasonable. So my first question is what is your rejoinder to Mr. Raines? And the second part of my question gets to your concern about the connection between derivatives and systemic risk. And that is, do Fannie and Freddie play a particularly prominent role in this concern? Thank you.
6. 房地美、房利美与系统性衍生品风险
沃伦·巴菲特:第4个问题。
股东:你好。我是约翰·戈洛布,来自堪萨斯城。我有一个关于衍生品的后续问题。在媒体重点关注您年度信函中的评论后,房利美的负责人站出来说,巴菲特先生的批评不适用于房利美,因为第一,我们拥有的是简单的普通衍生品,它们在市场上定价。第二,我们需要衍生品来防范利率风险。我想,考虑到80年代储蓄和贷款行业发生的事情,这似乎合理。所以我的第一个问题是,您对雷恩斯先生的回应是什么?我问题的第二部分涉及到您对衍生品与系统性风险之间联系的担忧。也就是说,房利美和房地美在这种担忧中扮演着特别突出的角色吗?谢谢。
原文
WARREN BUFFETT: Yeah. I have a lot of respect for Frank Raines. I think he’s done a good job at Fannie Mae. I don’t know the situation intimately. The problem, as you mention, is that an operation like Fannie Mae or Freddie Mac, or savings and loans in the past, had this problem, which is inherent in the mortgage instrument, in matching — or coming close to matching — assets and liabilities. And the reason they had that terrible problem, which did in many institutions, was the optionality in a mortgage instrument. And in a mortgage instrument, particularly as the years have progressed, you buy a — you know, if you buy a mortgage — or somebody else takes out the mortgage, you own it — you have a 30-year instrument if it’s a bad deal and you have about a 30-minute instrument if it’s a good deal. The buyer — the person who takes out the mortgage — can call off the deal at any time at relatively low cost. And the public has been sensitized to that more and more as time has gone by, so they’ve been quicker to refinance for very small differentials.
Now, many years ago, they had what they called due-on-sale clauses in California. I think — were they invalidated, Charlie, or what happened with those? So that there were ways of shortening up the mortgage expected maturities. But it’s a fundamental problem when you are operating on borrowed money in a very big way, which is what S&Ls did and what Fannie does, and Freddie, that you have this very long-term instrument, and it — but it can be very short-term if it becomes advantageous to you, and rates go down and you want to keep it. Or it becomes very long-term if rates go up and nobody wants to refinance. And under those circumstances, if you run a huge institution, or even a smaller one, but that has a high — highly leveraged, you are going to look for one way or another to try to match the duration of your liabilities as close as you can to the duration of your assets, and have various methods to protect yourself against the optionality that exists with the counterparty, in effect, your asset. That’s not easy to do.
And Fannie, and Freddie, and other institutions, attempt to do that through various types of derivative instruments, as well as other things, in terms of the kind of debt they issue themselves and so on. And they’re very smart, and they do it — you know, my guess is they do a better job than Charlie and I could do at it, but it can’t, by its nature, be perfect. And under some circumstances, where you get large gaps — the thing you worry about in financial markets, and it doesn’t happen very often, but your — the thing that really destroys people are what the academics would call six-sigma, or five-sigma, or seven-sigma events, which are things that are never supposed to happen, basically. And sigma is a method of describing the probabilities that they will happen in any given period — the number of sigmas. Financial markets don’t lend themselves well to modeling based on that. You know, they do most of the time, until it doesn’t work. And when it doesn’t work, you know, chaos reigns.
And there are more six-sigma events that happen in financial markets — or theoretical sixsigma events — than any study of probability curves would ever come up with. And that’s — when you have gaps or discontinuities, when markets close, whatever it may be, those are what cause institutions to go out of business. And derivatives, in my view, anyway, accentuate the possibility of it happening and the extent of the damage, if and when it should happen. Again, we don’t think we mathematically can tell you what the probabilities are of something like that, and we think anybody that does tell you, you know, is kidding you. And I’ve had managers of hedge funds sit down with me and tell me that they had, you know, a 28 percent probability of returns between 30 and 40 percent. Come up with all these exact figures. Anybody comes up with exact figures in finance, watch out. So, I would say that if I were running Fannie or Freddie, I would be terribly conscious of what was happening in there, and I would understand this basic problem I have, which I can guarantee you, Frank Raines understands extremely well, of the optionality built into his assets.
And I would try to come as close to matching that. And if I did it through derivative instruments or whatever, I would try to match — I would try to reduce the troubles that could be produced by that optionality to a minimum. And then I would get very worried about who the counterparties were, because anytime somebody promises to pay you a lot of money if something terrible happens to you, you better be very sure that they can and will pay, because the terrible thing that’s happening to you may be presenting terrible things to them. You know, that will happen in the insurance industry from time to time. And that’s why reinsurance recoverables are a dangerous asset to have. It will happen in the derivative markets. When LTCM had troubles with one type of asset, they had troubles with a lot of types of assets, and everybody else they were doing business with was having a lot of troubles with those same things. And that’s why the Federal Reserve stepped into something they never dreamt they would have stepped into. They stepped in to force, essentially, a solution, which may have been the right thing to do, incidentally.
But they — for some obscure hedge fund that nobody in the world virtually had heard of, until that point, and had started threatening the U.S. — the stability of the U.S. financial system. Charlie?
沃伦·巴菲特:是的。我非常尊重弗兰克·雷恩斯。我认为他在房利美做得很好。我不太了解具体情况。正如你提到的,问题在于像房利美、房地美或过去的储蓄和贷款机构这样的运营机构,在匹配——或接近匹配——资产和负债方面存在一个固有问题,这源于抵押贷款工具本身。它们之所以有那个导致许多机构倒闭的可怕问题,是因为抵押贷款工具中的期权特性。在抵押贷款工具中,特别是随着时间推移,如果你购买一笔抵押贷款——或者别人拿了抵押贷款,你拥有它——如果这是一笔糟糕的交易,你拥有一个30年的工具;如果是一笔好交易,你拥有的差不多是一个30分钟的工具。借款人——办理抵押贷款的人——可以随时以相对较低的成本终止交易。随着时间的推移,公众对此越来越敏感,因此他们因很小的利差就会更快地进行再融资。
很多年前,加州有所谓的“售出即偿付”条款。我想——查理,它们是被废除了还是怎么了?所以有办法缩短抵押贷款的预期期限。但当你大量使用借入资金运营时——正如储蓄贷款机构、房利美和房地美所做的那样——这就是一个根本性问题:你拥有这种非常长期的工具,但如果利率下降,对你有利,你想保留它,它就可能变得非常短期。或者,如果利率上升,没人想再融资,它就会变得非常长期。在这种情况下,如果你运营一家庞大的机构,或者即使是较小的机构,但杠杆率很高,你就会想方设法尽可能使你的负债久期与资产久期相匹配,并采用各种方法来保护自己免受对手方(实际上就是你的资产)所拥有的期权特性的影响。这并不容易做到。
房利美、房地美以及其他机构,通过各种类型的衍生品工具,以及它们自身发行的债务类型等方式,试图做到这一点。它们非常聪明,我认为它们在这方面可能比我和查理做得更好,但就其本质而言,这不可能完美。在某些情况下,当出现巨大缺口时——你在金融市场上担心的、虽然不常发生的事情——真正摧毁人们的,是学术界所说的六西格玛、五西格玛或七西格玛事件,这些基本上是不应该发生的事情。西格玛是描述它们在特定时期内发生概率的一种方法——西格玛的数量。金融市场本身并不适合基于此进行建模。大多数时候是有效的,直到它失效。而当它失效时,混乱就会统治一切。
金融市场上发生的六西格玛事件——或理论上的六西格玛事件——比任何概率曲线研究得出的结论都要多。当出现缺口或中断,市场关闭等等,正是这些导致机构倒闭。而衍生品,在我看来,放大了这种事情发生的可能性以及一旦发生所造成的损害程度。再次强调,我们不认为我们能用数学方法告诉你这种事情的概率是多少,我们认为任何告诉你具体概率的人都是在开玩笑。我曾有对冲基金经理坐下来告诉我,他们实现30%到40%回报率的概率是28%。他们得出了所有这些精确的数字。在金融领域,任何得出精确数字的人,都要小心。所以,我会说,如果我运营房利美或房地美,我会非常清楚内部正在发生什么,并且我会理解我所面临的基本问题——我可以向你保证,弗兰克·雷恩斯非常清楚——即其资产中内嵌的期权特性。
我会尽力去匹配它。如果我通过衍生品工具或其他方式来做,我会努力匹配——我会努力将这种期权特性可能产生的麻烦降到最低。然后,我会非常担心对手方是谁,因为任何时候,如果有人承诺在不好的事情发生在你身上时付给你一大笔钱,你最好非常确定他们有能力并且愿意支付,因为发生在你身上的坏事可能也会给他们带来坏事。你知道,这在保险行业时不时会发生。这就是为什么再保险应收款是一种危险的资产。这也会发生在衍生品市场。当长期资本管理公司(LTCM)在一种资产上遇到麻烦时,他们在很多种资产上都遇到了麻烦,而与他们做生意的所有其他人在同样的事情上也遇到了很多麻烦。这就是为什么美联储介入了一件他们从未想过会介入的事情。他们介入,本质上是为了强制达成一个解决方案,顺便说一句,这可能是正确的做法。
但是他们——为了某个在此之前世界上几乎没人听说过的、不知名的对冲基金,并且该基金开始威胁到美国——美国金融体系的稳定。查理?
原文
CHARLIE MUNGER: Well, I think you’re right to point to this creditworthiness of the counterparty risk. My guess is that both Fannie and Freddie have been pretty intelligent at thinking through a whole lot of different scenarios where they’ll be OK, or close to OK, if all the counterparties pay. And I would bet a lot of money that they weight the possibility that counterparties won’t pay a lot lower than we do. I think a lot of the counterparties are behaving in a lot more dangerous way than Fannie and Freddie are, and that — and the counterparties can get in trouble because of that. And they can translate that trouble to people who assume that they’re hedged.
查理·芒格:嗯,我认为你指出对手方风险的信用度是正确的。我的猜测是,房利美和房地美都非常聪明,他们考虑了大量不同的情景,在这些情景下,如果所有对手方都付款,他们将会安然无恙或接近安然无恙。我敢打赌,他们对手方不付款可能性的权重,比我们给的要低得多。我认为,许多对手方的行为方式比房利美和房地美危险得多,而且——对手方因此可能陷入麻烦。他们可以把这种麻烦传递给那些假设自己已经对冲了风险的人。
原文
WARREN BUFFETT: And that’s true of the mortgage guarantee institutions that take part of the risk away. Fannie and Freddie are very sophisticated institutions. Very, very sophisticated institutions. But if you depend too much on other people, there can be periods in financial history where all the sophistication in the world may not save you. The best thing to do is to be able to count on your own resources. And at Berkshire that’s basically the way we operate. And it may be safer than necessary, but, you know, Charlie and I are rich enough already. We do not need to stay up at night.
沃伦·巴菲特:对于承担部分风险的抵押贷款担保机构来说也是如此。房利美和房地美是非常复杂的机构。非常、非常复杂的机构。但如果你过度依赖他人,在金融史上可能会出现这样的时期:世界上所有的复杂技巧可能都救不了你。最好的办法是能够依靠自己的资源。在伯克希尔,我们基本上就是这样运作的。这可能比必要的更安全,但你知道,查理和我已经够富有了。我们不需要熬夜。
原文
7. “We do not run a big currency risk”
WARREN BUFFETT: Number 5.
AUDIENCE MEMBER: My name is Joseph Lapray (PH). I’m a shareholder from Minneapolis, Minnesota. Thank you for this opportunity to present a question. At last year’s meeting, I believe that Mr. Munger made a comment to the effect that it was not inconceivable that the U.S. dollar could someday suffer a collapse in value, similar to that which had recently befallen the currency of Argentina. I am concerned that in the event of a collapse in the value of the dollar relative to foreign currencies, that Berkshire Hathaway’s insurance operations may find themselves having to pay for replacing property whose cost is denominated in sharply-appreciated foreign currency. I have two specific questions. First, does Berkshire Hathaway have any way to protect itself from the effects of inflation induced by a possible currency collapse? And second, do you have any ideas about how individual investors can protect themselves from currency risk? Thank you.
7. “我们不承担巨大的货币风险”
沃伦·巴菲特:第5个问题。
股东:我的名字是约瑟夫·拉普雷(音译)。我是来自明尼苏达州明尼阿波利斯市的股东。感谢您给我提问的机会。在去年的会议上,我相信芒格先生曾评论说,美元有一天遭受价值崩溃并非不可想象,类似于最近阿根廷货币遭受的情况。我担心的是,如果美元相对于外币的价值崩溃,伯克希尔·哈撒韦的保险业务可能不得不支付以大幅升值的外币计价的财产重置费用。我有两个具体问题。首先,伯克希尔·哈撒韦是否有任何方法保护自己免受可能由货币崩溃引起的通货膨胀的影响?其次,您对个人投资者如何保护自己免受货币风险有何建议?谢谢。
原文
WARREN BUFFETT: Yeah. I’ll ask Charlie first to comment on whether he said exactly what the gentleman said last year.
CHARLIE MUNGER: Well, I don’t — I wasn’t predicting that the United States would go to hell as much as Argentina has. (Laughter) What I was predicting is that all kinds of things could happen here that are unthinkable, based on past recent experience. And Berkshire, Warren, by and large, our liabilities are denominated in dollars.
WARREN BUFFETT: Right.
CHARLIE MUNGER: We don’t have a huge foreign currency exposure at all.
WARREN BUFFETT: No, well, we have — you know, we may have — we have a few billion dollars, at least, denominated in liabilities in other currencies, but we also have assets in those currencies, pretty much. So, we don’t think about it day by day in terms of matching euro assets against euro liabilities. But in a general way, we don’t get way out of whack, either. I mean, we do not have lots of liabilities around the world in other currencies which are only matched by assets in U.S. dollars. Most of our assets and liabilities, overwhelmingly, are going to be in U.S. dollars. But we’ll have a — you know, we will have, maybe at the present time, a couple of billion that — of liabilities, primarily in euros, and we have at least that much in the way of assets. So, we don’t run big — we do not run a big currency risk at Berkshire. Now, if you talk about the value of the dollar declining dramatically, you know, we all face that risk if we have a lot of dollar assets.
I personally don’t worry about the American currency getting worth far less, relative to other currencies, as much as I worry — I don’t really worry about it. But I think there’s a probability that sometime in the next 20 or 30 years that you could have rampant inflation in this country again. You’ll have probably have it around the world. And it’s probably more likely in a good many other countries than it is in the United States. But inflation is always a latent danger to an economy. I mean I always think of inflation as being in remission at all times, because it’s something that has a cause that will recur, in terms of human behavior, I think, in terms of how legislatures behave and governments behave. So, I think that the probability of high inflation at some point during the next, say, 20 or 30 years is — it’s not a low probability. I hope it doesn’t happen. Charlie, do you have anything?
沃伦·巴菲特:好的。我先请查理评论一下,看他去年是否确实像这位先生说的那样。
查理·芒格:嗯,我没有——我并不是预测美国会像阿根廷那样彻底崩溃。(笑声)我预测的是,基于过去近期的经验,这里可能发生各种难以想象的事情。沃伦,伯克希尔总的来说,我们的负债是以美元计价的。
沃伦·巴菲特:对。
查理·芒格:我们根本没有巨大的外币敞口。
沃伦·巴菲特:没有,嗯,我们有——你知道,我们可能有——我们至少有几十亿美元的负债是以其他货币计价的,但我们也有大致相当的资产以这些货币计价。所以,我们不会每天考虑欧元资产与欧元负债的匹配问题。但总体上,我们也不会出现严重的失衡。我的意思是,我们在世界各地没有大量仅由美元资产匹配的其他货币负债。我们绝大多数资产和负债都将是以美元计价的。但我们可能会有——目前可能有几十亿美元的负债,主要是欧元,而我们至少有那么多的资产。所以,我们不承担巨大的——我们在伯克希尔不承担巨大的货币风险。现在,如果你谈论美元价值大幅下跌,你知道,如果我们持有大量美元资产,我们都面临这种风险。
我个人并不特别担心美元相对于其他货币的价值大幅下跌——我其实并不真正担心它。但我认为,在未来20或30年的某个时候,这个国家有可能再次出现恶性通货膨胀。世界各地可能都会出现这种情况。而且,在很多其他国家出现的可能性可能比美国还大。但通货膨胀始终是经济的一个潜在危险。我的意思是,我一直认为通货膨胀处于缓解状态,因为它有其根源,会由于人类行为——比如立法机构和政府的行为——而周期性地复发。所以,我认为在未来20或30年的某个时候出现高通货膨胀的概率——并不低。我希望它不会发生。查理,你有什么要说的吗?
原文
CHARLIE MUNGER: Well, in the long-term practically all currencies go to hell. In other words, it’s a product, like the Roman — what was it, denarius or something? You take the British pound, you take the American dollar, so far. And if you want to go out 200 years, will some politicians in the United States ruin the currency? I think the answer is yes. But I wouldn’t anticipate some horrible event in the near future. And — But if things really went to hell, Argentina started confiscating property of shareholders. And if that starts happening and the government is doing it, we probably won’t be able to protect you. (Laughter)
查理·芒格:嗯,从长期来看,几乎所有货币都会走向崩溃。换句话说,这是一种产物,就像罗马的——叫什么来着,第纳尔还是什么?看看英镑,看看迄今为止的美元。如果你展望200年,美国的某些政客会毁掉货币吗?我认为答案是肯定的。但我不会预计在不久的将来会发生某些可怕的事件。但是——如果情况真的变得很糟,阿根廷开始没收股东的财产。如果这种事情开始发生,并且是政府在做,我们可能无法保护你。(笑声)
原文
WARREN BUFFETT: That sounds like kind of a nervous laugh to me. (Laughter)
沃伦·巴菲特:对我来说,这听起来像是有点紧张的笑声。(笑声)
原文
8. Acquisition opportunities growing like a rolling snowball
WARREN BUFFETT: Number 6.
AUDIENCE MEMBER: Yeah, hi. I’m Gautam Dalmia (PH) from India. Sirs, if I would take you back to the start of your investing careers, I assume it would have been harder for potential acquisition opportunities to come by. The question I would like to ask you sirs is, how did you ensure then that you had good enough deal flows coming to you to be able to choose from? I have one more question. The Berkshire subsidiaries do not have a retirement policy. What are the implications of this on retaining and motivating employees who are potential successors to senior management?
8. 收购机会如滚雪球般增长
沃伦·巴菲特:第6个问题。
股东:你好。我是高塔姆·达尔米亚(音译),来自印度。先生们,如果我将您们带回到投资生涯的起点,我想潜在收购机会会更难获得。我想请教您们的问题是,那时你们如何确保有足够好的交易流来源可供选择?我还有一个问题。伯克希尔的子公司没有退休政策。这对留住和激励那些可能成为高级管理层继任者的员工有何影响?
原文
WARREN BUFFETT: First question about deal flow. It’s a term I actually don’t like very much, because we don’t think of them as deals, exactly. That has a little too much of the connotation of something to be bought, and then again something to be sold. But we do like acquisition opportunities. And really that’s just achieving that so that we get the calls when we should get the calls. And there aren’t lots of those, because we’re talking about good-sized businesses. We’re talking about owners that love their businesses. And it’s going to happen occasionally, but it’s going to happen a few times a year, probably. I think in the U.S. now, that we get a pretty reasonable percentage of the calls that we should get, and that was not true 20 or 30 years ago. We didn’t hear from anybody 20 or 30 years ago, to speak of, because we were looked at much more as being a marketable securities operation. And we just weren’t as well known. It feeds on itself, obviously.
If we acquire companies, and the people from whom we acquire them are happy about the deal, you know, we’re going to hear from more people. We bought our first furniture operation in 1983. That really led to four other transactions, because the people in the first one were happy and they talked to us about the second one. And the people in the second one were happy and so on. So, you know, it’s like — Charlie always describes compound interest as being like, you know, being at the top of a very large hill with wet snow and starting with a snowball and getting it rolling downhill. And that’s a little bit like the acquisition situation works. We’ve been on a — by being around 38 years, it’s been a long — it’s been a high mountain, in terms of the length the snowball is going. By now, it’s going at a pretty good clip, and it’s a pretty good size, and it attracts a lot of snow. And that’s good for us. Outside the United States we do not seem to be on the radar screen, so we don’t seem to hear about those as much.
But we’re hearing about enough in the United States. It’s not a flow, in the sense of — I don’t hear about one a week. You know, I don’t, probably, hear about one a month. But the ones we want to hear about, most of them, I think, we’re getting the calls now. I think we’re getting a higher percentage of the calls now than ever in our history we would have gotten. And, you know, that’s all to the good. And if we can do the same thing outside this country, that would be a plus, too. But this country’s a big market and we’ll just try and spread the word further. And Charlie, what was that other question?
沃伦·巴菲特:第一个关于“交易流”的问题。我其实不太喜欢这个词,因为我们不把它们看作“交易”本身。这个词有点太像某种东西,先买进,然后又卖出。但我们确实喜欢收购机会。实际上,这只是为了实现目标,以便我们在应该接到电话的时候能接到电话。这样的机会并不多,因为我们谈论的是规模可观的企业。我们谈论的是那些热爱自己企业的所有者。这种情况偶尔会发生,可能一年会有几次。我认为在美国现在,我们应该接到的电话中,我们接到了相当合理的比例,这在20或30年前并非如此。20或30年前,我们基本上没有收到过任何人的消息,因为那时我们更多地被视为一家有价证券运营公司。我们也不那么出名。这显然会自我强化。
如果我们收购了公司,而与我们交易的人对交易感到满意,那么就会有更多的人来联系我们。我们在1983年收购了第一家家具公司。这实际上又引来了另外四笔交易,因为第一家交易的人很满意,他们向我们介绍了第二家。第二家交易的人也满意,如此类推。所以,这就像——查理总是把复利比作:站在一个非常大的湿雪山顶,开始滚一个小雪球,让它滚下山坡。收购的情况也与此类似。我们已经存在了38年,雪球滚了很长时间——一座很高的山。到现在,雪球滚得相当快了,体积也相当大了,并吸引了大量的雪。这对我们有利。在美国以外,我们似乎不在雷达屏幕上,所以那些机会我们听到的没那么多。
但我们在美国听到的已经足够了。这算不上一种“流”,因为我不是每周都能听到一个。我大概一个月都未必能听到一个。但我想,我们现在能接到的电话,大部分都是我们想听到的。我们现在接到的电话比例可能比历史上任何时候都要高。这非常好。如果我们能在美国以外也做到同样的事情,那将是一个加分项。但美国本身就是一个大市场,我们会尽力把名声传播得更远。查理,另一个问题是什么?
原文
CHARLIE MUNGER: Well, he talked some about deal flow, and there’s a general assumption that it must be easy to somehow arrange things that you just sat behind a desk and people brought in one wonderful opportunity after another, and you finally selected two out of 100 and it would be a virtual cinch. That was the attitude in venture capital until the last two or three years. We didn’t have any of that in the early days, right, Warren?
WARREN BUFFETT: No, that’s right.
CHARLIE MUNGER: We were finding our own securities. And we were just looking at the public markets to see what was available in securities. And when we started buying companies, there must have been 20 years when we didn’t buy more than one or two a year.
WARREN BUFFETT: Yeah. They were fairly few and far between. And we didn’t have the money to buy very big ones, either. I mean it was a big deal when we bought Associated Cotton Shops for what, in effect, was 4 million, or when we bought Hochschild Kohn when we had to come up with 6 million of equity, as I remember, for that deal. And National Indemnity, itself, was 7 million for National Indemnity, and I think a million-4, a million-7 for National Fire Marine. And I mean that was all we could handle in those days. So the snowball has, you know, it’s built up as it’s gone down the mountain. And we hope there’s a lot of mountain left and a lot of wet snow, and we’re looking for it.
CHARLIE MUNGER: But it’s fair to say that we were rooting around for those opportunities. We weren’t sitting behind our desks and waiting for some commission salesman to come in and present us with opportunities to sign our name. I can’t think of anything we bought in the early days that way.
WARREN BUFFETT: No, no.
CHARLIE MUNGER: Warren, you chased down Jack Ringwalt. Didn’t you go to him?
查理·芒格:嗯,他谈了一些关于“交易流”的问题,而且存在一种普遍的假设,认为安排事情很容易,你只需坐在办公桌后面,人们就会把一个又一个绝佳机会送上门,你最终从100个中挑选两个,这几乎是十拿九稳。直到两三年之前,风险投资界一直是这种态度。早期我们可没有这种好事,对吧,沃伦?
沃伦·巴菲特:不,没错。
查理·芒格:我们自己去寻找证券。我们只是在公开市场上寻找有什么证券可用。当我们开始收购公司时,肯定有20年的时间,我们每年收购不超过一两家。
沃伦·巴菲特:是的。相当稀少。而且我们当时也没有钱收购非常大的公司。我的意思是,当我们实际上以400万美元收购联合棉纺店时,或者当我们收购霍克希尔德·科恩时,我记得我们必须拿出600万美元的股权,那在当时可是大事。国民 indemnity 公司本身是700万美元,我想国民火灾与海事保险公司是140万、170万美元。我是说,那时我们只能应付这些。所以,雪球在下山过程中越滚越大。我们希望还有很长的山坡和很多湿雪,我们正在寻找。
查理·芒格:但可以公平地说,我们是在四处挖掘这些机会。我们不是坐在办公桌后面,等着某个拿佣金的销售员进来,递给我们一个签名的机会。我想不出早期我们有什么东西是那样买来的。
沃伦·巴菲特:不,没有。
查理·芒格:沃伦,你还追着杰克·林沃尔特跑呢。难道不是你去他那里?
原文
9. Buffett tells how he didn’t let Jack Ringwalt wriggle out of National Indemnity deal
WARREN BUFFETT: Well, Jack Ringwalt, who ran National Indemnity, and some of you here in the room knew, Jack was a very interesting guy and a friend. And Jack, for 15 minutes every year, would want to sell National Indemnity. Something would make him mad. A claim would come in or something of the sort. (Laughs) So, for 15 minutes every year he would want to sell. And a friend of mine, Charlie Heider — who may be here today — and I had discussed this phenomenon of Jack being in heat once a year for 15 minutes. (Laughter) And I told Charlie if you ever caught him in this particular phase to let me know. And there was a day that Charlie called and said, “You know, Jack’s ready.” And I said — (laughter) —“Well, get him over here.” So, he came about 11:30 and we made a deal in that 15minute zone. (Laughter) And this is absolutely true.
It’s a fascinating story, because Jack, having made the deal — and we really did make it in 15 minutes — Jack, having made the deal, really didn’t want to do it, and — but he was — he wouldn’t have backed out of a deal. But he said to me after we’d shaken hands, he said, “Well,” he says, “I suppose you’ll want audited financial statements.” And if I’d said yes, he would’ve said, “Well, that’s too bad then. We can’t have a deal.” (Laughter) So, I said, “I wouldn’t dream of looking at audited financial statements. They’re the worst kind,” you know. (Laughter) And then Jack said to me, he says, “I suppose you’ll want me to sell my agencies,” and, ”— to you as well.” And I said, “Jack, I wouldn’t buy those agencies under any circumstances.”
If I’d said yes to that, he would have — that I wanted him to sell the agencies — he’d say, “Well, yeah, I wouldn’t be able to do it, Warren. We must have misunderstood each other.” So, we went through about three or four of those. And finally, Jack gave up and sold me the business. He was an honorable guy, because he really, I don’t think, wanted to do it, but we met down at Charlie’s office at 19th, I think, and Douglas, and Jack was about 10 minutes late picking up this 7 million for National Indemnity. He was about 10 minutes late, because he was looking for a parking meter with a few minutes left on it. (Laughter) And that’s when I knew he was my kind of guy. (Laughter)
9. 巴菲特讲述他如何没让杰克·林沃尔特从国民 indemnity 交易中溜走
沃伦·巴菲特:嗯,经营国民 indemnity 公司的杰克·林沃尔特,在座的一些人可能认识他,杰克是个非常有趣的家伙,也是我的朋友。每年,杰克都会有15分钟时间想卖掉国民 indemnity。某件事会让他生气,比如收到一个理赔申请之类的。(笑)所以,每年他有15分钟想卖。我和我的朋友查理·海德——他今天可能在场——讨论过杰克这种每年发情15分钟的现象。(笑声)我告诉查理,如果你逮到他处于这个特定阶段,就告诉我。有一天查理打电话说:“你知道,杰克准备好了。”我说——(笑声)——“好吧,带他过来。”于是他大约11:30来了,我们就在那15分钟里做成了交易。(笑声)这绝对是真的。
这是个很有趣的故事,因为杰克,在达成协议后——我们确实在15分钟内达成了——杰克其实并不想这样做,但他——他不会退出交易。但握手之后他对我说:“嗯,我想你会想要经过审计的财务报表吧。”如果我说是,他就会说:“哦,那太遗憾了,我们谈不成了。”(笑声)所以我说:“我绝不会想去看经审计的财务报表。它们是最糟糕的那种。”(笑声)然后杰克又对我说:“我想你会希望我把我的代理机构也卖给你吧。”我说:“杰克,我在任何情况下都不会买那些代理机构。”
如果我对那件事说“是”,他就会说——我想让他卖代理机构——他会说:“呃,是啊,我做不到,沃伦。我们一定彼此误解了。”我们这样来回经历了三四次。最后,杰克放弃了,把公司卖给了我。他是个可敬的人,因为我觉得他其实并不想卖,但我们后来在查理位于第19街和道格拉斯的办公室见面,杰克来拿那700万美元的国民 indemnity 款项时,迟到了大约10分钟。他迟到大约10分钟,是因为他在找一个还剩几分钟的停车计时器。(笑声)那时我就知道他是我的同类人。(笑声)
原文
CHARLIE MUNGER: But at any rate, this process is not easy, and practically anything where you sit behind that desk and this wonderful deal flow is just coming by, you’re in a very dangerous seat.
查理·芒格:但无论如何,这个过程并不容易。实际上,任何让你只需坐在办公桌后面,美妙的交易流就会自动送上门来的情况,你都处于一个非常危险的位置。
原文
10. No telecom stocks, but maybe junk bonds
WARREN BUFFETT: Number 7.
AUDIENCE MEMBER: Gentlemen, my name is Jim Maxwell (PH). I am from Omaha, Nebraska. You put your toe in the water, so to speak, with Level 3 when you gave a deal, or, you know, got involved in that deal with them. And I’m wondering if there’s anything — any area — in the telecommunications industry that appeals to you now, or any specific company that appeals to you? Much more importantly, I want to ask about Global Crossing. They’re in bankruptcy court right now. The U.S. military uses them for communications. Data, telecommunications, or something like that. There are two companies that want to buy their assets out of the bankruptcy court. One is a Chinese company. One is a company from Singapore. The U.S. says, “No way, José.” They don’t want China to get control of the assets of Global Crossing, mainly because of the military security. In the last week, the Chinese company has backed out. The Singapore company has come in and said, “We will buy the 80 percent stake and — that is now available.”
But still, if that sale goes through Global Crossing will not be in U.S. hands. Part of my concern is, if these two companies were in a relationship that was friendly, they were willing to be together, I could see the possibility that they would — the Singapore company would sell, later, its portion to the Chinese company. Have you ever considered — and if not, why not — buying the assets out of the bankruptcy court, which would be a fire sale? I think that would be good for Berkshire Hathaway. In addition, it would be good for the United States and for future generations. I would suggest that would be your civic duty, gentlemen. (Laughter)
10. 不买电信股,但可能买垃圾债
沃伦·巴菲特:第7个问题。
股东:先生们,我叫吉姆·麦克斯韦(音译),来自内布拉斯加州奥马哈。可以说,你们在Level 3上试了试水,给了一笔交易,或者说参与了他们的一笔交易。我想知道,电信行业现在有什么领域吸引你们吗?或者有什么具体的公司吸引你们吗?更重要的是,我想问一下环球电讯。他们现在正在破产法院处理。美国军方使用他们的通信服务,比如数据、电信之类的。有两家公司想从破产法院收购他们的资产。一家是中国公司,一家是新加坡公司。美国说:“绝对不行。”他们不希望中国获得环球电讯资产的控制权,主要是出于军事安全考虑。上周,中国公司退出了。新加坡公司进来并表示:“我们将购买那80%的股权,现在可以买到了。”
但是,即便如此,如果这笔销售完成,环球电讯将不再由美国掌握。我担心的部分是,如果这两家公司关系友好,愿意合作,我可以看到这种可能性——新加坡公司可能会在稍后将其部分股权卖给中国公司。您是否曾经考虑过——如果没有,为什么没有——从破产法院购买资产,那将是一次大甩卖?我认为这对伯克希尔·哈撒韦有利。此外,这对美国和子孙后代也有好处。先生们,我建议这会是你们的公民责任。(笑声)
原文
WARREN BUFFETT: Well, I hope I don’t get arrested for leaving without doing this. (Laughter) I, frankly, don’t have the faintest idea how to evaluate telecommunications companies down the road. That doesn’t mean I don’t understand, at all, what they do. I probably understand a little bit of what they do. But in terms of figuring out the future economics in that business, what they’re going to — this player or that player is going to look like five or 10 years down the road, I simply don’t know. And I think it’s — it looks like the people who thought they knew three or four years ago didn’t know either, I might add, but that’s another question. Charlie, what do you know about the telecommunications business?
CHARLIE MUNGER: A little less than you do. (Laughter)
WARREN BUFFETT: He’s in trouble. (Laughs) We don’t have any idea. You know, if you take — pull out a name, BellSouth, Verizon, I have no idea how that all comes together five or 10 years from now. I mean, I know people are going to be chewing Wrigley’s chewing gum or eating Hershey bars or Snickers bars five, or 10, or 15, or 20 years from now. They’re going to be using Gillette blades, they’ll be drinking Coca-Cola, you know. And I have some idea what the profitability of each one of those will be over time and all of that. I don’t have any idea how telecommunications shakes out. And I wouldn’t believe anybody in the business that told me they knew because, you know, what would they have been telling me five years ago? So, it’s just a game I don’t understand. That isn’t — there’s all kinds of things I don’t understand. I don’t know what cocoa beans are going to do next year. You know?
I mean, it’d be a lot easier if I did. I could just make all my money on cocoa beans and be much simpler than trying to run a whole bunch of businesses out of Berkshire. But there’s — I don’t worry about what I don’t know. I worry about being sure about what I do know. And telecommunications doesn’t fall within that group.
CHARLIE MUNGER: Mostly, Berkshire, in its history, has bought common stocks that practically couldn’t fail. But occasionally, Berkshire just makes an intelligent gamble where there’s plenty of chance of failure, but there’s enough chance of success so the gamble is worth taking. And I think it’s fair to say that telecommunications falls in that so far.
沃伦·巴菲特:嗯,我希望我不会因为不这样做而被逮捕。(笑声)坦率地说,我对如何评估电信公司的未来发展毫无头绪。这并不意味着我完全不懂他们是做什么的。我可能懂一点。但是,要搞清楚这个行业未来的经济状况,五年或十年后某个玩家会是什么样子,我根本不知道。而且我觉得——我也可以补充一下,那些三四年前自以为知道的人其实也不知道,但那是另一个问题。查理,你对电信行业了解多少?
查理·芒格:比你知道的稍微少一点。(笑声)
沃伦·巴菲特:他有麻烦了。(笑)我们毫无头绪。你知道,如果你随便挑一个名字,比如贝尔南方、威瑞森,我完全不知道它们五年或十年后会如何发展。我的意思是,我知道人们五年、十年、十五年、二十年后还会嚼箭牌口香糖,吃好时巧克力或士力架。他们会用吉列刀片,喝可口可乐。我对这些公司随时间推移的盈利能力等等有一些概念。但对于电信行业如何演变,我毫无头绪。我也不会相信行业内任何说自己知道的人,因为,你知道,五年前他们会对我说什么呢?所以,这只是一个我不懂的游戏。这没什么——我有许多不懂的东西。我不知道明年可可豆的价格会怎样,你知道吗?
我的意思是,如果我知道,事情就容易多了。我完全可以靠可可豆赚钱,比试图在伯克希尔运营一大堆业务简单得多。但是——我不担心我不知道的东西。我担心的是要对我所知道的东西有把握。而电信不属于我知道的范畴。
查理·芒格:大部分情况下,伯克希尔历史上购买的普通股几乎不可能失败。但偶尔,伯克希尔会进行一次明智的赌博,虽然失败的可能性很大,但成功的可能性也足够大,值得一赌。到目前为止,我认为可以说电信属于这一类。
原文
WARREN BUFFETT: Yeah. We might buy some junk bonds in that business. In fact, we have in several areas. But as I put in the annual report, we expect losses in junk bonds. We expect, over all the probabilities, we’ll have a decent result — maybe better than decent. But we do expect losses, because we are dealing with institutions that have demonstrated that they don’t have large margins of safety in their operations. Sometimes — not at all in Level 3, but sometimes, we’re dealing with managements that are quite suspect. And I would say that in the history of Global Crossing you had that, although that doesn’t attach itself to the assets now. But very often in the field, when people get highly leveraged, sometimes they get tempted to do things that they wouldn’t be tempted to do otherwise. And that’s happened in the junk bond field, obviously, and always will happen. But that’s the reason we expect to have significant losses, and actually we’ve — they haven’t been that significant. We’ve had losses.
And — but they — we haven’t seen our biggest loss yet, believe me, in junk bonds. But we’ll make a lot of money out of some of them, too. It’s a different field. It’s like being an insurer of substandard risks. You’ll have more accidents, but you can charge a premium that makes it work out. But our business — in general, when we buy businesses, we want to buy superior risks. We don’t want to buy a hundred businesses for operation by ourselves, with the idea that 15 of them are going to be train wrecks and that the other 85 will take care of it. That’s not our approach to building Berkshire. Charlie, got anymore?
沃伦·巴菲特:是的。我们可能会买一些这个行业的垃圾债券。事实上,我们在几个领域都买过。但正如我在年报中所说,我们预计垃圾债券会有损失。我们预计,综合所有概率,我们会有一个不错的结果——可能比不错更好。但我们确实预期会有损失,因为我们是在与那些已经证明其经营中缺乏巨大安全边际的机构打交道。有时——Level 3完全没有这种情况,但有时——我们会与管理层相当可疑的公司打交道。我想说,在环球电讯的历史上就有这种情况,尽管这并不附着于它现在的资产。但在该领域,当人们杠杆率很高时,他们常常会受到诱惑去做一些本来不会去做的事情。这在垃圾债券领域显然发生过,并且将来也总会发生。但这就是我们预期会有重大损失的原因,实际上,损失还没有那么大。我们有过损失。
但是——我们还没有看到我们在垃圾债券上最大的损失,相信我。但我们也会从中赚很多钱。这是一个不同的领域。就像为次标准风险承保一样。你会有更多事故,但你可以收取让整体可行的保费。但我们的业务——总的来说,当我们收购企业时,我们想要收购优质风险。我们不想自己运营一百家企业,而其中的15家会成为火车失事般的灾难,指望另外85家来弥补。那不是我们建设伯克希尔的方法。查理,还有要补充的吗?
原文
CHARLIE MUNGER: No.
查理·芒格:没有了。
原文
11. Nobody can “successfully dethrone Coca-Cola”
WARREN BUFFETT: Number 8.
AUDIENCE MEMBER: Yes. My name is Pete Banner (PH) from Boulder, Colorado. First of all, Mr. Buffett and Mr. Munger, most of us consider you fellows our heroes, and thank you for that. (Applause)
WARREN BUFFETT: Well, thank you.
AUDIENCE MEMBER: Yes. On a lighter note, versus the chaos —
WARREN BUFFETT: You can stay on the same note. It doesn’t bother us. (Laughter)
AUDIENCE MEMBER: I wanted to ask what prompted you — considering your general aversion to technology — what prompted you to invest $100 million in Level 3 Communications convertible bonds? And if I get a twofer, I’d like to know, do you still consider Coca-Cola as you once described as “The Inevitable.”
WARREN BUFFETT: Yeah. The answer to the second one first. The — Coca-Cola I think has — ever since I described it that way, in terms of the — I talked about in terms of the probabilities that they would dominate the soft drink market and not lose market share in any way. That they would grow over time. You know, it’s happening year after year. I don’t think the global market share of Coca-Cola products has ever been higher than it is now, and I don’t see anything that changes that in the future. I mean, it is a huge distribution system that has been getting into the minds of more and more consumers since 1886, when John Pemberton, you know, Jacob’s Pharmacy in Atlanta, first served up the first one. It is in the minds of people, the product, all over the world, and it — there’ll be more people and it will be in their minds more firmly. And over time, they should make a little more per drink. So, I don’t know how in the world anybody would successfully dethrone Coca-Cola.
11. 没有人能“成功推翻可口可乐”
沃伦·巴菲特:第8个问题。
股东:是的。我叫皮特·班纳(音译),来自科罗拉多州博尔德。首先,巴菲特先生和芒格先生,我们大多数人把你们视为英雄,谢谢你们。(掌声)
沃伦·巴菲特:嗯,谢谢。
股东:是的。轻松一点,相比于混乱——
沃伦·巴菲特:你可以保持那个调调。我们不介意。(笑声)
股东:我想问,是什么促使您——考虑到您通常对技术的厌恶——是什么促使您投资1亿美元购买Level 3通信公司的可转换债券?如果我能买一送一,我想知道,您是否仍像您曾经描述的那样,将可口可乐视为“必然之物”。
沃伦·巴菲特:是的。先回答第二个问题。可口可乐,我认为——自从我那样描述它以来,我一直说的是,它们统治软饮料市场并且不会以任何方式失去市场份额的概率。它们会随着时间的推移而增长。你看,这年复一年地发生。我认为可口可乐产品的全球市场份额从未像现在这样高,我看不到任何未来会改变这一点的事情。我的意思是,它是一个庞大的分销系统,自1886年约翰·彭伯顿在亚特兰大的雅各布药店供应第一杯可乐以来,它不断进入越来越多消费者的认知。这个产品已经深入人心,遍布全球。未来会有更多人,它会更深地扎根于他们的心中。随着时间的推移,他们应该能从每杯饮料中赚更多钱。所以,我不知道世界上还有谁能成功地推翻可口可乐。
原文
12. Buying Level 3 bonds is a “bet on the people”
WARREN BUFFETT: In terms of Level 3, we like the people. We think they’re smart people, and they owed too much money, you know. And they recognized it. And they’ve done some very intelligent things, in the way of attacking that problem, and, you know, we bet on the people. Charlie knows way more about the physical world than I do, but, you know, I have yet to see an electron. And I just have no working relationship with them at all. I can’t identify with them. So, I do not know a lot about the technology. I never would. I mean you could explain it to me and I could probably regurgitate it on some test or something, but I wouldn’t really understand it. But I think I understand the people involved, and we were quite willing to make that bet. It’s of a different sort than we usually do, but we did it and we’re happy we did it. Charlie?
12. 购买Level 3债券是一次“对人的押注”
沃伦·巴菲特:至于Level 3,我们喜欢那些人。我们认为他们是聪明人,他们欠了太多钱,他们自己也意识到了这一点。他们在解决这个问题上采取了一些非常明智的行动。我们是在对人下注。查理对物理世界的了解远比我多,但你知道,我还没见过电子呢。我与它们完全没有工作关系。我无法认同它们。所以,我对这项技术了解不多。我永远不会了解。你可以向我解释,我可能能在测试中复述出来,但我不会真正理解它。但我认为我了解其中涉及的人,我们非常愿意下这个注。这与我们通常的做法不同,但我们做了,而且很高兴我们做了。查理?
原文
CHARLIE MUNGER: Nothing more to say.
查理·芒格:我没什么可补充的了。
原文
13. Why Berkshire invested in Mark Byrne’s hedge fund, Value Capital
WARREN BUFFETT: Number 9, please.
AUDIENCE MEMBER: Hi, this is Steve Rosenberg (PH) from West Bloomfield, Michigan, now living in New York. Mr. Buffett, the values that you and Charlie stand for and your supreme integrity are an inspiration. Thank you both for serving as such exceptional role models. I have three quick questions for you. The first involves Value Capital — (applause) — L.P. Your preliminary FIN 46 disclosure appears to indicate leverage employed of roughly 20 billion in assets, 60 million in equity, or 30 to 35 times. Without revealing any proprietary strategies, how do you derive comfort from this investment given your aversion to risk, other highly-levered partnership blowups, your enthusiasm in shutting down Gen Re Securities’ black box activities as soon as possible, and all of this, aside from the fact that it’s less than 1 percent of Berkshire’s equity, and that Mark Byrne is running it? My second question involves manufactured housing. Can you comment some more on your enthusiasm for the underlying economics of the business, given what appears to be a commodity product with a high level of seller fragmentation, over-capacity, and large blowups on the financing side?
And what advantage — even if Berkshire’s advantage is in the financing, why not stick only to the financing and not the manufacturing? And my final question involves the gains on securitization that you see in that segment. Does the preponderance of gains reported indicate a mispricing of credit risk somewhere in the chain, perhaps analogous to the disconnect you were talking about between triple-B and tripleA spreads in the synthetic market and in the bond market? Thank you.
13. 伯克希尔为何投资马克·伯恩的对冲基金 Value Capital
沃伦·巴菲特:请第9个问题。
股东:嗨,我是史蒂夫·罗森伯格(音译),来自密歇根州西布卢姆菲尔德,现居纽约。巴菲特先生,您和查理所代表的价值观以及你们崇高的诚信精神鼓舞人心。感谢两位成为如此卓越的榜样。我有三个简短的问题。第一个涉及 Value Capital——(掌声)——有限合伙公司。你们初步的FIN 46披露似乎表明,杠杆使用情况大约是200亿美元的资产,6000万美元的权益,即30到35倍。在不透露任何专有策略的情况下,鉴于您对风险的厌恶、其他高杠杆合伙企业的爆雷、您尽快关闭通用再保险证券“黑箱”活动的热情,以及撇开这笔投资不到伯克希尔股权的1%且由马克·伯恩运营这些事实,您如何从这项投资中获得安心感?我的第二个问题涉及预制房屋。考虑到这似乎是一种大宗商品产品,卖方高度分散、产能过剩以及融资方面出现大规模爆雷,您能否进一步评论一下您对该业务基础经济学的热情?
即使伯克希尔的优势在于融资,为什么不只做融资而不做制造呢?我的最后一个问题涉及您在该板块看到的证券化收益。报告显示的大部分收益是否表明链条中某处信用风险定价错误?或许类似于您谈到的合成市场与债券市场中BBB级和AAA级利差之间的脱节?谢谢。
原文
WARREN BUFFETT: Why don’t you elaborate on that third point on securitizations just a bit more? I’m not sure I totally have your point on that.
AUDIENCE MEMBER: Just the fact that usually you see gains rather than losses on securitization —
WARREN BUFFETT: Oh yeah.
AUDIENCE MEMBER: — all the time. Does that indicate that somewhere, when you’re slicing and dicing it, someone is paying too much, not taking the credit risk into — not valuing it properly.
WARREN BUFFETT: Yeah. OK. Three questions. Value Capital is run by Mark Byrne, as you mentioned. We’ve made a lot of money with the Byrne family. We made money with Jack, and we like Mark and Patrick, who we know — Charlie and I know very well. And Mark is a very, very bright guy who runs what is, in effect, a hedge fund specializing in fixed income-type securities around the world. And Mark and his family have significant money of their own in Value Capital, but we have 95, or so, percent of the capital in there. And we do not in any way guarantee their obligations. Mark operates with a degree of leverage that is less than most people that operate in that field, but it’s a lot compared to the way we operate at Berkshire. And that’s OK with us. We wouldn’t do it with a hundred percent of our money. We wouldn’t do it with 50 percent of our money. But we think it’s a reasonable business, as run by Mark, as long as he’s got a lot of money on the downside as well as the upside, which he does.
And he’s a very decent guy, in addition to being a very smart guy. So, we’re comfortable with that. It may have to get — the figures may have to get consolidated in our balance sheet. We disclose them all now in our first quarter report. You will see them set out. And, in effect, we’ve got 600 and some million, a couple hundred million of retained earnings that Mark has earned for us, and we feel quite comfortable with that as an investment. We do not regard it as a business part of Berkshire. The consolidated financial statements may make it look like we do, but it is not. We are a limited partner. We have a corporation in between. We have no guarantees of anything they do. And we’re very happy with Mark running that piece of money, even though he does it, as you say, in fixed-income strategies that involve a lot of — they involve derivatives, they involve borrowed money. But I’ve looked at the positions and they all make sense to me. And they would make sense, because Mark is a very smart guy, and the money means a lot more to him than it does to us. So, we feel OK with that.
We don’t like the idea of consolidating, in the sense that we don’t think it will make — we think it makes our figures less representative of what’s really going on than the way we handle it presently, but the rules are the rules and we’ll do what they say. The second point. Charlie, do you want to comment on Value Capital at all?
沃伦·巴菲特:你能否再稍微详细阐述一下关于证券化的第三点?我不太确定是否完全理解了你的意思。
股东:仅仅是通常你看到的是收益而非损失这一事实——
沃伦·巴菲特:哦,是的。
股东:——一直都是。这是否表明,在你进行分割和组合时,有人在某个地方支付了过高的价格,没有考虑到信用风险——没有正确估值。
沃伦·巴菲特:是的。好的。三个问题。Value Capital 由马克·伯恩管理,正如你所说。我们和伯恩家族一起赚了很多钱。我们和杰克一起赚过钱,我们喜欢马克和帕特里克,查理和我都非常了解他们。马克是一个非常非常聪明的人,他运营的是一个对冲基金,专门投资全球范围内的固定收益类证券。马克和他的家人在 Value Capital 中有大量自有资金,但我们拥有其中大约95%的资本。我们不以任何方式担保他们的债务。马克使用的杠杆水平低于该领域的大多数人,但与我们在伯克希尔的运作方式相比,仍然很高。这对我们来说
2003年年度会议
第5/6部分
沃伦·巴菲特:是的。在过去几年里,在会计准则改变之前(大约一两年以前),我们一直都告诉你们:你们不应该把商誉摊销当回事。你知道,它按照GAAP是必须的,我们显然也遵守GAAP,但我们几乎每一年都告诉你们——至少在我记忆中是如此——我们说:“这实际上并不是一项经济支出。”在我们自己计算收益时,在我们为企业出价时,我们都会忽略它。我们不在乎有没有商誉这一项,因为它对经济现实来说无关紧要。所以,在伯克希尔,我们非常愿意告诉我们的所有者去忽略某些东西。如果他们不同意我们的看法,他们可以去看GAAP的数字。但我们觉得,看无形资产摊销会误导他们。这并不是说我们认为所有无形资产都是好的,但我们确实感觉那是一个武断的决定,完全没有任何意义。
我们觉得——显然,就像我们讨论过的——我们觉得那些疯狂的养老金假设在很多情况下导致人们记录下了虚幻的收益。所以,我们愿意在认为某些数据在经济分析中比GAAP数字更重要的时候告诉你们。我们会和你们讨论。然而,不把折旧当作一项支出,在我们看来绝对是疯狂的。我能想到极少数企业——我能想到一两个——但我能想到极少数企业,其中折旧不是一项真实的支出。即使在我们的天然气管道上,我的意思是,你知道,某个时候,第一,它们需要维修,但除此之外,某个时候它们会过时。我的意思是,两百年后那里不会有天然气了,这我们知道。所以,折旧是真实的,而且是最糟糕的一种支出。这是反向的浮存金。你知道,你在获得收入之前先付出了现金。你现金出去了,却没有东西进来。
而折旧——任何不把折旧当作一项支出的管理层,你知道,是生活在梦幻世界中,但当然,他们受到鼓励这么做,你知道,那些和他们谈论EBITDA的投资银行家会鼓励他们。然后,你知道,某些人靠误导投资者、让他们相信EBITDA是件大事而发了财。当我们看到那些公司说:“嘿,我们不交税,你知道,因为我们没有应税收益,而且不计算折旧和所有那些东西,”你知道,那正在——在我们看来,很多时候那非常接近一场骗局。你知道,我收到这些人给我看的东西——你知道,他们想送给我带有EBITDA的书,我就告诉他们,你知道,“等你告诉我你将承担所有资本支出的时候,我才会看那个数字。”
如果我要承担资本支出,那么在我能年复一年地支出远低于折旧的金额、同时保持企业经济实力的情况下,我觉得这样的企业非常少。所以,我认为EBITDA这个术语已经让很多投资者损失了很多钱。你在电信领域看到了这一点。我的意思是,那个想法——他们花钱花得如此之快,你知道,我的意思是,投资者送进来的钱根本不够快。然后他们假装折旧不是一项真实的支出。那是胡说八道。我的意思是,没有比这更糟的了。而一代投资者几乎是被养大了去相信这个的。在伯克希尔,我们今年花的钱会超过折旧。去年我们花的钱超过了折旧。前年我们花的钱也超过了折旧。你知道,折旧是一项真实的支出,就和,你知道,电费支出一样。它不是一项非现金支出。这是一项现金支出。你只是先花了这笔钱,你知道。我的意思是,现金已经没了,这只是现金支出的延迟记录。
怎么会有人把这种东西变成一个用来谈论收益的指标,这超出了我的理解。查理?
查理·芒格:是的,我认为,每次你看到EBITDA这个词,你就把它替换成短语“狗屁收益”(bullshit earnings),那么你就会理解任何使用这个词的演示了。(笑声和掌声)
沃伦·巴菲特:我就知道他会这么干,迟早的事,各位。
查理·芒格:而且这个人——
沃伦·巴菲特:他撑过了今天上午,但撑不过一整天。(笑声)
查理·芒格:而且这位提问的人也问了:“还有什么重大的会计问题存在?”真正的大问题是养老基金会计,以及在某种程度上,退休后的医疗负债。这些在美国现在被严重低估了,而且它们是非常大的数字。
沃伦·巴菲特:我看过财务报表,你在过去几个月里也看到了,有些公司记录了数亿美元的养老金收入,而同时它们的养老金计划却存在数十亿美元的资金不足。你知道,他们根本没有面对现实,他们不想面对,因为他们不想承受冲击。而且他们——你知道,这和股票期权费用是同样的心态。他们用股票期权支付给人们。但是,你知道,我们用现金奖金支付给人们,而且我想,你知道——好吧,这不完全是真的,但我们可能会喜欢如果不用记录现金奖金作为费用的话。我的意思是,这是我们支付给人们的一种方式。你可以说:“嗯,你为什么不把它放在脚注里,而不放在损益表里,就像他们对期权费用那样做?”期权费用也是一种薪酬形式。
但是——你知道,答案是一群非常关心让他们的股票涨到不合理价格的人,至少在我们看来是这样,他们发现如果不计算薪酬费用,事情会容易得多。而且,你知道,为什么不把所有费用都放在脚注里呢?就列一项“销售额”,然后净利润的数字也相同。然后把所有——(笑声)——费用都放在脚注里,你知道。而且人们一本正经地说,你知道,“嗯,它就在脚注里,所以每个人都知道它,我们不需要把它算进去——把它放在损益表里。”令人惊讶的是,高智商的人会为了合理化自己的,你知道,自己的腰包而做出这样的事情。查理还有另一个解释,说明为什么人们一直否认期权费用这一现实——费用——这涉及到人们将自己的自我与自己的记录纠缠在一起。你想详细说说吗,查理?别指名道姓。(笑声)
查理·芒格:不,我在这个话题上如此令人厌烦,而且我已经坚持了几十年。这是一种非常糟糕的文明运作方式。把基本的会计搞错,非常像在建造桥梁时把工程搞错。当我看到有名望的人提出这些完全荒谬的论点,说期权费用化是不可想象的时候——
沃伦·巴菲特:或者说估值太难了。
查理·芒格:嗯,因为太难估值了,或者鬼知道什么原因。而且他们中很多人是你愿意把女儿嫁给他们的人。(笑声)
沃伦·巴菲特:是的,因为他们有钱,这是一方面。(笑声)
查理·芒格:然而,事实是,他们处于疯狂和欺诈之间。(笑声)
沃伦·巴菲特:把他列为“未决定”。(笑声)这真的很惊人。有趣的是,当然,现在,剩下的四大审计公司,他们现在称之为审计界的“最终四强”——(笑声)——他们现在已经——听着,我也很高兴他们这么做了。我为此向他们致敬。但他们现在已经说了,他们真的认为期权是一项费用。所以这——你知道,这有点让我想起宗教改革时期发生的事情,不是吗?你知道,那些地方会摇摆不定,你知道,因为他们被这种或那种论点所左右。事实上,我认为那个著名的布雷教区牧师,他在天主教和路德教之间摇摆,随着德国这个小镇的立场来回变化。
最后,镇民们聚集在一起,他们对牧师说——他们说:“我们对神学中发生的这一切感到困惑是可以理解的,我们真的不太了解,所以我们来回摇摆。”但他们说:“我们发现你,一个神职人员,也这样摇摆不定,有点令人作呕。”他们问:“你没有原则吗?”“他说:‘是的,我有一个原则。’他说:‘那就是继续做布雷的教区牧师。’”(笑声)我想我们在审计行业也看到了一些类似的情况,但我认为他们现在实际上已经找到了真正的信仰,所以我不会坐在这里批评他们。但是,你知道,现在有四家公司在1993年游说反对将期权作为费用,现在却写信给FASB说期权应该作为费用。
我不知道1993年不是费用的事情怎么到了2003年就成了费用。这当然不适用于水电费或者,你知道,原材料或任何此类东西。但这就是人性。
18. 不对“机会主义”债券策略发表评论
沃伦·巴菲特:第二个问题。
观众:嗨,你好。我是萨姆·基德斯顿,来自马萨诸塞州剑桥的股东。我有几个简短的问题想问你们。首先,除了你们投资任何公司的一般标准之外,你们投资银行的标准是什么?你们对投资银行的一般看法随着时间的推移改变了吗?第二个问题是,关于折现率,你们是否认为使用当前无风险利率下的资本成本是合适的?还有,在过去,你们提到过你们做某种伪债券套利,能否具体说明你们在这个领域做的是哪些类型的交易?
沃伦·巴菲特:哦,你是想要我们周一的买卖清单吗?(笑)我们不——我们不会谈论具体的策略,你知道——显然它们是有利可图的,否则我们不会去做,而且我们认为如果我们谈论了,其他人可能会复制它们,所以——顺便提一下,我们已经指出过,并且会继续指出,这些债券策略的生命周期不长。这并不意味着当未来情况需要时,我们可能不会再次使用它们。但它们不像从See’s Candy或者,你知道,从Fruit of the Loom赚钱那样。它们是在某些时候我们处于有利位置才能参与的机会主义情况。
19. 银行可以“出人意料地”盈利
沃伦·巴菲特:关于银行的问题,你知道,银行业——如果你能避免跟风潮流,避免真的制造大量不良贷款,银行业在美国一直是一个非常出色的行业。当然,自从二战以来,它——对于那些避开麻烦的银行来说,股本回报率真的是非常棒。而且有很多——我应该说,在美国有一些特定的银行——规模相当大,它们赚取的,你知道,可能是大约20%的有形股本回报率。当你想到你是在处理像金钱这样的商品时,这对我来说相当令人惊讶。所以,我想说,我想我对于银行业在像金钱这样基本的东西上的利润率没有被竞争掉的程度感到惊讶。你觉得呢,查理?
查理·芒格:嗯,你在暗示的是,我们有点搞砸了预测,因为银行业比我们预先想到的要好得多。实际上,我们从银行业赚了相当多的钱,几十亿吧,在American Express赚得更多。但基本上,那是在我们错误评估它的时候。我们当时没有料到它会变得像后来实际那么好。我唯一的预测是,我们会继续犯这种错误。(笑声)
沃伦·巴菲特:在一个世界里——特别是在一个低利率的世界里——发现金融机构基本上都在做同样的事情,你知道,A与B竞争,B与C竞争,没有巨大的竞争优势,却都能在有形资本上获得真正的高回报,这是相当非凡的。现在,部分原因在于它们推高了贷款与资本比率,比30或40年前更高,但——尽管如此,它们赚取了高回报率。仅从资产角度看,它们的回报率就高得多,然后它们有更高的资产与资本杠杆,这产生了确实相当非凡的资本回报率。而且,你知道,银行——某些银行——会陷入麻烦,因为它们犯了大的贷款错误,但在这个行业,你并不一定要陷入麻烦。我的意思是,你可以——如果你保持头脑清醒,它可以是一个相当不错的行业。
20. 看机会成本,而不是“资本成本”
沃伦·巴菲特:关于折现率的问题,当你谈到我们的资本成本时,这值得提出来,因为查理和我对于伯克希尔的资本成本是什么完全没有概念,而且坦率地说,我们认为整个概念有点疯狂。但这是商学院教的东西,你必须能回答这些问题,否则你就毕不了业。但我们在如何处理资金方面有一个非常简单的安排。而且,你知道,我们寻找我们能找到的最明智的事情去做。如果我们手头有钱或者——如果我们看——我们不是这样买卖企业,但在证券方面,我们会——如果我们发现某样东西只值其价值的一半,而我们拥有另一样东西值其价值的90%,我们很可能会从一个转移到另一个。我们会用我们拥有的资本做最明智的事情。所以,我们在替代方案之间进行衡量,我们把替代方案与股息比较,与股票回购比较。
但我从未见过一个让我觉得有意义的资本成本计算。你呢,查理?
查理·芒格:从来没有。而且这是一件非常有趣的事情。如果你拿哈佛大学[Greg] Mankiw的最有影响力的经济学大一教材,他几乎在第一页就说“聪明人基于机会成本做决定。”换句话说,是你的替代方案,它们在你的时间或金钱的使用上相互竞争,这决定了你是否采取行动。当然,这些替代方案因时而异,因公司而异。我们倾向于根据我们的机会成本来做所有的财务决策,就像大一经济学教的那样。
沃伦·巴菲特:是的。
查理·芒格:而世界其他地方则陷入了一种疯狂的套路,他们可以创建一个标准公式,那就是成本。他们甚至为一个又老又富有的企业计算股权资本成本。这真是一种令人惊叹的心智故障。
沃伦·巴菲特:是的,这是一种——(笑声)
21. 中石油投资不是什么“大事”
沃伦·巴菲特:第三个问题。我们有没有忘记得罪谁?(笑声)
观众:嗨。我叫凯伦·卡利什,来自圣路易斯。我想我是今天第一个提问的女性。(掌声)
沃伦·巴菲特:我们完全支持。
观众:我已故的叔叔,在Robert W. Baird工作的比尔·希尔德,在我们家股价337美元时第一次为我家买了伯克希尔。我非常感激你们两位,因为我已经能够在圣路易斯创办一个基金会并捐钱。我把钱捐给阅读和识字项目。但我对巴菲特-芒格的慈善哲学和实践非常好奇。我的第二个问题与中国有关。你们最近收购了一家公司,中石油,我对你们如何看待中国很好奇。
沃伦·巴菲特:嗯,第二个问题,我们有大约——我想——五笔股票投资,投资于那些注册地并且主要或完全在美国以外运营的公司。我们并没有列出我们所有的投资。我相信去年我们列出了所有超过5亿美元的投资。我们从未有过——我想也许自从多年前的Guinness之后——我不认为我们有过任何一笔投资达到在伯克希尔报告中报告的门槛,尽管我们拥有一些。香港证券交易所最近刚刚改变了他们的要求,你必须报告持有香港上市公司5%的股份。而我们持有的中石油股份,实际上,现在是13%,但只是针对叫做H股的部分。中国政府拥有该公司90%的股份。H股占10%。他们几年前把那些卖给了公众。所以我们拥有一个非常小比例的13%。这有点像报告上的一个巧合,使得我们需要报告那一特定持股。
就像我说的,我们在国际证券中还有其他四五只股票。我们没有对中国做出任何重大判断。你可能比我更了解中国。我们只是环顾全球的投资,试图买入我们认为提供最大价值的东西。如果它们在美国——我们可能稍微偏好它们在美国,我们可能对某些国家有强烈的偏好——或者强烈的偏见。我们会把美国视为首选,因为我们最了解这里的游戏。我们了解税法之类的东西,以及企业文化等等。但我们也会把许多其他国家视为实际上等同于美国。还有一些国家会被打些折扣,然后还有一大堆国家我们在任何情况下都不会进入,因为我们不够了解。但是,你知道,我们认为我们对中国的石油业务有相当好的理解。相对于我们认为的未来现金生成能力,我们会根据价格做出类似的决定。但这不是什么大事。
它成为必须报告的是因为法律的这个特殊性,如果你持有整个蛋糕中只占10%的某样东西的一定比例,你仍然必须报告。中国政府牢牢控制着中石油。我的意思是,如果我们和中国政府投票一致,我们两个人就能控制中石油。(笑声)
22. 为什么我们要把钱“回馈社会”
沃伦·巴菲特:关于慈善的问题。查理,你想先回答这个吗?
查理·芒格:我认为公平地说,我们俩都觉得非常幸运的人对整个人类文明,甚至对他所属的国家,负有责任。你是边走边捐,还是像巴菲特那样,边走边适度捐赠,然后到时候再大量捐赠,我认为这是个人品味的问题。我能理解第二种立场,因为我讨厌整天花所有时间让人们向我要钱。而且我认为沃伦也受不了。对吧,沃伦?
沃伦·巴菲特:我们不试试。我们连试都别试,查理。(笑声)不,我们——我的意思是,这是有记录的,而且大概,我不知道,可能25年没变了,但基本上,我名下的一切,在我或我妻子去世的较晚日期,都会捐给慈善机构。我是说99%以上。既然我的孩子们在这里,我就不精确到小数点后八位了。但是——(笑声)——你知道,为什么不呢?这样想吧。这里——我们假设,不是像我自己出生那样是单胎,而是我在子宫里,旁边有一个同卵双胞胎。相同的DNA。一切都相同。性格。工作倾向。说话倾向——随便什么。同卵双胞胎。不是查理。可能看起来像他,但是——(笑声)我们两个在那里。然后一个精灵出现了。
精灵说:“我给你们两个一个提议。你们将在24小时内出生。同样的才能。一切都相同。你们中的一个将在奥马哈出生,另一个将在孟加拉国出生。“我将让你们俩决定谁去孟加拉国出生,谁去奥马哈出生。我有一个系统。我将——我的运作方式是,我们开始竞价,你们中谁出价最高(以死后留给社会的遗产比例为准),谁就去——在美国出生。”我想你会出价百分之百,你知道。你听过所有这些关于,你知道,勇气和决心之类的事情,以及你如何一生努力工作,做了所有这些奇妙的事情。那么,想象一下如果我在孟加拉国出生。
你知道,我会走在主街上说,你知道,“我配置资本。”你知道?“让我展示一下我的本事。”(笑声)我会死于营养不良。我的意思是,这会——我活不过头几个月。查理和我工作的这个社会,我的意思是,我们幸运得不得了。我的意思是,我们出生时,我们出生在美国的几率是50比1。所以我们中了大奖。基本上,它——你知道,我们享受了与这个一起工作、与好人一起工作的一切乐趣。而金钱,显然,在生活中为你打开了许多通往有趣事物的大门。它应该回归社会。就像查理说的,它可以在你的一生中以分期付款的方式回归。它也可以在你去世时一次性回归。我在某种程度上混合了两种方式,但我更侧重于一次性。但是,你知道,钱就该去那儿。
我的意思是,没有理由让几代——小巴菲特们,现在和下一代,你知道,一百年后,都应该仅仅因为他们从正确的子宫里出来就能掌控社会资源。你知道,那是什么正义?所以基本上,它将回归社会。(掌声)我的孩子们在鼓掌吗?我们确认过了吗?(笑声)
23. 许多优秀企业无法通过投入更多资本来提高利润
沃伦·巴菲特:第四个问题。
观众:你好。我叫亚历克斯·鲁巴尔卡瓦,来自洛杉矶的股东。我有一个关于你们喜欢收购和投资的企业财务特征的问题。巴菲特先生,在您的报告和其他著作中,您说您喜欢收购能够投入大量资本并获得高回报的企业。而芒格先生,在阅读您的著作和演讲时,我在《杰出投资者文摘》和其他出版物中看到您说过,您喜欢投资于需要很少资本的企业。我想知道这些说法是否矛盾,或者它们是一枚硬币的两面?如果你们能用伯克希尔旗下的公司来详细说明,那就太好了。
沃伦·巴菲特:当然。这是一个好问题。理想的企业是那种能获得非常高的资本回报率,并且能够持续以这些高回报率投入大量资本的企业。我的意思是,这会变成一个复利机器。所以,如果你有选择,如果你能向一个企业投入一亿美元,获得20%的资本回报——比如说两千万——理想情况下,第二年它应该能在1.2亿美元上赚取20%,第三年在1.44亿美元上,以此类推。这样你就可以随着时间的推移,以同样的回报率不断地重新配置资本。但是,非常非常非常少有企业是这样的。不幸的是,优秀的企业,你知道,比如可口可乐或See’s Candy,它们不需要太多资本。而增量资本产生的回报,远不如由某些巨大的无形资产所产生的基本回报。所以,我们会喜欢那种能够不断配置资本的企业,实际上,甚至超过其收益。我的意思是,我们喜欢这样的企业:现在在1亿美元上能赚20%。
如果我们再投入10亿美元,它还能在这10亿美元上多赚20%。但就像我说的,这样的企业太罕见了。有很多这样的承诺,但我们几乎没有见过一个。有过几个。大多数伟大的企业都能产生大量资金。它们不会产生很多机会来通过增量资本获得高回报。你知道,我们可以在See’s投入X并获得很多钱,但如果我们投入5倍的钱,我们几乎赚不到更多的钱。我们可以在《布法罗新闻》上以X获得高回报,但如果我们试图投入5倍的钱,我们赚不到更多的钱。它们就是没有机会使用增量资本。我们寻找它们,但它们没有。所以,伟大的——你见过——我的意思是,我们会在理论上谈论那些能够用增量资本在高回报下赚取越来越多钱的企业。
但你看到的是,我们买下的企业,大多能获得良好的资本回报,但在许多情况下,它们用增量资本获得类似于其基础业务回报的机会有限。现在,伯克希尔结构的一个好处是,我们可以把这些在其业务中获得良好回报、但没有机会在增量资金上获得类似规模回报的企业,把那些钱挪用来购买更多企业。通常,如果你在——拿报业出版业来说,多年来它一直是一个非常棒的行业——你可以在自己投入的资本上获得极好的回报。但如果你去收购其他报纸,你必须支付非常高的价格,而且你不会在增量资本上获得很好的回报。但那个行业的人觉得他们唯一懂的就是报纸出版业或某种媒体,所以他们觉得自己的选择有限。我们可以把钱放到任何有意义的地方,这是我们结构的一个优势。现在,我们是否做得好则是另一个问题,但在这方面,这个结构具有巨大的优势。
我们可以把优秀企业——比如See’s Candy——See’s自从1972年查理和我不愿意拿出10万——之后大概已经为我们贡献了10亿美元的税前利润。如果我们试图把这些钱投入到糖果生意中,随着时间的推移,我们会得到糟糕的回报。我们不会得到任何值得一提的东西。但因为我们把它挪用了,它使我们能够随着时间的推移购买一些其他企业,这是我们结构的一个优势。查理?
查理·芒格:是的。如果你拿一个不错但不是极好的企业来说,它们往往分为两类。一类是,全年的报告利润在年底只是作为盈余现金躺在那里。你可以把它从企业里拿出来,企业没有它也会表现得和它留在企业里一样好。第二类企业是那种报告12%的资本回报率,但永远没有现金。这让我想起了我的老朋友约翰·安德森的二手机械设备业务。他过去常说:“在我的生意里,每年你都赚了利润,它就在那里,躺在院子里。”有很多很多这样的生意,仅仅为了维持下去、保持原位,就永远没有现金。这种生意不允许总部把所有的现金都抽走并投资到别处。我们讨厌这种生意。你不觉得这么说很公平吗?
沃伦·巴菲特:是的,这么说很公平。我们希望能够调动现金,让它找到最好的用途。而且,你知道——但那是我们的工作。有时我们找到了好的用途。如果我们每一个伟大的企业(我们有很多伟大的企业)都有办法以高回报率部署额外资本,那就太好了,但我们没有看到这一点。而且,坦率地说,你知道,这不会发生——我的意思是,吉列有很棒的剃须刀和刀片业务,我的意思是,极好。没有办法把他们从剃须刀和刀片业务中赚到的钱继续投入到那种业务中去。那种业务不需要那么多资本。他们必须投入一些钱,但与利润相比是微不足道的。然后诱惑就是出去收购其他企业,当然,当查理和我面临这种情况时,我们也会这么做,但我们不认为,总体来说,美国工业界在重新配置资本方面的平均成功率很高。
尽管如此,这正是我们每天努力去做的事情。从某种意义上说,我们是在否定把我们带到今天这个位置的程序本身。这么说公平吗,查理?(笑)
查理·芒格:完全公平。而且这总是让我担心。我不喜欢成为这样一种活动的榜样,大多数试图追随它的人会得到糟糕的结果。我们试图通过发表这些负面评论来避免这种情况。(笑声)
沃伦·巴菲特:无论如何我们都会发表负面评论的。(笑)第五个问题。这样更有趣。
24. 巴菲特:我不向朋友寻求帮助
观众:我是来自佛罗里达州温特帕克的威尔·格雷夫斯。我是韦伯斯特大学的研究生讲师。我想向巴菲特先生提两个问题。我很感激巴菲特先生的平易近人。他让我们在这里感觉很温暖。我可以叫你爸爸吗?
沃伦·巴菲特:是的。(笑声)
观众:我有一个关于国家财政状况的问题,还有一个关于国宝的问题。早在9月11日之后,您出现在《60分钟》节目里,利用您宝贵的时间,暂时放弃您的私生活,就总体股票市场发表了国民服务式的讲话,告诉大家人们不应该过于激动,不应该担心长期投资。我想知道的是,您是否考虑过在未来的某个时间,当当时的总统提出社保辩论时,再次出现在《60分钟》节目上?我在非营利组织花很多时间,从工作的穷人那里听到的愤怒是,我们谈论科技复苏,过去几年的科技利润。他们经历了一个完整的周期,人们变成了千万富翁,而工作的穷人甚至没有得到最低工资的上涨。
如果你想想那些净资产低于一千美元的人,仅仅作为一个例子,想象一下,他们被迫在未来成为糟糕的投资者,因为美国政府强迫他们拥有一种叫做社保的东西,他们无法退出,而且他们得到了糟糕的回报。我想知道的是,你是否会考虑,当我们有候选人时,不管他是谁,他如果说你不想把一小部分社保投入长期股票市场,因为那是一个有风险的主张?你会不会根据你在《60分钟》上的记录说:“我不这么认为。”这是第一个问题。第二个问题是,既然我要求你自愿做点事,我在过去三周里被迫卷入了一件事。我最后一天去了赛普雷斯花园,那里约有2万人。一位女士在分发1.5万份传单。
几周后,我将和“赛普雷斯花园之友”一起面见州长杰布·布什。我们有一个网站,FriendsofCypressGardens.org,试图阻止一个开发商在赛普雷斯花园(一个国宝)砍伐树木。我的问题是,你是否会考虑联系你的堂兄,音乐家吉米·巴菲特,请他以某种方式帮助我们?不一定是钱。可能是一次露面。可能只是建立一些联系,你或许能帮助我们努力。
沃伦·巴菲特:我被要求联系——可能我收到最多要求是联系比尔·盖茨,但我被要求联系各种各样的人。我的意思是,每个人都在塞给我装着信的信封,把东西寄到办公室,说:“你不能找找这个人吗?”而他们能说的只是不。我不做——基本上,我不向我的朋友提出任何请求。而且我只是——我余生都会花时间做这件事。他们会觉得——我永远不会知道——(掌声)——你知道,他们在做什么——你知道,我永远不会知道他们是因为我的请求而做,还是出于他们真正的感受。我的意思是,这是一个不可能的——至少从我角度来看——就这方面而言,这是一个不可能介入的游戏。我的意思是,当凯·格雷厄姆(《华盛顿邮报》出版人)在世时,每个人,你知道,都因为这样或那样的原因想找她。他们都有自己的事业。
而且,坦率地说,你知道,他们想利用我去找她,或者吉米·巴菲特,或者任何人,对他们本就会答应的事情说“是”,部分原因是他们觉得不想对我说不。而我,你知道,那——我只是不想为了那个目的利用我的友谊,坦率地说。即使是对我本人深信不疑的事情,我也不会这么做。我做我做的——他们可能知道我在做什么,如果他们想跟进,很好。但我从来没有——我不记得曾请求过任何人做任何贡献或亲自做任何事。我的意思是,我做的事是有记录的,你知道,如果其他人想跟进,很好。但我从未有过那种荣誉晚宴,他们发给所有伯克希尔的供应商等等,开始施压他们说,你知道,“我们在纪念沃伦。”嗯,见鬼,如果他们想纪念我,他们可以不向我所有的朋友要钱就来纪念我。
我的意思是,如果他们选我只是因为我有有钱的朋友,我不认为那是多大的荣誉。所以,我就是不那样做。
25. “一个很有钱的人对所有事情都大放厥词,这有点不招人喜欢”
沃伦·巴菲特:关于公共政策的问题,我在9月11日做的,当我和杰克·韦尔奇(前通用电气CEO)和鲍勃·鲁宾(前财长)一起出现在那节目上时,你知道,我偶尔会做那些事。我写了一些专栏文章。我想——而且我经常受到诱惑,事实上我写过一些没有寄出去的。但我确实认为,一个很有钱的人对所有事情都大放厥词,这有点不招人喜欢。你可能认为,今天听我们讲话,觉得这里有两个人确实喜欢对所有事情都大放厥词。我们确实几乎对所有事情都有看法。但我只是觉得有些事情我——你知道,我写过关于竞选资金改革的文章,我也写过关于税收的文章。我会做更多这类事,但我确实试图在一定程度上克制自己,因为这里面有一点,“我有钱,所以我对了”这类的东西,我觉得效果不太好。
而且我知道当我看到别人这样做时,我不喜欢,你知道,“我是名人,因此,你知道,我所说的一切你们都得听。”它只是——在某个点上让我反感。但就像我说的,我做过,而且可能有机会——而且会有机会——我肯定,当我跨过我自己的门槛,觉得我真的想说点什么,人们可以忽略它或者怎样。但是——但我认为这类事情有过度曝光的危险,我想你在某些人身上看到了这一点。查理?
26. 不要把社保资金投入股市
查理·芒格:沃伦,你是否同意或不同意,强制将社保的一部分投入普通股是个好主意?
沃伦·巴菲特:不,我不同意。实际上,我不同意那位先生建议的那个。我认为,实际上,社保对这个国家的劳动人民来说是一件了不起的事情。这是一个代际契约。这不是保险。它只是说,就像一个家庭可能会说,只是把这个家庭的概念扩展到整个美国,如果你在——我认为退休年龄应该提高——但在X岁到65岁之间为这个国家生产,社会将在你余生为你提供一些基本水平的收入。我认为一个富裕的社会应该这样做。所以,我认为当你有一个10万亿美元的社会时,你知道——(掌声)——我们应该这样做。
查理·芒格:我同意。我认为社保,你可以说,是我们拥有的最成功的政府项目之一。人们把它当作即将到来的纯粹灾难之类的东西。那根本不是我的看法,我也不会把它投入普通股。我认为社保按我们目前的方式运作就很好。
沃伦·巴菲特:是的,我们会给每个——我们在这个国家应该给每个——过着合理产出生活的人提供基本收入。他们不必担心——你知道——他们是否活到90岁或100岁。人们在晚年会担心。我们不需要一群,你知道,当我们需要保卫国家的权利时上战场,并以各种方式作为好公民行事,但他们碰巧没有能力赚很多钱的人,你知道,嗯,也许像查理和我能那样。我认为他们需要基本水平,我认为像我们这样的代际契约——这真是一个绝妙的主意。而且我认为这个国家因此变得好得多。我认为告诉他们可以存500美元或1000美元并投入股市,让每个人在华盛顿游说,你知道,谁来处理它。你知道,几年前每个人都认为这是一个好主意,坦率地说,我认为这是一个非常糟糕的主意。查理?
(掌声)
查理·芒格:我喜欢它的程度远不及你。(笑声)
27. 简单的薪酬计划和不请顾问
沃伦·巴菲特:第六个问题。
观众:下午好。我叫拉维·吉拉尼,来自印度新德里。我有关于管理政策的问题。既然你们遵循非常不同的管理政策,我想知道它们对管理CEO的动机有什么影响。芒格先生提到,在资本不重要的企业中,你倾向于给CEO一部分收益。你们也提到,你们不会因为工作做得好就提高标准。显然,随着时间的推移,静态的收益可能会变得价值越来越低。我的问题现在分为四个部分。考虑到上述情况,你们能否给我们一个伯克希尔子公司的薪酬政策例子,来说明你们对高管薪酬问题的看法?第二,尽管你们确实向子公司收取使用资本的费用,并且相信将奖励与底线业绩挂钩,但芒格先生并不尊重经济增加值这个概念。能否谈谈你们对EVA作为监控和奖励公司业绩的工具的看法?第三,你们是否将自己局限于为CEO制定薪酬政策,还是你们会参与更大范围的组织?最后,你们没有CEO的退休年龄。
这是否会影响CEO下面的人的士气和动力?
沃伦·巴菲特:查理?(笑声)他就知道会有这个问题。
查理·芒格:嗯,第一,你说得对。在几乎不需要资本的业务中,我们倾向于根据收益来奖励管理层。一旦业务开始需要资本,我们就会在薪酬体系中加入资本因素。我们没有统一的的标准体系。它们都不同,基于历史偶然性和具体情况。但是,在资本是重要因素的地方,我们当然会考虑它。至于对士气的影响,据我所知,伯克希尔子公司的士气相当不错。伯克希尔的经理们几乎从不离开。我猜我们的离职率几乎和任何地方一样低。对吗,沃伦?
沃伦·巴菲特:哦,我肯定这一点。而且,“不退休政策”对我的士气也很有好处。(笑声)对查理也是。你——你还问到了EVA。我们做梦都不会用那种东西,尽管我实际上认为我们的一些子公司可能以某种方式使用它。所以,子公司为CEO以下的人员制定薪酬政策,而且——所有——他们有各种各样的体系,因为我们有各种各样的企业。而且,坦率地说,我们从来没有在薪酬方面遇到大问题,因为我认为我们的安排是合理的。当资本是业务的重要组成部分时,我们会加入资本费用。如果资本是业务中不重要的部分,我们就不加。我们不相信把事情搞得比需要的更复杂。所以,我们不试图做小小的——各种各样的微小改进——薪酬顾问会进来告诉你那是需要的,因为那正是他证明大额账单合理的方式。
而且他还会进来,在下一年继续修补一下,再下一年,以此类推。我们在薪酬方面有非常简单的体系。但我们有些业务是非常棒的,所以人们在获得绩效奖金之前要满足很高的业绩标准。我们有些业务非常艰难,门槛就低得多,但达到那个门槛所需的管理才能,和那些门槛更高的业务所需的一样多。这不是——薪酬不是火箭科学。我的意思是,人们会想让你觉得它是,你读这些委托声明书,里面写的东西会让你头脑发昏。我的意思是,委托声明书比年报还厚,因为他们在讨论人们的薪酬。这没那么复杂。我们在38年里,从来没有一个CEO离开我们去了别的企业,除了少数几个——我们自己做决定的——但非常少。而且——你知道,我看到所有的时间和精力投入进去,因为,坦率地说,这对CEO有好处。
然后他们创建了整个部门,花所有时间参加关于薪酬方法的会议,你知道,他们请顾问进来,这成了一个行业。而且它不会自行解散。我的意思是,当你——当你让庞大的官僚机构参与进来,做各种薪酬决定和一切事情时,它永远不会消失,除非你采取行动。但这对我们遇到的所有官僚机构都是如此。我们在伯克希尔没有太多官僚机构。我认为毫无疑问,我们的“不退休政策”意味着,一个渴望成为某企业CEO的人,看到他们的上面,在我们的一些公司里,CEO已经65岁,然后70岁,然后75岁,他可能不会留下来。我的意思是,我们自然培养不出很多二把手,因为我们不能向他们保证一把手会出门。但只要一把手不出门,从我们的角度来看,那就完全没问题。
我们偶尔不得不更换管理层,但非常偶尔。我的意思是,如果按预期寿命计算,你知道,即使有我们所有的子公司,你知道,我们可能每18个月左右面临一次管理层继任问题。而且我们还有各种其他业务。所以,这对伯克希尔来说不是什么大问题。
查理·芒格:是的。关于EVA,其中隐含的一些想法我们也在使用。例如,基于机会成本的折现率。完全合理的概念。但对我们来说,那个系统,带着它所有的标签和行话,有很多我们不需要的包袱。我们只是使用EVA中隐含的简单的、基本的东西。
沃伦·巴菲特:是的。我们可以每年花一百万请顾问,来得到一个我五分钟就能得到的答案,坦率地说。我的意思是,就是——它没那么复杂。但是你能想象一个顾问过来说:“我有一个一段话的薪酬安排给你吗?”他们能给你寄一张大额咨询账单吗?当然不能。所以,他们必须把事情弄复杂,而我不相信这个。我们想要非常容易理解的东西,而且我们从来没有遇到过问题。我们从我们的经理那里得到了好结果。我们从经理那里得到好结果的主要原因,你知道,是他们喜欢打出0.400的高水平。他们喜欢打出0.400并且得到公平的报酬,但他们——打出0.400这件事对他们来说,是生活中最重要的事。你知道,这有点像我们的感觉。如果我们在业务表现上获得了好的打击率,报酬是次要的。
现在,对我们的经理来说,这不应该是次要的。它必须公平,否则他们会——没有人愿意在他们觉得受到不公平对待的环境中工作,但是——这不是一个复杂的过程。而且我们确实让它们非常具体地对应他们负责的企业。我们不根据《布法罗新闻》的表现支付See’s Candy的人,反之亦然。我可以给你看美国企业界很多疯狂的薪酬体系,那实际上就是最终的效果。
28. 巴菲特不介意大型经纪商持有他的股票
沃伦·巴菲特:第七个问题。
观众:下午好。我是来自马里兰州克拉克斯维尔的保罗·巴特菲尔德。您在年报中写到了衍生品及其增长的体系性危险——衍生品带来的体系风险。一个例子是六西格玛事件,可能导致多米诺骨牌效应,危及金融公司和其他公司(可能包括经纪公司)的偿付能力和运营的风险。这是否——您认为这是否建议个人投资者,我们应该考虑不以“街道名称”持有股票?
沃伦·巴菲特:查理,你怎么——他们某种程度上已经提到了这个。在70年代初期华尔街就出现了一些多米诺效应。我认为,可以肯定的是,一些经纪公司的失败在某种程度上导致了其他公司的失败。这不是经典的多米诺骨牌情况,当然,如果你回溯这个国家一百年的历史,我们在银行方面也有过多米诺效应。任何时候,只要你有以多种方式相互关联、有大量应收账款和应付账款、有各种余额的金融机构,你总是有发生多米诺效应的危险。这在保险行业是一个因素,在银行业也是一个因素。我认为在经纪行业会少一些。我认为,如果你在任何一家大型交易所会员公司拥有现金账户中的证券,你知道,这不会让我担心。我们有很多——我有很多个人证券,你知道,存放在一家非常大的交易所会员公司,这并不会困扰我。但我的意思是,显然,有过一些小型的不可靠的公司。
而且我甚至不知道所有关于保证金账户的规则。但如果有人有权再抵押你的证券,而他们自己陷入麻烦,我不知道SIPC——有SIPC保护,但我——
查理·芒格:它不是无限的。你有责任。
沃伦·巴菲特:是的,我认为这是对的。不,我会三思而后行,是否让我所有的证券都被别人再抵押。一个现金账户。我认为现金账户是分离的,对吧,查理?
查理·芒格:是的。
沃伦·巴菲特:是的。
29. 各州不应拿纳税人的钱买股票
沃伦·巴菲特:第八个问题。
观众:下午好,巴菲特先生和芒格先生。我叫约翰·诺伍德,来自得梅因。感谢你们提供今天发言的机会。我有两个问题,一个是作为个人投资者,一个是作为州居民。第一个关于内在价值。你们能否提供一些额外的“克里夫笔记”,来解读伯克希尔·哈撒韦年报和计算股票的内在价值?我有点朦胧。第二个问题关乎公共部门投资。举个例子,爱荷华州正在考虑设立一个10亿美元的“价值基金”。如果你负责代表公众投资这笔钱,你会采用什么样的指导方针、策略和建议?代表股东与代表公众是否有显著差异?谢谢。
沃伦·巴菲特:是的,请稍微详细说明一下,因为我不熟悉那个十亿美元的——是爱荷华州真的要设立一个十亿美元的基金,代表人民投资于股票吗?
观众:这是提议中的事情。
沃伦·巴菲特:是吗?哦。查理,你怎么看?这对我来说是新事。
查理·芒格:我认为这是一个相当愚蠢的主意。(笑声和掌声)
沃伦·巴菲特:是的。他住在加利福尼亚州。所以我让他回答。我就住在边境这边,所以我——(笑)是的,我会——我的意思是,我猜爱荷华州没有债券债务,所以我不确定——他们可能不会开保证金账户。但我想,大多数州或市镇会希望让公民自己投资,不会想为了设立一个股票基金而向人们征税。所以,这在我看来是一个相当新奇的主意。查理——
查理·芒格:在加利福尼亚州,当然,投资管理合伙公司——利用各种政治捐款来钻营,获得管理州养老金基金等等的权利。这不是一个好看的场景。爱荷华州越能抑制这种情况,嗯,我认为他们过得越好。
30. 内在价值:“模糊的”,但至关重要
沃伦·巴菲特:是的。关于内在价值的问题:我不会试图在此刻提供任何公式。而且我认为,如果在买入伯克希尔的股票时,你认为有一个公式能算出精确的内在价值,那你就错了。我的意思是,这是一种非常模糊的估值,而且——从来如此。我们是——在年报中,我们设定了我们倾向于在什么水平回购股票,这给出了一个参考点。比如,如果股价低于1.2倍账面价值,而我们手头有现金或者有什么情况,我们可能会回购股票。但我们应该明确一点,这并不代表我们认为伯克希尔在净资产价值的基础上,其内在价值仅仅是1.2倍。我的意思是,我们愿意以一个低于我们对其内在价值最低估计的价格回购股票。现在,如果我们以1.1倍账面价值回购,那肯定远低于我们认为的保守的内在价值。
所以,我们给出了那个具体的数字。但这并不意味着我们认为超过1.2倍就是极度高估或类似情况。但内在价值,你知道,在伯克希尔,它会随着我们不断收购企业、随着我们的投资组合的变化而变化,但它是一个非常主观的数字。而且我可以告诉你,真的——我认为它高于账面价值——显然它远高于账面价值——但几年后会是多少?我不知道。查理?
查理·芒格:是的,对于伯克希尔来说,无形价值如此之大,以至于任何试图计算精确内在价值的人都可能得不到非常精确的结果。但我想说的是,你可以做出一个判断,即在你赚钱时,你是赚了太多还是太少,还是怎么样。如果你有非常优秀的管理者管理着优秀的企业,我认为你可以有理由认为内在价值增长得相当好。
沃伦·巴菲特:是的。我们过去的经营业绩反映在账面价值的增长上,但内在价值的增长——在我的脑海里——要快得多,因为拥有的许多企业内在价值远高于账面价值,但这是不可知的。我会说,在截至去年的35年里,我们实现了每股账面价值约22%的年复合增长率,但内在价值增长得更快。那能给我们一个线索,我们知道账面价值过去比内在价值增长得慢,所以随着时间推移,这种表现持续下去,我们可以合理地预期未来内在价值的表现会相当好,尽管绝不会像过去那样好。但这几乎是我们所能给出的最精确的描述了。我建议你密切关注年度报告中我们用来评估自己的企业细节。你可以看看我们拥有的企业。除非你对此感觉非常明智,否则可能不值得长期持有。但你不能只用一个公式。
查理·芒格:如果我们能给你一个关于伯克希尔内在价值的公式,我们就不得不把它作为一个监管披露提供出来,但那不是一个现实情况。而且那正是为什么股票是“半有效市场”之类——它们有模糊性空间。如果它太精确,我们都会很富裕。所以我们忍受它。
沃伦·巴菲特:是的。我们实际上鼓励你使用模糊性。
2003年股东大会
第6/6部分
沃伦·巴菲特:关于内在价值的问题——你知道,我们在报告中已经写过。我想没有太多补充的了。我的意思是,任何金融资产的内在价值,就是从现在到审判日之间它所产生的现金流,用一个能在所有不同可能资产之间进行等价的利率来折现。这对于石油权益、农场、公寓楼、股票、企业经营、柠檬水摊位都是如此。你必须决定哪些企业你觉得自己足够了解,能够做出某种合理的计算。这不是一门科学,但这就是内在价值。我的意思是,计算模糊并不意味着它不是正确的思考方式。而在伯克希尔,你有两个问题。一个是我们现在拥有的企业值多少钱的问题。
然后,由于我们会重新配置它们产生的所有资本,你必须决定你愿意对我们将如何使用这些资本做出什么样的假设。你可以回顾过去,大约35年前,人们可能低估了这些资本将被用来做什么,所以现在回头看,它显得非常便宜。但我们现在处于一个完全不同的游戏中,拥有巨额资本。你必须做出决定,我们产生的数十亿、数百亿、数千亿美元是否会被以一种未来能创造更多现金的方式配置。这是我和查理思考的问题,但我们无法给出任何预测。查理?
原文
WARREN BUFFETT: The question on intrinsic value — you know, we’ve written about it in reports. I don’t think there’s much additional to say. I mean, the intrinsic value of any financial asset, you know, is the stream of cash that it’ll produce between now and Judgment Day, discounted by an interest rate that equates between all the different possible assets. That’s true of an oil royalty, a farm, an apartment house, an equity, a business operation, you know, a lemonade stand. And that — you have to decide what sort of businesses that you think you can understand well enough to make a — some kind of reasonable calculation. It’s not scientific, but it is the intrinsic value. I mean the fact that it’s fuzzy to calculate doesn’t mean that it’s not the proper way to think about it. And at Berkshire, you’ve got two questions. You’ve got the question of what the businesses we own now are worth.
And then, since we redeploy all the capital they generate, you have to figure out what you’re willing to assume about what we do with the capital. And you can look back and say that, 35 years ago or so, that people perhaps underestimated what would be done with the capital that was generated, so that it looks very cheap if you look back on it now. But we’re in a whole different game now with huge amounts of capital. And you have to make a decision as to whether the billions and billions and billions of dollars we generate will be deployed in a way that creates lots more cash later on. And it’s what Charlie and I think about, but we can’t give any prediction on it. Charlie?
查理·芒格:是的,我认为考虑到企业现在的复杂性,我们的报告在帮助股东计算内在价值方面,比我了解的任何类似企业都要好。所以,我认为我们比任何人都做得好,并且我们认真地做着这件事。如果你问,“我们以后还会改进吗?”我不这么认为。
原文
CHARLIE MUNGER: Yeah, I think our reporting, considering the complexity of the enterprise as now constituted, is better than that of any similar enterprise I know, in terms of enabling a shareholder to calculate intrinsic value. So, I think we’ve done better than anybody else, and we do it conscientiously. And if you ask, “Will we improve from here?” I don’t think so.
沃伦·巴菲特:我们一直在努力做你提到的事情——但即使努力去做,我的意思是,我们给了你自己也会想要的数据。我们不知道答案,但我们知道这是你必须思考的问题。当我们购买迈凯轮、克莱顿家园时,我们就是这么做的。当我们购买任何东西时,我们都在试图展望经济未来,问:“这个企业长期能产生什么样的现金?我们对此有多确定?购买价格与此相比如何?”如果我们觉得我们得到的是——我们必须对我们的预测感觉相当好。感觉不会完美,因为我们——没有人知道确切的答案。我们必须对我们的预测感觉相当好,然后我们必须有一个与这些预测相比合理的购买价格。我们偶尔会得到一些意外的惊喜或惊吓。实际上,如果往回看很久,我们得到的惊喜比预期的要多。
但从现在开始我们不会得到它们了,主要是因为规模,也因为世界竞争更激烈了一些。查理?
原文
WARREN BUFFETT: We’ve worked hard at doing what you’re talking about, and it — but even working hard at it, I mean, we’ve given you the data we would want ourselves. We don’t know the answer, but we do know it’s what you have to think about. And we do it when we buy McLane’s, when we buy Clayton Homes. When we buy anything, we are attempting to look out into the economic future and say, “What kind of cash can this business generate over time? How sure do we feel about it? And how does the purchase price compare with that?” And if we feel we’re getting a — we have to feel fairly good about our projections. Won’t feel perfect, because we — no one knows the answer precisely. We have to feel pretty good about our projections, and then we have to have a purchase price that’s rational in relation to those. And we get some surprises in both directions. Actually, if you go way back, we’ve had more pleasant surprises than we would have expected.
But we won’t get them from this point, mostly because of size, and also because the world’s a little more competitive. Charlie?
查理·芒格:没什么补充的。
原文
CHARLIE MUNGER: Nothing more.
31. 芒格:侵权诉讼制度“疯狂”
沃伦·巴菲特:第9个问题。
原文
31. Munger: Tort lawsuit system is “crazy”
WARREN BUFFETT: Number 9.
观众:我叫维克·坎宁安,来自康涅狄格州威尔顿的股东。我之前听到你们关于“爆发”的评论。但实际上,我觉得你们两位利用投资者影响力倡导变革是值得钦佩的。你们对股票期权费用化的直言不讳促进了富有成效的讨论,不仅在美国的董事会上,更重要的是在国会山。目前,这个国家的侵权支出占GDP的比例持续上升,我认为其中很多是非生产性支出。现在他们似乎正试图将触角从烟草公司延伸到消费品公司,比如麦当劳,甚至可能还有可口可乐。有没有一个点,你们会利用巨大的影响力来促使国会推进某种全面的侵权改革?
原文
AUDIENCE MEMBER: My name is Vic Cunningham. I’m a shareholder from Wilton, Connecticut. I heard your comments earlier about popping off. But actually, I find it admirable the way you guys, the two of you, have leveraged your clout as investors to be advocates for change. You know, your outspoken comments on expensing stock options promoted, you know, productive discussions, in not only corporate boardrooms throughout this country, but more importantly on Capitol Hill. Currently, tort spending in this country continues to rise as a percentage of GDP, and I would argue a lot of that’s unproductive spending. Is there a point — and it seems like right now that, you know, they’re trying to stretch their tentacles, not only from, you know, tobacco companies but to consumer product companies like McDonald’s and possibly even Coca-Cola. Is there a point where you would use your considerable clout to try to guilt Congress into moving towards some kind of comprehensive tort reform for this country?
沃伦·巴菲特:嗯,我同情你说的。我想说,我们巨大的影响力与原告律师的影响力相比微不足道。毫无疑问——从某种程度上看,我们现有侵权制度给社会带来的摩擦成本是令人震惊的。但查理是律师。他可能比我更聪明地谈论如何修改这一点,因为也有很多错误的地方。我的意思是——看到毫无依据的股东诉讼针对任何类型的交易提起,仅仅因为有大量的董事和高级职员保险,而且他们知道人们会为了避免诉讼的麻烦而和解,这有点令人恼火。我们从不和解——但美国公司会。所以,这是一场游戏。从事这种活动的人,我认为在很多情况下,并不是出于对正义的追求,而是因为这他妈的是一个非常有利可图的游戏。
而付钱的人——通常不是从他们自己的口袋里出,所以这又回到了双方利益不对等的问题。但是,当我看到美国企业界发生的一些事情时,我当然也不希望完全摆脱原告律师——因为我认为一些可怕的事情已经发生了,人们应该付出代价。我只是希望付钱的人是做错事的人,而不是董事和高级职员保险的承保人,因为当承保人付钱,或者当公司付钱时,成本被社会化了,而做错事的人很少自掏腰包。查理,告诉我——我们如何改进侵权制度?
原文
WARREN BUFFETT: Well, I’m sympathetic to the — what you’re saying. I would say that our considerable clout is nothing compared to the clout of the plaintiffs’ lawyers. There’s no question that — in a certain way, it’s appalling when you look at the frictional costs to society of the tort system we have. But Charlie is a lawyer. He can probably speak much more intelligently than I can as to how you could modify this, because there are plenty of things wrong, too. I’ve — I mean it’s sort of infuriating to see specious shareholder suits raised on, you know, any kind of a deal, just because there’s a lot of DO — D&O insurance — and they know people will pay off rather than go through the nuisance of a suit. And we never — we don’t pay off — but corporate America does. And so, it’s a game. And the people that pursue that activity, you know, are not pursuing it, I think in many cases, because of a great pursuit of justice, but because it’s a damn profitable sort of game.
And, you know, the people that are paying. It usually doesn’t come out of their own pocket, so it gets back to that — the lack of parity in the interest of the people on both sides. But then, when I look at some of the things that have happened in corporate America, I certainly don’t want to get rid of the plaintiffs’ lawyers either — entirely — because I think some terrible things have happened and I think people should pay. I just wish the people paid rather than the D&O carriers, because when a D&O carrier pays, or when a company pays, it — the costs get socialized, and the people that did the wrong things seldom pay out of their own pockets. I — Charlie, what — tell me, how do we improve the tort system?
查理·芒格:嗯,如果你把侵权制度定义为包括劳工赔偿制度——我会这样定义——你会看到可怕的滥用。在加州,好市多大约三分之一的员工和三分之二的劳工赔偿费用。加州是一个制度化的欺诈。欺诈性的脊椎按摩师,欺诈性的律师,欺诈性的等等。他们给企业带来了巨大的负担。当然,最终工作机会会离开。我有一个朋友,把一家工厂从德克萨斯州搬走,那里的劳工赔偿费用是30%多,搬到犹他州的奥格登,降到了2%。所以,欺诈如果任其发展,会自我强化。然后你有了所有这些喜欢欺诈的律师和说客。还有脊椎按摩师和天知道什么人。所以,这是一个主要问题。在加州,情况已经变得非常糟糕,我猜测即使有三分之二的民主党立法机构,也会有一些改革。
原文
CHARLIE MUNGER: Well, if you define the tort system to include the workmen’s compensation system, which I would, you get terrible abuses. In California, Costco has about one-third of its employees and two-thirds of its workmen’s compensation expense. California is an institutionalized fraud. Fraudulent chiropractors, fraudulent lawyers, fraudulent what have you. And they put this enormous burden on business. And of course, eventually the jobs will leave. I had a friend who took a plant away from Texas where he had workmen’s compensation expense of 30-odd percent, and took it to Ogden, Utah, where it went to 2 percent. So fraud, allowed to run, builds on itself. And then you’ve got all these lawyers and lobbyists who like the fraud. And chiropractors and God knows what. And so, it’s a major problem. And in California, it’s gotten so bad that my guess is there will be some reform, even with the two-thirds Democratic legislature.
沃伦·巴菲特:你会改变什么,就股东诉讼的情况而言?
原文
WARREN BUFFETT: What would you change, in terms of the shareholder situation?
查理·芒格:嗯,那更难了,因为如果你拿最差的原告律师来说,一半时间他们在起诉行为恶劣的人。现在,他们是在一个过程中起诉,如你所说,很多钱以社会化的方式付出,并没有真正到受害者手中。所以,他们就像一个公共斥责者,从公众那里获得巨额报酬。但当然,这些案件中许多抱怨原告律师的被告,也做过一些非常令人遗憾的事情。所以,我认为这变得很难弄清楚应该做什么。目前的制度是疯狂的,我不知道如何改进它。如果你能指望政府理性且公平,你很容易改进它,但你怎么做到呢?
原文
CHARLIE MUNGER: Well, that’s harder, because if you take the worst of the plaintiffs’ lawyers, half the time they’re suing somebody that’s behaved terribly. Now, they’re suing in a process where a lot of money is paid out, as you say, on a socialized basis, and doesn’t really go to the people that were hurt. So, they’re like a public scold that gets paid an enormous sum out of the public. But certainly, a lot of the defendants in these cases that are screaming about the plaintiffs’ bar have done some very regrettable things. So, I think that gets very hard to figure out what should be done. The present system is crazy, and I don’t know how I’d improve it. You could easily improve it if you could count on government being rational and fair, but how do you do that?
沃伦·巴菲特:你会不会做一些事情,让董事和高级职员保险情况下的被告自己承担一部分赔偿?
原文
WARREN BUFFETT: Would you do anything toward making the people who are defendants in D&O situations pay any portion of it themselves or not?
查理·芒格:我认为如果美国没有董事和高级职员保险,总体上会有很大的改善。零。我认为人们——(掌声)——会表现得更好。反对的论点是你永远找不到任何有资产的人愿意在董事会任职。但我猜测,即使考虑到这个小问题,总体而言,这个制度也会比现在更好。
原文
CHARLIE MUNGER: I think there would be a great improvement, net, in Omaha — in America — if there were no D&O insurance. Zero. I think people — (applause) — would behave a lot better. The counterargument is you’d never get anybody with any money who was willing to serve on a board. But my guess is that, net, even after taking into account that little problem, the system would work better than the present one.
32. “从破产中购买东西很难”
沃伦·巴菲特:第10个问题。
原文
32. “It’s tough to buy things out of bankruptcy”
WARREN BUFFETT: Number 10.
观众:约翰·高斯,佛罗里达州基韦斯特。您去年提到对从破产中购买公司感到沮丧。根据您过去的经验,您对法院不允许伯灵顿竞标中的分手费感到惊讶吗?
原文
AUDIENCE MEMBER: John Goss (PH), Key West, Florida. You mentioned last year your frustration with buying companies out of bankruptcy. Were you surprised, from your past experience, that the court would not allow a breakup fee regarding your Burlington bid?
沃伦·巴菲特:这是个好问题。我们向法院提交了报价。管理层同意了我们的报价,我们在伯灵顿工业的破产程序中提交了报价。我们的报价是5亿多美元。我们提供了一个——所谓的分手费。我马上会说到这个,但我认为是1400万美元。实际上,当我们提交那个5亿多美元的报价时,我们的报价必须保持有效好几个月。所以实际上,通过做出这个报价,我回到了我之前关于期权价值的说法。用1400万美元,我们告诉伯灵顿的债权人,在可能四五个月的时间里,他们可以按我们的价格把那个生意卖给我们,或者,在相当长的时间里,他们可能为它得到更多的钱。在我看来,这对于一个看跌期权来说是一个非常低的价格。事实上,这是一个不足的价格,但在破产程序中它已经成为一种惯例百分比。
法院说这作为分手费,或者我所说的看跌期权费,收得太多了,所以他们制定了一个新程序,这会导致伯灵顿在几个月后卖给遵循这个新程序的人。我认为——坦率地说,我认为1400万美元是不足的,但它大致在许多案件中被允许的范围内。但我们绝不会在破产之外同意那样一笔钱来承担那种风险。这根本说不通。世界变化太大了。如果你看看企业的价值,以纽约证券交易所的衡量标准,你会看到一年内百分之百的波动。为了2%或3%的收益,在一个艰难行业的生意上以固定价格承诺5亿多美元,我的意思是,这——这不太合理。我做了,所以——但它被拒绝了。我们不会——我们不会参与一个我们将竞标数亿美元、并且我们的报价必须保持有效的过程。
而且,如果——你知道,如果发生世界贸易中心灾难,或者加州发生地震,或者证券交易所暂停交易,或者各种各样的事情,我们的报价放在那里,而我们只得到了500万美元或类似的报酬。对我来说这根本说不通。所以,从破产中购买东西很难,尽管我们已经做了两次。两次情况都很好。但随后我们第三次尝试了伯灵顿,我们花费了相当多的时间和金钱来准备那个报价。花了好几周和不少钱,但它没有被接受。所以,你知道,当我回顾这些经历时,我对自己说,和沃尔玛做交易要容易得多,我和他们谈了一个小时,我们握手,交易就成了。
或者我们去年做的其他交易,比如一两天内买下北方天然气,或者几天内买下克恩河管道,或者我们买下的各种业务。而破产,我认为它可能是程序中必要的一部分。我的意思是,你必须遵守破产法。但我会说这是一种非常笨拙的购买企业的方式。如果我们必须提交报价,并且这些报价必须在人们可以超过我们的情况下保持有效好几个月,而只得到1%的费用来提供那种看跌期权,我们将不会提交很多报价。查理?
原文
WARREN BUFFETT: That’s a good question. We submitted a bid to the court. The management agreed to our offer and we submitted a bid in the bankruptcy of Burlington Industries. And our bid was 500-and-some million dollars. And we provided a — what’s called a breakup fee. I’ll get to that in a second, but I think it was $14 million. Now really, when we submit that bid of 500-and-some-odd million, our bid has to remain outstanding for a good many months. So in effect, by making that bid, I get back to the earlier statements I made about option value. For $14 million, we were telling the creditors of Burlington that, for a period of maybe four months or five months, that they could sell us that business for our number or, for a considerable period, they could get more money for it. Now that is a very low price, in my view, for a put. In fact, it’s an inadequate price, but it’s become sort of a customary percentage in terms of bankruptcy proceedings.
The court said that that was too much to charge as a breakup fee, or what I would call a put fee, and so they have set up a new procedure, which will result in Burlington getting sold some months from now to people who follow this new procedure. I think that — I frankly think 14 million is inadequate, but it’s roughly in the range of what has been allowed in many cases. But we would never agree to that sort of a sum for that sort of exposure, outside of bankruptcy. It just doesn’t make any sense. The world changes too much. If you look at the value of businesses, as measured on the New York Stock Exchange, you’ll see fluctuations of a hundred percent in a year. And for 2 or 3 percent, to commit 500-and-some million dollars at a fixed price for a business in a tough industry, I mean that’s — that does not make a lot of sense. I did it, so — but it got rejected. We would not — we will not participate in a procedure where we’re going to bid hundreds of millions of dollars and where our bid has to remain outstanding.
And if the — you know, if there’s a twin — if there’s a World Trade Center disaster, or there’s an earthquake in California, or there’s a suspension of trading on the stock exchange, or all kinds of things, that our bid sits out there and we’ve gotten paid $5 million or something for it. It just doesn’t make any sense to me. So, it’s tough to buy things out of bankruptcy, although we’ve done it twice now. And both situations have worked out well. But then we tried it a third time with Burlington, and we spent a considerable amount of time and money generating that bid. Weeks and weeks and a good many dollars, and it wasn’t accepted. So, you know, when I look at these experiences, I say to myself it’s a lot easier to make a deal with Walmart, where I talk with them for an hour and we shake hands and we got a deal.
Or the other deals we’ve made in the last year where we buy Northern Natural in a day or two, or where we buy Kern River Pipeline in a few days, or the various businesses we’ve bought. And bankruptcy, I think it’s probably a necessary part of the procedure. I mean you have to comply with bankruptcy laws. But I would say it’s a very awkward way to buy a business. And if we have to submit bids that will remain outstanding for many months when people can top us, and only have a 1 percent fee for giving that sort of a put, we will not be making many bids. Charlie?
查理·芒格:嗯,我们知道,从我们的角度来看,一个没有那笔适度的2%承诺费的交易是不合理的。法院有不同的看法,他认为数字应该不同。谁知道呢。我们看看结果如何。
原文
CHARLIE MUNGER: Well, we know it was unreasonable, from our point of view, to have a transaction that didn’t have that modest 2 percent commitment fee in it. The court had a different view, and he thought that the figure should have been different. And who knows. We’ll see how it all works out.
33. “我们喜欢重仓介入”购买股票时
沃伦·巴菲特:第1个问题。
原文
33. “We like to go in heavy” when buying a stock
WARREN BUFFETT: Number 1.
观众:先生们,我是来自澳大利亚悉尼的韦恩·彼得斯。我的问题关于股票权重调整。您能否描述一下您的思考过程,首先,在决定一项新投资中的承诺权重水平时?我指的是有价证券。其次,您对潜在权重调整的看法。您的记录,尤其是在早期而不是现在,表明平均而言,您要么持有一只股票,要么不持有,尽管偶尔您会加仓和减仓。
原文
AUDIENCE MEMBER: Gentlemen, Wayne Peters from Sydney, Australia. My question goes to stock reweightings. Could you describe your thought process in, firstly, determining your commitment weighting level in a new investment? Now, marketable securities is what I’m referring to. And secondly, your thoughts on potential reweighting. Your record, and clearly in the earlier days as opposed to now, would indicate that on average, you’re either in a stock or out of it, though on occasion you’ve topped up and lightened up.
沃伦·巴菲特:查理?让你回答这个问题。(笑声)
原文
WARREN BUFFETT: Charlie? I’ll let you have one. (Laughs)
查理·芒格:我没有完全理解那个问题。
原文
CHARLIE MUNGER: I didn’t fully understand that question.
观众:查理,我只是在说,您在初始对一个有价证券投资做出承诺时,是如何决定投入5%、10%、还是15%的仓位的。您最初决定做多重仓位的。
原文
AUDIENCE MEMBER: Charlie, I was just referring to how you make an initial commitment to a marketable security investment, in regards to making it maybe a 5, 10, 15 percent commitment. How heavy you decide to go into a position, initially.
查理·芒格:嗯,我们通常不喜欢小仓位。
原文
CHARLIE MUNGER: Well, we ordinarily don’t like small positions.
沃伦·巴菲特:是的,我们喜欢重仓介入。我的意思是,如果我们想通过股市投资一家企业,我们想投入很多钱。你知道,我们不相信这个一点,那个一点。所以,以我们目前的规模,我们主要受到所需数量的可用性的限制,而不是根据总组合的某个百分比来限制自己。我无法——我很难想起有哪只股票我们停止买入,除非是因为我们会碰到某个10%的限制,使我们面临短线利润责任或成为内部人士之类的事情。但我们几乎从不想停止。是这样吧,查理?
原文
WARREN BUFFETT: Yeah, we like to go in heavy. I mean, if we want to invest in a business through the stock market, we want to put a lot of money in. You know, we do not believe in a little of this and a little of that. So, at our present size, we’re limited primarily by the availability of the quantity we want, rather than restricting ourselves based on some percentage of a total portfolio. I can’t — it’s very hard for me to think of a stock we quit on, in terms of buying, except because we were going to run into some 10 percent limit where we would get liable for short-swing profits or become insiders or that sort of thing. But we almost never want to quit. Isn’t that right, Charlie?
查理·芒格:嗯,除非价格上涨。
原文
CHARLIE MUNGER: Well, not unless the price goes up.
沃伦·巴菲特:是的。当然,那是我们犯大错的地方。我的意思是,我们——或者说,我实际上犯了大错。有几次,我们足够了解可以买的东西,它们在我们的能力圈内,我们本可以买入大量股票,只是因为它涨了一点,然后因为价格我们退缩了。我们退缩不是因为不想投入超过X美元。如果我们发现一个想法,想投入5亿美元,如果能投入30亿或40亿,我们可能更高兴。好主意太稀缺了,一旦找到,就不应吝啬。
原文
WARREN BUFFETT: Yeah. And of course that’s where we made our big mistakes. I mean we have — or I’ve made the big mistakes, actually. I — There have been a couple of things that we knew enough to buy, that were in our circle of competence, where we could have bought lots of stock, except it went up a little bit and then we faded because of price. We didn’t fade because we didn’t want to put more than X dollars in. If we find an idea that we want to put $500 million in, we probably would be even happier if we could put 3 or 4 billion in. Good ideas are too scarce to be parsimonious with once you find them.
查理·芒格:是的,在喜诗糖果公司勉强避免了不愿出高价的错误之后,我们在有价证券上又犯了几次同样的该死的错误。我们显然学得很慢。(笑声)
原文
CHARLIE MUNGER: Yeah, having narrowly averted the mistake of being unwilling to pay up at See’s Capital [Candies], we’ve gone on and made the same damn mistake several times, with respect to marketable securities. We evidently learn very slowly. (Laughter)
沃伦·巴菲特:这也让我们损失了无数个、无数个、无数个十亿美元。
原文
WARREN BUFFETT: It’s cost us many, many, many billions of dollars, too.
查理·芒格:那些是机会成本的数十亿。它们不会出现在财务报表上,但伯克希尔·哈撒韦总部愚蠢决策所损失的钱是惊人的。(笑声)
原文
CHARLIE MUNGER: Those are opportunity cost billions. They don’t show up on the financial statements, but the amount of money that’s been blown by dumb decisions at headquarters at Berkshire Hathaway is awesome. (Laughter)
沃伦·巴菲特:说得好。
原文
WARREN BUFFETT: Well said.
查理·芒格:是的。(笑声)
原文
CHARLIE MUNGER: Yeah. (Laughter)
34. 短期利率不影响投资决策
沃伦·巴菲特:第2个问题。
原文
34. Short-term rates don’t affect investment decisions
WARREN BUFFETT: Number 2.
观众:你好,我是来自亚特兰大的史蒂夫·卡斯贝尔。我的问题涉及利率。当你在低利率时期计算企业的内在价值时,比如现在,你会使用更高的折现率来考虑未来的更高利率吗?另外,你是否会看公司的自由现金流收益率与当前利率的比较?如果我还能听听你对股息减税的看法。如果奇迹发生,政治家们逻辑思考并取消了股息税,伯克希尔会支付股息吗?
原文
AUDIENCE MEMBER: Hi, I’m Steve Casbell (PH) from Atlanta. My question involves interest rates. When you calculate the intrinsic value of a business in a period of low interest rates, like we have currently, do you use a higher discount rate to factor in higher rates in the future? And also, when — do you ever look at a company’s free cash flow yield relative to current rates? And if I could also get your thoughts on the dividend tax cut. If, by some miracle, the politicians think logically and get rid of the dividend taxes, would Berkshire ever pay a dividend?
沃伦·巴菲特:关于折现率的问题,我们使用相同的折现——我的意思是理论上——我们对所有证券使用相同的折现率,因为如果你真的知道它们将产生的现金,那就可以了。我们可能在估计某些证券的现金回报时更为保守,但我们使用的折现率是常数。现在,就我们投入资金的地方而言,你知道,我们不想利用短期利率是1.25%这个事实,就认为收益率3%或4%的东西是一笔好交易。所以我们在心里有一个最低门槛,低于它——我们不愿投入资金。无论利率是6%或7%,还是3%或4%,或者短期利率是1%,我们都不愿投入资金。我们不希望仅仅因为比短期利率或低政府利率好一点,就被锁定在低利率的长期投资中。
所以,我们心里有最低门槛。我无法精确告诉你它们是多少,但它们比当前政府利率高得多。在其他时候,我们很乐意持有政府债券,只是因为我们认为它们提供了足够有吸引力的利率。当我们审视一家企业时,我们是打算永远持有它。我们希望确保获得足够的资本回报。我们不认为当前短期利率是足够的,但我们宁愿等待一段时间,也不愿因为30天利率很低而稍稍妥协,开始接受30年的低利率。
原文
WARREN BUFFETT: The question on discount rates, we use the same discount — I mean in theory — we would use the same discount rate across all securities, because if you really knew the cash they were going to produce, you know, that would take care of it. We may be more conservative in estimating the returns of cash from some, but the discount rate we would use is a constant. Now, in terms of where we commit, you know, we don’t want to use the fact that short-term rates are 1 1/4 percent to think that something that yields us 3 percent or 4 percent is a good deal. So we sort of have a minimum threshold in our mind about which we’re — below which — we’re unwilling to commit money. And we’re unwilling to commit it whether interest rates are 6 or 7 percent, or whether they’re 3 or 4 percent, or whether they’re, on a short-term basis, 1 percent. We just — we don’t want to get hooked into long-term investments at low rates just because they’re a little bit better than short rates would be or low Government rates would be.
So, we have minimum thresholds in our mind. I can’t tell you precisely what they are, but they’re a whole lot higher than present Government rates would be. And at other times, we’d be very happy owning Governments, just because we feel that they offer attractive enough rates. I would — when we’re looking at a business, we’re looking at holding it forever. And we want to be sure we’re getting an adequate return on capital. We don’t regard what we can get on shortterm rates now as adequate, but we’ll still sit in — rather than bend a little bit and start settling for lower rates for 30 years because rates for 30 days are so low, we would rather just sit it out and wait a while.
35. 股息应该征税
沃伦·巴菲特:关于股息税——你知道,我以前用过这个例子,但我支付给联邦政府的收入比例和我的秘书差不多。现在,我支付所得税的税率比她高。我的边际税率比她高很多。但她支付的社会保障税比我多得多,因为我只对收入的前面,比如7万或8万美元支付。所以,她支付的总金额——包括公司为她支付的和她自己支付的——大约是她收入的12%或13%左右。所以,我们两人每年支付给联邦政府的收入比例最终相当接近。如果伯克希尔宣布10亿美元的股息,我的份额是3.3亿美元,而且像布什政府最初建议的那样是免税的——那将是免税的。我的意思是,伯克希尔有很多应税收入。你知道,我支付给联邦政府的比例可能只有她支付比例的十分之一。
现在,我可以就结构不应决定税率这一事实进行论证。即S分章公司、C分章公司、合伙企业以及所有这些实体,税法应该对它们保持中立。我过去也做过这类论证。但我心里找不到任何论据能说明,我拥有了一切——你知道,我一生中所有的运气——我出生时就以某种方式被设定,使我能够赚很多钱。坦率地说,在1930年,就赚钱的可能性而言,生为男孩比生为女孩更好。现在可能仍然如此,但程度不同。我的意思是,如果一年内我支付给联邦政府的收入比例只有我秘书的十分之一——这对我而言,鉴于社会回馈给我的东西,这简直是在尖声抗议不公正。(掌声)所以我不支持布什的计划。查理?
原文
35. Dividends should be taxed
WARREN BUFFETT: The tax on dividends — you know, I’ve used this illustration before, but I’m paying about the same percentage of my income to the federal government as my secretary does. Now, I pay more in income tax rates than she does. I pay a higher marginal tax rate, by some margin, than she does. But she pays way more in Social Security taxes than I do, because I only pay on the first whatever it is, 70,000 or 80,000 of income. And so, she is paying, between what we pay at the company for her and what she pays, we’re paying 12 percent or 13 percent or whatever it is of that. So, we both end up paying fairly similar percentages of our income to the federal government every year. If Berkshire were to declare a billion-dollar dividend, and my share of it was 330 million, and it were tax-free as the Bush people originally suggested — and it would be tax-free. I mean, we have lots of taxable earnings at Berkshire. You know, I might be paying 1/10th of the rate to the federal government of my income that she would be.
Now, I can make the argument about the fact that structure shouldn’t govern tax rates. That Subchapter S, and Subchapter C, and partnerships, and all of these things, that the tax codes should be neutral between them. And I’ve made those kind of arguments in the past. But I can make no argument in my mind that says that I, with everything that — you know, all the luck I’ve had in life, you know, I was wired a certain way at birth that enabled me to make a lot of money. And, frankly, it was better to be born a boy than a girl, in terms of money-making possibilities, in 1930. And probably still is, but not to the same degree. I mean the fact that I would send 1/10th the portion of my income in a year to the federal government that my secretary would, I — it just — it screams at injustice to me, in terms of what the society gives back to me. (Applause) So I am not for the Bush plan. Charlie?
查理·芒格:嗯,我同意你的看法。即使假设如果我们从未陷入这种对公司收益的双重征税制度,整个经济会运行得更好——我不认为这是明确的——即使你假设这一点,我认为当你生活在一个充满嫉妒、怨恨等等的民主国家时,让最幸运的人几乎不支付所得税,我认为这是不可接受的。我认为在这些安排中必须有某种公平,即使有理论上的争论说经济可能以其他方式运行得稍微好一点。
原文
CHARLIE MUNGER: Well, I agree with you. Even if you assume that the whole economy would work better if we’d never gotten into this double-taxation system on corporate earnings, which I don’t think is a clear thing anyway. But even if you assume that, I think when you live in a democracy where there’s lots of envy and resentment and what have you, to have the absolutely most fortunate people paying practically no income taxes, I just think it’s unacceptable. I think there has to be some fairness in some of these arrangements, even if there’s some theoretical argument that the economy might work a little better some other way.
沃伦·巴菲特:是的,现在有个人退休账户,对于有少量股息的人来说显然效果很好。他们在很长时间内获得税收递延,这有巨大的好处。免除股息税的主要好处将落在我和查理这样的人身上,你知道。这不会刺激经济。会刺激我们,但是——(笑声)这将导致我们向华盛顿缴纳的收入比例,与在我们的鞋厂工作的人们相比,非常小。你知道,当有人说,“爷爷,你在战争期间做了什么?”我不确定我想向他们解释这个。
原文
WARREN BUFFETT: Yeah, there are IRAs now, obviously, that work very well for people with modest amounts of dividends. That they — they’re getting tax deferred for a very long period of time, which has huge benefits. The big benefits of exempting dividends would go to fellows like me and Charlie, you know. And that’s not going to stimulate the economy. It’s going to stimulate us, but — (Laughter) And it’s going to result in us sending a very small percentage of the income — of our income — to Washington compared to what the people, you know, working in our shoe factories send. And that — you know, when somebody says, you know, “What did you do during the war, Grandpa?” I’m not sure that’s what I want to explain to them.
36. 为什么伯克希尔要求至少10%的回报
沃伦·巴菲特:第3个问题。
原文
36. Why Berkshire wants at least a 10 percent return
WARREN BUFFETT: Number 3.
观众:下午好。我是来自弗吉尼亚州阿灵顿的帕特里克·沃尔夫。查理,我忍不住告诉你,实际上我就是那个蒙眼下棋的人。
原文
AUDIENCE MEMBER: Good afternoon. I’m Patrick Wolff from Arlington, Virginia. Charlie, I can’t resist telling you that I’m actually the fellow who plays the chess games blindfolded.
沃伦·巴菲特:是的。
原文
WARREN BUFFETT: Yeah.
观众:所以,我期待明天在那里看不到你。(笑声)
原文
AUDIENCE MEMBER: So, I look forward to not seeing you there tomorrow. (Laughter)
查理·芒格:没错。
原文
CHARLIE MUNGER: Right.
观众:我实际上有一个两部分的问题。我想请您详细说明一下您是如何思考机会成本的。我想我会非常详细地阐述刚才最后一个问题。首先,在年度报告中,您明确表示在考虑普通股时,您寻求10%的税前股权回报率。我认为您之前谈过如何从那里推导出5%到6%的税后回报,然后再加上通货膨胀,再加上税收。我的第一个问题是,您如何根据不同的时期调整这个必要回报率?例如,当利率较高时。您是否在不同的时期寻求不同的股权溢价回报?我的第二个问题是,沃伦,您刚才说您实际上会对所有股票应用相同的折现率。我相信您知道现代金融学实际上建议您不应该这样做——您应该考虑现金流的时间以及尤其与一般市场的协方差。
现在,您已经强调过,当您思考风险时,您主要将风险视为是否能获得您预测的现金流。有点像是分子风险,如果您用折现现金流来思考的话,我认为这里的每个人都会承认——您的成果不言自明——这很可能是一种非常有效的思考风险的方式。但是考虑现金流的时间也有真正的经济成本。它可能是一个小得多的成本,但它仍然是一个真实的成本。例如,我可能会建议您考虑一个人在决定两份工作。工作完全相同,这个人期望从每份工作中获得相同金额的钱,但有一个区别。区别在于一份工作在经济低迷时支付更多,另一份工作在经济繁荣时支付更多。现在,如果他问您哪份工作实际上更值钱,我的猜测是您会告诉他,在经济低迷时支付更多的那份工作。
原因是,如果他通过兼职或做其他事情来赚更多钱,在经济好的时候会容易得多。这就是为什么考虑现金流产生时间与整体市场协方差这一想法背后的基本逻辑。这是一个真实的成本,即使它很难衡量,即使它比分子风险(即获得实际现金流的风险)更小,因为它是一个真实的成本,我想您一定考虑过它。所以,我的第二个问题是您如何考虑它?如果您决定不考虑,为什么?
原文
AUDIENCE MEMBER: I actually have a two-part question. I’d like to ask you to elaborate a bit how you think about opportunity costs. And I’m — I think I’m going to be elaborating very much on the very last question that was asked. First of all, in the annual report you say explicitly that you look for a 10 percent pretax return on equity, in looking at common stocks. And I think you talked earlier about how you built up from that for 5 to 6 percent after-tax return, and then you layer on inflation, and then layer on taxes. My first question would be, how do you adjust that required rate of return across periods of time? So, for example, when interest rates are higher. And do you look for a different equity premium return over different periods of time? My second question would be, Warren, you just said that you actually would apply the same discount rate across the stocks. And I’m sure you know that modern finance actually suggests that you should not do that — that you should be thinking about the timing of cash flows and, in particular, the covariance with the general market.
Now, you’ve made a point of emphasizing that when you think of risk, you think of risk primarily in terms of, will you get the cash flows that you predict you will get over time? Sort of numerator risk, if you think in terms of discounted cash flow, which I think everyone here will have to acknowledge — your results speak for themselves — has probably been a very effective way of thinking about risk. But there is a true economic cost to think about the timing of cash flows as well. And it may be a much smaller cost, but it is still a real cost. I might, for example, suggest you think about somebody deciding between two jobs. The jobs are completely identical and the person expects to make the same amount of money from each job, but there’s one difference. And the difference is one job will pay him more when the economy’s in the tank, and the other job will pay him more when the economy’s going gangbusters. Now, if he asked you which job was actually worth more, my guess is you would tell him that the one that would pay him more when the economy’s in the tank.
And the reason is, if he wanted to make more money by moonlighting or doing something else, it’d be much easier when the economy’s doing better. That’s the essential logic behind the idea that you look at the covariance of when cash flows come in with the overall market. It’s a real cost, even though it is difficult to measure, and even if it is a smaller risk than numerator risk, the risk of getting the actual cash flows, since it’s a real cost, I imagine you must think about it. And so, my second question to you would be how do you think about it? And if you decide not to, why?
沃伦·巴菲特:首先,我想说,帕特里克,我们感谢你的到来,因为帕特里克——我不知道多少年了,但已经很多年了,他自愿在周日来下棋。我想他同时和大约六个人下棋,蒙着眼睛。听到你的问题,你就能理解他是怎么做到的。(笑声)但是帕特里克,以及(桥牌冠军)鲍勃·哈曼,今年还有(拼字冠军)彼得·莫里斯和(双陆棋冠军)比尔·罗伯蒂,他们都来了。周日我们这里有这些非凡的才能。对于那些喜欢他们玩的各种游戏的人来说,他们奉献一个下午,不要求任何回报。所以,我们真的很感激,帕特里克,我很期待明天看看你是否偷看了蒙眼罩。(笑声)关于机会成本和我们提到的10%的问题。你知道,基本上那是我们放弃的水平。
我们停止购买——我们不想购买实际预期低于10%的股票。无论短期利率是6%还是1%,这都是事实。我们只是觉得开始低于这个水平会变得非常混乱。我们还要补充一点,显然,我们也会得到至少达到那个水平、甚至可能更高的机会。所以,只是到了一个我们退出游戏的点。这是武断的。没有——我们没有科学研究或任何东西。但我敢打赌,在未来很多年里,我们或你,都能找到你了解或我们了解、并且回报概率达到10%或更高的股票。现在,一旦你找到一组在这个范围内的股票,并且抛开我们拥有的巨额资金问题,我们就会购买最吸引人的。通常这意味着我们最确定的那些,我说的是实际上的情况。
有些企业具有的经济特征使得它们的未来前景,尤其是远期前景,比其他企业更可预测。有各种各样的企业,你根本无法预测它们会赚多少,你只能忘记它们。但是当我们得到——所以,随着时间的推移,我们变得非常偏爱那些我们认为可预测性高的企业。但我们仍然想要10%的门槛回报率,这税后也不算高。查理,你想先评论一下那个问题的这一部分吗?
原文
WARREN BUFFETT: Now, first of all, I would like to say, Patrick, we appreciate you coming out, because Patrick — now, I don’t know how many years it’s been, but it’s been a number, has volunteered on Sunday to play. Now, I think he’s playing six people or so, blindfolded, simultaneously, and after hearing that question you can understand how he does it. (Laughter) But Patrick, as well as [champion bridge player] Bob Hamman, and then this year, [champion Scrabble player] Peter Morris and [champion backgammon player] Bill Robertie, all come out. And on Sunday they — we’ve got these extraordinary talents out there. And for people who like the various games they play, they devote an afternoon for it and ask nothing in return. So, I — we really appreciate it, Patrick, and I’ll look forward to seeing if you’re peeking out of your blindfold tomorrow. (Laughter) The question on opportunity costs and the 10 percent we mention. You know, basically that’s the figure we quit on.
And we quit on buying — we don’t want to buy equities where our real expectancy is below 10 percent. Now, that’s true whether short rates are 6 percent or whether short rates are 1 percent. We just feel that it would get very sloppy to start dipping below that. And we would add, we feel also, obviously, that we will get opportunities that are at least at that level, and perhaps substantially above. So, there’s just a point at which we drop out of the game. And it’s arbitrary. There’s no — we have no scientific studies or anything. But I will bet you that a lot of years in the future we, or you, will be able to find equities that you understand, or we understand, and that have the probability of returns at 10 percent or greater. Now, once you find a group of equities in that range, and leaving aside the problem of huge sums of money, which we have, then we just buy the most attractive. That usually means the ones we feel the surest about, I mean, as a practical matter.
There’s just some businesses that possess economic characteristics that make their future prospects, far out, far more predictable than others. There’s all kinds of businesses that you just can’t remotely predict what they’ll earn, and you just have to forget about them. But when we get — so, we have, over time, gotten very partial to the businesses where we think the predictability is high. But we still want a threshold return of 10 percent, which is not that great after-tax, anyway. Charlie, do you want to comment on that portion of that question first?
查理·芒格:是的。我认为归根结底,我们所做的一切都归结为机会成本。但在某种程度上——事实上,在相当大程度上——我们在猜测我们未来的机会成本。沃伦基本上是在说,他猜测他会在适当的时候有机会以相当有吸引力的回报率投入资金,因此,他不会现在在较低的回报上浪费很多弹药。但这是一个机会成本的计算。如果利率或多或少永久性地稳定在1%或类似水平,而沃伦重新评估他对未来机会成本的看法,他会改变数字。就像(经济学家约翰·梅纳德)凯恩斯说的,“当你改变对事实的看法时,你会做什么?嗯,你会改变你的行为。”但至少到目前为止,我们心中有门槛——基本上——它们隐含地涉及未来的机会成本。
原文
CHARLIE MUNGER: Yeah. The — I think in the last analysis, everything we do comes back to opportunity cost. But it, to some extent — in fact, to some considerable extent — we are guessing at our future opportunity cost. Warren is basically saying that he’s guessing that he’ll have opportunities in due course to put out money at pretty attractive rates of return, and therefore, he’s not going to waste a lot of firepower now at lower returns. But that’s an opportunity cost calculation. And if interest rates were to more or less permanently settle at 1 percent or something like that, and Warren were to reappraise his notions of future opportunity cost, he would change the numbers. It’s like [economist John Maynard] Keynes said, “What do you do when you change your view of the facts? Well, you change your conduct.” But so far at least, we have hurdles in our mind which are basically — well, they involve, implicitly, future opportunity cost.
沃伦·巴菲特:现在,我们160亿美元的资金以1.25%的税前收益率运作,每年是2亿美元。我们可以很容易地购买20年期政府债券,获得大约5%的收益。所以,我们可以把每年2亿美元的收入变成每年8亿美元。但我们正在做一个决定,正如查理所说,宁可暂时接受2亿美元,基于我们有朝一日能找到10%或更好机会的理论,也不愿意承诺每年8亿美元的收入,然后发现,在一两年左右,当更好的机会来临时,我们已经承诺的东西会有巨大的本金损失。但那是一一你知道,那不是——不是特别科学。但它——我所能告诉你的就是,在实践中,它似乎运作得相当好。人们——
原文
WARREN BUFFETT: Right now, with our 16 billion that’s getting 1 1/4 percent pretax, that’s $200 million a year. We could very easily buy Governments due in 20 years and get roughly 5 percent. So, we could change that 200 million a year to 800 million a year of income. And we’re making a decision, as Charlie says, that it’s better to take 200 million for a while, on the theory that we’ll find something that gives us 10 percent or better, than to commit to the 800 million a year and then find that, in a year or thereabouts, when the better opportunities came along, that what we had committed to had a big principal loss in it. But that’s — you know that’s not — it’s not terribly scientific. But it — all I can tell you is, in practice, it seems to work pretty well. People —
查理·芒格:多年前,当沃伦经营一家合伙企业时,在某种程度上我经营的合伙企业也是如此——我们在做你暗示的事情,即部分合伙资金投资于所谓的套利事件。这些投资往往在整体市场低迷时产生回报。而另类投资更倾向于模仿整体市场。所以,我们40年前就在做这种学术理论所规定的做法了。但我们没有使用现代术语。
原文
CHARLIE MUNGER: Years ago, when Warren ran a partnership, and to some extent the partnership that I ran was the — operated in the same way — we implicitly did what you’re suggesting, in that part of the partnership funds were in so-called event arbitrage investments. And those tended to generate returns, occasionally, when the market, generally, was in the tank. And alternative investments would more mimic the general market. So, we were doing what this academic theory prescribes, you know, 40 years ago. And — but we didn’t use the modern lingo.
沃伦·巴菲特:是的,我们有些偏好一直有大量资金流入。但我们确实会介入波动性很大的保险交易,这可能意味着大笔资金会在一次或很短的时间内流出。我们不会为了平滑而放弃很多可预期的回报,但如果你给我们选择,每周有资金流入,与以非常不规律的、我们不知道的方式流入的相同现值资金相比,我们会选择平滑的。但如果你给我们选择,不规律性对应更高的现值,我们会选择不规律性。通常那就是选择——我的意思是通常——我们会被提供那个选择。其他人对平滑性评价如此之高,以至于我们确实为不规律的回报获得了一个价差,在我们看来。
原文
WARREN BUFFETT: Yeah, we’ve got some preferences for having a lot of money coming in all the time. But we do go into insurance transactions with huge volatility, which could mean that a big chunk of money could go out at one time, or in a very short period of time. And we won’t give up a lot in expectable return for smoothness, but if you give us a choice of having money come in every week and the same present value of money coming in in very lumpy ways that we wouldn’t know about, we would choose the smooth. But if you give us a choice of a higher present value for the lumpiness, we will take the lumpiness. And that’s usually the choice that’s — I mean that’s usually — we get offered that choice. And other people value smoothness so highly that we do get a spread, in our view, for lumpy returns.
37. 伯克希尔为百事可乐10亿美元竞赛承保
沃伦·巴菲特:我们正在承保——然后我们将结束这个——但你会读到很多,或者你可能听到很多,也许你已经听说了,百事可乐正在举办一场比赛。他们将在九月进行抽奖。比赛经历许多小阶段,但最终,会有一个人有千分之一的机会赢得10亿美元。那10亿美元的现值可能是2.5亿美元。如果那个到达那个位置的人中了这个数字,我们将支付。我们不介意支付2.5亿美元,只要我们得到适当的报酬。那会在那一周造成糟糕的现金流。我们愿意——甚至可能两周。(笑声)我们愿意为了一笔报酬承担这个,而世界上很少有人愿意。即使是那些负担得起的人。我们甚至愿意为现值25亿美元承担。
我们希望按比例得到更多的报酬来承担那个,但查理和我,我想,会同意,如果我们得到足够的报酬,我们会接受。我们不会为250亿美元做,但我们会做一些事情,因此,你知道,我们会接到这类事情的电话。长期来看,这比面包和黄油业务更有利可图。它也可能,你知道——它可以让你在抽奖时对观看电视节目产生强烈的兴趣——(笑声)——确保谁抽到了那个号码,也是。查理,你有什么要补充的吗?那我们——
原文
37. Berkshire insures $1B Pepsi contest
WARREN BUFFETT: We are writing — and then we’re going to close this up — but you will read a lot, or you may hear a lot, maybe you’ve heard it already, Pepsi-Cola’s having a contest. They’re going to have a drawing in September. The contest goes through a lot of little phases, but in the end, there’s going to be one person who’s going to have one chance in a thousand of winning a billion dollars. That billion dollars will have a present value of maybe 250 million. If whoever gets to that position hits the number, we will pay it. And we don’t mind paying out $250 million as long as we get paid appropriately for us. And that would create bad cash flow that particular week. We’re willing to — maybe even for two weeks. (Laughter) We’re willing to assume that for a payment, and very, very few people in the world are. Even those that can afford it. We would even assume it for 2 1/2 billion, present value.
We’d want more proportionally to assume it for that, but Charlie and I, I think, would agree that we would take that on if we got paid well enough for it. We wouldn’t do it for 25 billion, but we will do things, and therefore, you know, we get the calls on that sort of thing. And that is more profitable business, over time, than bread and butter business. It also can, you know — it can lead you having an intense interest in watching the television show when the drawing takes place — (laughter) — making sure who draws the number, too. Charlie, you have anything to add? Then we’ll —
查理·芒格:是的,一旦你谈论的机会成本是针对你自己、你自己的情况和你自己能力的,你就完全背离了现代金融学。这就是我们做的。我们正在根据我们自己的情况和能力,尽可能聪明地做出这些猜测。我认为根据别人的情况和别人的能力来做是疯狂的。
原文
CHARLIE MUNGER: Yeah, once you’re talking about opportunity cost that’s personal to yourself and your own situation and your own abilities, you’ve departed from modern finance, totally. And that’s what we’ve done. We’re intelligently making these guesses, as best we can, based on our own circumstances and our own abilities. I think it’s crazy to do it based on somebody else’s circumstances and somebody else’s abilities.