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2004年股东大会

上午场

1. 欢迎致辞

沃伦·巴菲特:(掌声)谢谢。早上好。有些人可能注意到了,刚才[会前播放的]视频里用了替身。(笑声)阿诺德[施瓦辛格]有些镜头实在应付不来。(笑声)在开始之前,我要特别感谢安迪·海沃德,他今天也来到了现场,如果能找到他的话——从台上看不太清楚。安迪经营着DiC制片公司,为我们制作了那部动画片。请大家给他热烈的掌声。(掌声)安迪制作了一个非常精彩的系列节目,讲述这个国家的起源,名为《自由之子》。过去几年一直在公共电视台播出。对孩子们来说是极好的节目,对成年人也同样精彩。我自己就看过多集。今年夏天七月,这套节目将在沃尔玛上架销售,这将是特别的庆祝活动。

如果有人想为子女或孙辈挑选些好东西,我想不出比这更好的系列节目了。再次感谢安迪。同时也感谢负责整场制作的凯莉·穆奇莫尔。(掌声)这是凯莉的节目。她和你们在影片中看到的那只狗达德利——达德利是伯克希尔·哈撒韦的常客。我们没有把他算在那15.8个[总部员工]里,但她和达德利一起包办了一切。我甚至都不用操心这里会发生什么,这一点在会议过程中可能会显露出来。(笑声)她负责布置整个展览区,实际上包办了所有事情。凯莉,我不知道你具体在哪里,但无论如何,非常感谢你。(掌声)

原文

WARREN BUFFETT: (Applause) Thank you. Good morning. Some of you may have noticed a stunt man was used in that [video shown before the meeting]. (Laughter) Arnold [Schwarzenegger] just couldn’t handle some of those scenes. (Laughter) Before we get started, I’d especially like to thank Andy Heyward, who’s here today and if we can — I don’t know whether we can find him out in the crowd, it’s a little hard to see from up here. But Andy runs DiC Productions. He does that cartoon for us and let’s give him a big hand. (Applause) Andy has produced a really extraordinary series telling the story of the beginning of this country called “Liberty’s Kids.” It’s been on public broadcasting the last couple of years. It’s great for kids but it’s great for adults, too. I’ve watched a number of sessions myself. And this summer, in July, it will go on sale at Walmart, a very special celebration.

And for those of you who want to pick out something good for your children or your grandchildren, I can’t think of a better series to have them watching. And thanks again Andy. And thanks also to Kelly Muchemore who puts this whole production on. (Applause) This is Kelly’s show. She, along with that dog Dudley, who you saw in the movie — Dudley is a regular at Berkshire Hathaway. We don’t count him in the 15.8 [employees at headquarters], but she, along with Dudley, handle everything. I don’t even give a thought to what’s going to happen here, as might become evident during the meeting. (Laughter) She is responsible for putting up that whole exhibition arrangement and really the whole thing. So, Kelly, I don’t know where you are exactly, but in any event, thank you very much. (Applause)

2. 正式业务会议开始

沃伦·巴菲特:现在,我们将进行会议的业务部分。可能会比平时花稍长一点时间,请大家耐心。我先宣布会议开始。我是沃伦·巴菲特,伯克希尔·哈撒韦的董事会主席,欢迎大家参加本次会议。我旁边这位活力四射的伙伴是查理·芒格——(笑声)——副董事长。我们会度过愉快的时光,希望你们也是。我们之所以能合作,是因为他能听而我能看。我是说——(笑声)——有些时候我们连对方的名字都记不住,但我们在一起很开心。现在,任何希望对”人类生命国际”预期提出的股东提案,或任何其他与股东大会相关事宜发言的股东,请前往1号麦克风区,在我右手边的121区;或者2号区,在221区,应该是在我右手边更高的地方。让我确认一下。

是的,或者去7号区——实际上是105区——那是我左手边的7号麦克风;或者去205区,那是8号麦克风。如果你想讨论任何与会议事务相关的内容——不是之后的提问,而是与会议相关的事项——请现在就去那里,因为在这么大规模的人群中我没法认出人来。等到进行业务讨论时,我们会请任何想就业务发言的人到那些麦克风前。那将在几分钟后。业务会议休会后,我会回答你们提出的、与伯克希尔业务相关但无需在会议上采取行动的问题。去年会后我们收到一些投诉,说有些人问了包含六七个部分的问题。至少,这是我给出的理由来解释为什么我们要取消这种提问方式。更大的原因是,等你们问到第五部分时,查理和我已经记不住第一部分了。

(笑声)所以,我们请求每位只问一个问题。不要试图巧妙地把三四个问题塞进一个问句里。这样能让更多人有机会提问。每次只问一个问题,我们会依次从各个麦克风收集问题,尽可能多地回答。我们会一直进行到中午,然后休息吃午饭,大约一点回来,继续到三点半。问题百无禁忌。除了关于我们可能买入或卖出什么的问题之外,我们几乎什么都会回答。当然,你们可以自由走动,去那边买东西。我们在那儿有很多东西出售。正如我过去指出的,在查理讲话时离开比在我讲话时离开更得体,但你们可以——(笑声)——自己判断。现在,我想提醒大家,禁止对本次会议进行任何音频或视频录制。

如果有人被发现录音或录像,我们将不得不请他离开。所以,如果你们看到有人这样做,请告知附近的工作人员。因为我们使用了一些有版权的素材,比如朱迪法官允许我们使用那样的片段。但这并不打算用于任何商业用途。所以,我们要求不要进行任何录制。

原文

WARREN BUFFETT: Now, we’ll go through the business part of the meeting. And it may take a little longer than usual, but please be patient. And I’d like to start out by calling the meeting to order. I’m Warren Buffett, chairman of the board of Berkshire Hathaway, and I welcome you to this meeting. This hyperkinetic fellow next to me is Charlie Munger — (laughter) — the vice chairman. And we will have a good time, and I hope you do, too. We work together because he can hear and I can see. I mean, it’s — (laughter) — there are times where we can’t remember each other’s name, but we have a lot of fun together. Now, any shareholder who wishes to speak regarding the shareholder proposal expected to be presented by Human Life International, or any other matters germane to the shareholder’s meeting, should now go to microphone zone 1, which is in section 121 over on my right. Or section 2, which is at section 221, I believe that’s higher up on my right. And — let me see if I have that right.

Yeah, or go to section 7, which is — or section 105 — which is microphone 7 on my left. Or to section 205, which is microphone 8. If you’ll go to — if you’re going to want to talk about anything concerning the business of the meeting, not the questions afterwards, but just that relates to the matters germane to the meeting, please go there now, because I’m not going to be able to spot people in a crowd this size. And when it comes time to do the business, we’re going to ask anybody that cares to speak up on the business to be at those microphones. And that will be in just a couple of minutes. Now after adjournment of the business meeting, I’ll respond to questions that you may have that relate to the businesses of Berkshire but that don’t call for any action at the meeting. We had some complaints after last year that some people were asking six or seven-part questions. At least, that’s the reason I’m giving that we’re eliminating those. The bigger reason is Charlie and I can’t remember the first part by the time you get to the fifth part.

(Laughter) So, we are asking you to ask only one question. And don’t try to get too clever about working three or four into a single question. And that will give more people a chance to get their questions asked. Only one question at a time and we will go around from microphone to microphone and get as many in as we can. Now, we’re going to do this until noon and then we’ll take a break for lunch and we’ll come back about one and we’ll continue until 3:30. And anything goes on the questions. We’ll answer almost anything, except questions about what we may be buying or selling. You’re free, of course, to wander around, go over and buy things. You know, we have a lot of things for sale over there. It’s — as I’ve pointed out in the past, it’s better form to leave while Charlie is speaking than when I’m speaking, but you can — (laughter) — use your own judgment on that. Now, I do want to remind you that any audio or video recording of this meeting is prohibited.

That if anybody’s seen recording the proceedings, we will have to ask you to leave. So, if you see anybody doing that, we would appreciate it if you would just inform one of the staff personnel around. Because there’s certain copyrighted material that we use and people, like Judge Judy, give us permission to use a segment like that. But it’s not intended to be used in any commercial way. So, we do ask that no recording take place.

3. 董事介绍

沃伦·巴菲特:现在,我首先介绍在场的伯克希尔·哈撒韦董事,除了我和查理之外。下面我会念到各位董事的名字,请他们起立,并请大家先不要鼓掌——(笑声)——等全部介绍完再鼓掌。我不知道加州公务员退休基金的人今天有没有到场的,他们可以在会议进行中表达自己的看法。(笑声)台上看不太清楚,所以当我念到名字时请站起来,并保持站立直到结束,到时看看大家会不会给你们鼓掌。苏珊·T·巴菲特。霍华德·G·巴菲特。马尔科姆·G·蔡斯。大卫·S·戈特斯曼——桑迪今天有事冲突。我猜是孙女的成人礼,所以他明天会来参加周一董事会议。夏洛特·盖曼。唐纳德·R·基奥。托马斯·S·墨菲。罗纳德·L·奥尔森,以及小沃尔特·斯科特。现在你们可以尽情鼓掌了。(掌声)

原文

WARREN BUFFETT: Now, I’ll first introduce the Berkshire Hathaway directors that are present, in addition to myself and Charlie. Now, I’ll ask the directors to stand as their names are read and ask that you withhold applause, if any — (laughter) — until all are introduced. We have — I don’t know whether we have anybody here from CalPERS, but they can register their own views as we go along. (Laughter) And it is difficult to see from here, so if you’ll just stand as I mention your name and remain standing until the end, when we will see whether you get any applause. Susan T. Buffett. Howard G. Buffett. Malcolm G. Chace. David S. Gottesman — Sandy had a conflict today. There’s a bat mitzvah, I believe, for a granddaughter, so he’s coming in tomorrow for our director’s meeting on Monday. Charlotte Guyman. Donald R. Keough. Thomas S. Murphy. Ronald L. Olson, and Walter Scott Jr. And now you can go crazy. (Applause)

4. 向审计师提出四个问题

沃伦·巴菲特:今天与我们同在的还有德勤会计师事务所的合伙人,他们是我们的审计师。他们将回答大家可能提出的、关于他们审计伯克希尔账目的相关问题。关于这一点,我要报告的是,在2004年3月2日举行的伯克希尔审计委员会会议上,德勤会计师事务所回答了我建议所有审计委员会向独立会计师提出的四个问题。我们马上就把这些内容展示出来。关于伯克希尔,问题和审计师的回答将显示在接下来的幻灯片上。我想提一下,我真的认为这些问题应该向所有审计师提出,至少每年一次,甚至每个季度一次。我真的认为,如果多年来一直遵循这种程序——查理,别把它们全吃了。(笑声)——如果多年来一直遵循这种程序,美国企业界的问题会少得多。我的意思是,多年来,特别是在九十年代,坦率地说,我认为审计师的警惕性有所下降。

正如我所说,关键在于让审计师更担心审计委员会,而不是更担心管理层。很自然,当他们实际上是由管理层雇佣、经常见到管理层、却很少见到审计委员会时,听从管理层的意见会比听取审计委员会的意见更有诱惑力。但我认为,如果问出这些问题——如果回答被记录在案——将对行为产生非常有益的影响。因为一旦记录在案,就意味着审计师——意味着他们得负责任。我曾在许多董事会任职,事后回顾,我看到有些问题溜过去了,我真希望当时审计师能提醒我注意。所以我们有这四个问题。如果能把第一个问题放出来——我想解释一点。放出来了吗?是的。你们可以阅读问题,下面是我们逐一展示的审计师对这些问题的回答。

你们会注意到,第一个问题中有一项——顺便说一句,这要感谢一位股东,我想他稍后会发言——是他建议我们在会议上实际展示这些内容。我认为这是个好建议。而且如果更多公司这样做,那将是个好主意。所以我感谢他的建议。主要的项目,按照审计师的定义虽然不重大,但我们持有不同意见并采用了一种方法——实际上已经改变了——涉及购买人寿保险单,或者说为购买人寿保险单的人提供再保险,即所谓的”疾病保单贴现”业务。我们在这方面有一项业务。未来这项业务可能还会更大。具体情形是,某人——通常是老年人——持有一份人寿保险单,他们宁愿自己现在拿到钱,而不是死后让继承人获得。所以他们想提前兑现。如你所知,人寿保险单通常有现金退保价值。

有时这些现金退保价值相对于保单的精算价值来说相当低。所以有时这些人想出售保单。前几天我们遇到一个案例,一位79岁的女士持有一份约7500万美元的保单。我从未见过她,但她一定是个了不起的女人——(笑声)那份保单的现金退保价值是200万美元。显然,即使对于一位健康状况极佳的79岁老人来说,这也不是一笔足够的金额。但她希望自己拿到现金,而不是最终去世后留给继承人。所以我们支付了——实际上我们为别人做的这笔交易提供了再保险,我们只承担了50%,但我会用100%的数字来举例。我们再保险——我们以1000万美元买下了那份保单。根据会计准则——公认会计原则——建议我们立即将该保单减记至200万美元的现金退保价值。显然,我们认为它值1000万美元,否则我们今天不会支付1000万美元。

但规则,随着越来越明确,要求立即减记。我碰巧认为这个规则是错误的。但去年年底,适用于这类保单的总金额为7300万美元,反映的是我们的购买价格而非现金退保价值。在2004年第一季度,我们在这一领域的活动有所增加——我们提供再保险的对象增加了他们的活动,所以我们获得了我们的50%份额。这个金额——第一季度大约为3000万美元。所以,尽管我们认为它不正确,我们还是采用了公认会计原则。你们会在伯克希尔第一季度报告中看到去年7300万美元加上今年第一季度3000万美元的扣减。信不信由你,这将被记入已实现资本利得。所以,通过在某一天以X价格购买这些保单,然后立即大幅减记,这就在我们的账面上变成了已实现资本损失。稍后,我们预计会从这些保单中获得完全令人满意的回报。这就是审计师在回答第一个问题时所提到的主要项目。

现在,如果我们看第二个问题。你们有时间阅读。我喜欢这个问题的提出方式。我读过很多报告,其中的脚注即使我反复读几遍,仍然不知道发生了什么。在伯克希尔,我们尽量用简单易懂的英语写所有内容,并尽量在信函正文中解释那些如果只看数字可能会给人错误印象、或者人们可能无法辨别的事情。因为伯克希尔变得如此庞大——合并报表中各种项目都混在一起,我认为分开来看更有帮助。我们每年都会努力——以最有用的方式分解数字和信息,同时又不会像《世界百科全书》那样冗长。第三项很简单。第四项涉及在1990年代美国企业界变得非常普遍的做法,即把数字从一个季度挪到另一个季度,或者从一年挪到另一年。我见过很多这种情况。这是欺骗性的。

我喜欢谷歌那两位前几天说的话,他们基本上是说,如果数字到了他们手里时是参差不齐或异常的,那么到了公众面前也应该是参差不齐或异常的。如果有什么原因需要解释为什么它们参差不齐,管理层应该解释。但有一件事他们不应该做,那就是开始玩弄季度与季度或年度与年度的数字游戏。这变得非常流行。我希望这种情况正在得到缓和,我们将继续——每年,我们都会在会议上向大家提出这些问题,并报告审计师的回答。

原文

WARREN BUFFETT: Also with us today are partners in the firm of Deloitte & Touche, our auditors. They are available to respond to appropriate questions you might have concerning their firm’s audit of the accounts of Berkshire. In that regard, I wish to report that at Berkshire’s audit committee meeting held on March 2nd, 2004, Deloitte & Touche responded to the four questions I suggested be asked to the independent accountants by all audit committees. And we’re going to put these up in just a second. With respect to Berkshire, the questions and the auditors’ responses will be shown on the following slides. And I might mention that I really do think these questions should be asked of all auditors, at least annually, perhaps even quarterly. And I really think that, if such a procedure had been followed over the years — don’t eat them all Charlie. (Laughter) If such procedures had been followed over the years, there would have been a lot less trouble in corporate America. I mean, for many years, particularly in the ’90s, I think there was a weakening, frankly, in auditor vigilance.

And the trick, as I’ve said, is really to have the auditors more worried about the audit committee than they are worried about the management. And it’s quite natural when they’re, essentially, hired by the management and when they see the management regularly and they only see the audit committee infrequently, that it’s tempting to listen a little bit more to management than the audit committee. But these questions, if asked, in my view — and if the answers are put on the record — I think it would have a very helpful effect on behavior. Because once on the record, it means the auditors — it means they’re on the line. And I’ve been on a lot of boards of directors and I’ve seen, in retrospect, things go by that I wish had been called to my attention by the auditors. So we have these four questions. And if we’ll put up the first one — and I’d like to explain one item. Do we have those up? Yeah. You can read the question and these are the responses, as we go along, that the auditors have given to these questions.

Now you’ll notice on the first one that there is one item that — and incidentally, we owe a shareholder, who I think is going to speak later — it was his suggestion that we actually present these at the meeting. And I think it’s a good suggestion. And I think if more companies did it, it would be a good idea. So I thank him for the suggestion. The major item, which is not material, as auditors define it, but the major item in which we disagree and use a method which I will explain further — actually, it’s been changed — but concerns the purchase of life insurance policies, or the reinsurance of people who are purchasing life insurance policies, their so-called viatical settlements. And we have had a business, of sorts, in that. And it’s likely to even be a larger business in the future. And what takes place there is that somebody, usually elderly, has a life insurance policy and they’d rather have the money themselves than have their heirs get it later on. So, they want to cash out early. And as you know, a life insurance policy typically has a cash surrender value.

And sometimes those cash surrender values are quite low in relation to the actuarial value of the policy. So sometimes those people wish to sell a policy. We had a case the other day where a 79-year-old woman had an insurance policy amounting to some $75 million. I’ve never met her, but she must be quite a woman, but — (Laughter) The cash surrender value of that policy was $2 million. Clearly, for even a 79-year-old in the best of health, that was an inadequate sum for her to receive. But yet she wished to have the cash herself rather than eventually die and leave it to her heirs. So, we paid — or we actually reinsured a transaction where somebody else did it, and we took only 50 percent of it, but I’m going to use a hundred percent figures. We reinsured — we bought that policy for $10 million. And under accounting rules — GAAP accounting — we — it is recommended that we write that policy down immediately to the cash surrender value of 2 million. Well obviously, we think it’s worth 10 million or we wouldn’t have paid 10 million for it today.

But the rules, as they become more clear, say write it down immediately. I happen to think that rule is wrong. But last year, at the end of the year, there had been a total of $73 million applicable to such policies that reflected our purchase price as opposed to the cash surrender value. In the first quarter of 2004, our activity has stepped up in this field some — the people we reinsure have stepped up their activities, so we get our 50 percent. And that amounts to — it’s going to amount in the first quarter to about 30 million. So, we have adopted — even though we think it’s in incorrect — we have adopted the GAAP accounting. And you will see in the first quarter report of Berkshire the charge for the 73 million of last year plus the 30 million in the first quarter this year. And that gets charged, believe it or not, to realized capital gains. And so, by buying these policies for X on one day and immediately writing them down substantially, that becomes a realized capital loss on our book. Now later on, we expect to get a perfectly satisfactory return from these policies. But that is the main item that is referred to in the auditor’s answer on question one.

Now, if we’ll go to number 2. You have time to read that. I like the idea of this question being asked. I’ve read many reports where the footnotes are such that even if I reread them several times, I still don’t know what’s happened. And we try to write everything in plain English at Berkshire, and we try to explain things within the body of the letter that might give people the wrong impression if they simply looked at the figures, or that they might not be able to discern. Because Berkshire’s gotten so large that we — there are all kinds of things that are lumped together in the consolidated statements, that I think it’s more helpful if we look at separately. We’re going to work at — annually — at trying to disaggregate numbers and information in a way that makes it most useful without turning out something as long as the World Book. Third item is very simple. And the fourth item relates to something that became very prevalent in corporate America in the 1990s, which was moving around numbers from one quarter to another or moving them for one year to another. And I have seen a lot of that. It’s deceptive.

I like the statement that the two fellows at Google made the other day where they essentially said that if numbers are lumpy or peculiar when they get to them, they’re going to be lumpy or peculiar when they get to the public. And if there’s some reason that requires explanation as to why they’re lumpy, that the management should explain them. But the one thing they shouldn’t do is start playing games from quarter to quarter or year to year in terms of moving numbers around. And that became very fashionable. I hope it’s on the way to being moderated and we will continue to — each year, we will give you these questions at the meeting and we will report on the auditor’s answers.

5. 选举董事

沃伦·巴菲特:伯克希尔的秘书福雷斯特·克鲁特先生将做会议记录。贝基·阿米克女士被任命为本次会议的选举监察人。她将核实董事选举的投票计数。本次会议的指定代理投票人是小沃尔特·斯科特和马克·D·汉堡。秘书是否持有关于伯克希尔已发行、有权投票以及出席会议的股票数量的报告?

福雷斯特·克鲁特:是的,我有。如随会议通知一同发送的委托书所述(该通知已发送给2004年3月3日登记在册的所有股东,该日为本次会议的股权登记日),已发行的伯克希尔·哈撒韦A类普通股有1,278,436股,每股有权对会议上审议的动议投一票;已发行的伯克希尔·哈撒韦B类普通股有7,766,293股,每股有权对会议上审议的动议投1/200票。其中,通过截至4月29日周四晚间返回的代理委托书,本次会议代表了1,121,231股A类股和6,473,904股B类股。

沃伦·巴菲特:谢谢。这个数字构成法定人数,因此我们将直接进行会议。第一项议程是宣读上次股东大会的会议记录。我请沃尔特·斯科特先生向会议提出动议。

沃尔特·斯科特:我提议,免于宣读上次股东会议的会议记录,并通过该记录。

沃伦·巴菲特:有人附议吗?

声音:附议。

沃伦·巴菲特:动议已提出并获得附议。有评论或问题吗?我们将通过口头表决对此动议进行投票。赞成的请说”赞成”。

声音:赞成。

沃伦·巴菲特:反对的?动议通过。本次会议的第一项议程是选举董事。如果现场有股东希望撤回之前提交的代理委托书并亲自对董事选举投票,可以这样做。同时,如果现场有股东尚未提交代理委托书、并希望获得选票亲自投票,也可以这样做。如欲如此操作,请向过道中的会议工作人员表明身份,他们将向您提供选票。请希望获得选票的人表明身份,以便我们分发选票。现在,我请沃尔特·斯科特先生就董事选举向会议提出动议。

沃尔特·斯科特:我提议选举沃伦·E·巴菲特、查尔斯·T·芒格、苏珊·T·巴菲特、霍华德·G·巴菲特、马尔科姆·G·蔡斯、大卫·S·戈特斯曼、夏洛特·盖曼、唐纳德·R·基奥、托马斯·S·墨菲、罗纳德·L·奥尔森和小沃尔特·斯科特为董事。

沃伦·巴菲特:有人附议吗?已有人提议并附议,选举沃伦·E·巴菲特、查尔斯·T·芒格、苏珊·T·巴菲特、霍华德·G·巴菲特、马尔科姆·G·蔡斯、大卫·S·戈特斯曼、夏洛特·盖曼、唐纳德·R·基奥、托马斯·S·墨菲、罗纳德·L·奥尔森和小沃尔特·斯科特为董事。还有其他提名吗?有讨论吗?有没有人在麦克风前——

与会者:有。我是来自伊利诺伊州桑顿的保罗·托马西克。我喜欢内部董事的理念。我认为他们是必要的。然而,我认为我们应该拥有最合适的人选。特别是,我希望您考虑伯克希尔子公司的首席执行官们。如果将他们与苏珊·巴菲特和霍华德·巴菲特的资质进行比较,我认为你会发现这些首席执行官具有更优越的资质,特别是商业敏锐度和向强势首席执行官提出异议的能力。我想指出的是,我们会听说这些首席执行官中有多少人是独立富有的,可以轻松地说”这份工作见鬼去吧”。这就是为什么我选择不投票给这些董事。谢谢。

沃伦·巴菲特:谢谢。查理,你有什么想法吗?

查理·芒格:我认为我们应该继续下一个项目。(笑声和掌声)

沃伦·巴菲特:提名已经可以付诸表决。如果有股东亲自投票,现在应该填写董事选举的选票,并将选票交给选举监察人。请代理投票人也向选举监察人提交一份董事选举的选票,按他们所收到的指示进行投票。阿米克小姐,你准备好后可以报告。

贝基·阿米克:我的报告已准备好。代理投票人的选票,根据截至上周四晚间收到的代理委托书,对每位被提名人的投票数不少于1,123,189票。这个数字远超所有已发行的A类和B类股份总票数的多数。特拉华州法律要求的投票精确计数的证明,包括代理投票人将根据本次会议上收到的代理委托书进行的额外投票,以及本次会议上亲自投出的任何选票,将交给秘书,纳入本次会议的记录。

沃伦·巴菲特:谢谢你,阿米克小姐。沃伦·E·巴菲特、苏珊·T·巴菲特、霍华德·G·巴菲特、马尔科姆·G·蔡斯、大卫·S·戈特斯曼、夏洛特·盖曼、唐纳德·R·基奥、托马斯·S·墨菲、查尔斯·T·芒格、罗纳德·L·奥尔森和小沃尔特·斯科特当选为董事。

原文

WARREN BUFFETT: Mr. Forrest Krutter is secretary of Berkshire. He will make a written record of the proceedings. Miss Becki Amick has been appointed inspector of elections at the meeting. She will certify to the count of votes cast in the election for directors. The named proxy holders for this meeting are Walter Scott Jr. and Marc D. Hamburg. Does the secretary have a report of the number of Berkshire shares outstanding, entitled to vote, and represented at the meeting?

FORREST KRUTTER: Yes, I do. As indicated in the proxy statement that accompanied the notice of this meeting that was sent to all shareholders of record on March 3rd, 2004, being the record date for this meeting, there were 1,278,436 shares of Class A Berkshire Hathaway common stock outstanding with each share entitled to one vote on motions considered at the meeting, and 7,766,293 shares of Class B Berkshire Hathaway common stock outstanding, with each share entitled to 1/200th of one vote on motions considered at the meeting. Of that number, 1,121,231 Class A shares and 6,473,904 Class B shares are represented at this meeting by proxies returned through Thursday evening, April 29th.

WARREN BUFFETT: Thank you. That number represents a quorum and we will therefore directly proceed with the meeting. First order of business will be a reading of the minutes of the last meeting of shareholders. I recognize Mr. Walter Scott, who will place a motion before the meeting.

WALTER SCOTT: I move that the reading of the minutes of the last meeting of shareholders be dispensed with and the minutes be approved.

WARREN BUFFETT: Do I hear a second?

VOICE: Seconded.

WARREN BUFFETTT: Motion has been moved and seconded. Are there any comments or questions? We will vote on this motion by voice vote. All those in favor say “aye.”

VOICES: Aye.

WARREN BUFFETT: Opposed? Motion’s carried. First item of business at this meeting is to elect directors. If a shareholder is present who wishes to withdraw a proxy previously sent in and vote in person on the election of directors, he and she may do so. Also, if any shareholder that is present has not turned in a proxy and desires a ballot in order to vote in person, you may do so. If you wish to do this, please identify yourself to meeting officials in the aisles who will furnish a ballot to you. Would those persons desiring ballots please identify themselves so that we may distribute them? And I now recognize Mr. Walter Scott to place a motion before the meeting with a respect to election of directions.

WALTER SCOTT: I move that Warren E. Buffett, Charles T. Munger, Susan T. Buffett, Howard G. Buffett, Malcolm G. Chace, David S. Gottesman, Charlotte Guyman, Donald R. Keough, Thomas S. Murphy, Ronald L. Olson, and Walter Scott Jr. be elected directors.

WARREN BUFFETT: Is there a second? It’s been moved and seconded that Warren E. Buffett, Charles T. Munger, Susan T. Buffett, Howard G. Buffett, Malcolm G. Chace, David S. Gottesman, Charlotte Guyman, Donald R. Keough, Thomas S. Murphy, Ronald L. Olson, and Walter Scott Jr. be elected as directors. Are there any other nominations? Is there any discussion? Is there anybody that is at the microphones that would —

AUDIENCE MEMBER: Yes. Paul Tomasik, Thornton in Illinois. I like the idea of inside directors. I think they’re necessary. However, I think we should have the best available. In particular, I’d like you to consider the CEOs of the Berkshire subsidiaries. If you compare their qualifications to Susan Buffett’s and Howard Buffett’s, I think you’ll find that the CEOs have superior qualifications, particularly, business savvy and the ability to stand up to a forceful CEO. I’d like to point out that we’ll hear how many of these CEOs are independently wealthy and could easily say, “Take this job and shove it.” So this is why I am withholding my votes for the directors. Thank you.

WARREN BUFFETT: Thank you. Charlie, do you have any thoughts on that?

CHARLIE MUNGER: I think we should go on to the next item. (Laughter and applause).

WARREN BUFFETT: The nominations are ready to be acted upon. If there are any shareholders voting in person, they should now mark their ballots on the election of directors and allow the ballots to be delivered to the inspector of election. Would the proxy holders please also submit to the inspectors of elections a ballot on the election of directors voting the proxies in accordance with the instructions they have received. Miss Amick, when you are ready, you may give your report.

BECKI AMICK: My report is ready. The ballot of the proxy holders, in response to proxies that were received through last Thursday evening, cast not less than 1,123,189 votes for each nominee. That number far exceeds a majority of the number of the total votes related to all Class A and Class B shares outstanding. The certification required by the Delaware law of the precise count of the votes, including the additional votes to be cast by the proxy holders in response to the proxies delivered at this meeting, as well as any cast in person at this meeting, will be given to the secretary to be placed with the minutes of this meeting.

WARREN BUFFETT: Thank you, Miss Amick. Warren E. Buffett, Susan T. Buffett, Howard G. Buffett, Malcolm G. Chase, David S. Gottesman, Charlotte Guyman, Donald R. Keough, Thomas S. Murphy, Charles T. Munger, Ronald L. Olson, and Walter Scott, Jr. have been elected as directors.

6. 关于公布政治捐款的提案

沃伦·巴菲特:下一项议程是伯克希尔股东”人类生命国际”提出的提案,该组织持有一股B类股。“人类生命国际”的动议在委托书中已载明,要求公司每年公布一份详细声明,说明公司及其子公司向各种政治事业所做的每笔捐款。董事会建议股东投票反对该提案。现在我们请”人类生命国际”的指定代表发言,阐述他们的提案。有代表在现场吗?

汤姆·斯特罗巴:是的,巴菲特先生。我叫汤姆·斯特罗巴,代表”人类生命国际”。我来此提交关于政治捐款的股东决议。但在那之前,我想先提供一些背景信息。有些人可能记得,两年前有一项决议要求公司终止其慈善捐赠计划。该决议称,企业慈善捐赠应该帮助而非损害公司,并暗示某些捐款,特别是与堕胎和人口控制相关的捐款,正是如此。这项提案被股东以不到3%的赞成票彻底否决了。奇怪的是,大约一年多后,巴菲特先生凭借他的智慧,确实终止了该计划,理由是他在”美食家”部门的慈善兴趣对一些员工生计造成了不利影响。在决议提出时,我们首次得知巴菲特先生和芒格先生将他们的资金导向个人基金会,而非更知名的公共慈善机构。虽然之前的董事长信函赞扬了合格股东的高参与率,但未提及巴菲特先生(占公司31%股权)的捐款几乎占慈善捐赠总额的55%。

为什么你们所有B类股股东——可能构成今天在场的大多数人——被排除在捐赠之外,而你们对这项提案的投票权被大幅稀释至A类股价值的1/200?这显然不太民主。我请大家参考1983年的董事长信函。在解释为何不拆分股票时,巴菲特先生描述了他称之为”股东优生学”的东西。巴菲特先生感叹,无法对进入股东”俱乐部”的新成员进行”智力能力、情绪稳定性、道德敏感性或可接受着装”的筛选。拆分股票并降低加入俱乐部的门槛——B类股股东请注意——“会吸引一批低于现有等级的买家”并”降低我们现有股东群体的质量”。综上所述,巴菲特先生向他的私人基金会捐赠了近1亿美元,其中大部分是其他股东的钱。

这些资金几乎全部用于人口控制,试图减少人口数量,而此时西方国家,特别是欧洲和日本,正面临因生育低谷而带来的经济灾难。慈善捐款与政治捐款有何关系?直到有人提交关于慈善捐款的决议后,我们才获得了一些信息披露。同样地,通过我现在要提出的这项决议,我们才发现该公司向各种政治候选人或事业提供了非常适度的20万美元捐款。虽然慈善捐款可能过多,但政治捐款可能过少。不一定是指公司,而是指其他股东。如果存在支持某些政界人士或事业的合法商业利益,为什么不给股东也提供帮助他们参与的机会呢?通过公布名单,消息就会传给我们成千上万的股东,他们可能也愿意用自己的钱做同样的事。这样做成本极低,提供了透明度,可以检查任何个人滥用行为,并为美国企业界其他公司树立榜样。这也为我们股东俱乐部的所有成员,甚至B类股股东,提供了参与进来、帮助公司和帮助他们的投资的机会。

基于此,请允许我宣读实际的决议案文,这是我必须做的:“在股东批准本提案后一个月内,管理层应在《布法罗新闻》上公布一份详细声明,说明公司或其任何子公司在上一财政年度内,直接或间接就任何政治竞选、政党、公投或公民倡议,或试图影响立法所做的每笔捐款,注明每笔捐款的日期、金额以及捐款接收人或组织。在此首次披露之后,管理层应促使类似数据纳入之后每一份股东报告。如果没有进行此类支出,则应在年度报告中注明这一事实。本提案如获通过,将要求管理层告知股东有多少公司资金被用于政治目的,并具体说明管理层试图用这些资金支持哪些政界人士或政治事业。政治捐款使用的是属于股东群体的资金,他们有权知道自己的钱被花在了哪里。投票支持本提案就是投票支持全面披露。谢谢。

沃伦·巴菲特:还有其他人想就这项动议发言吗?查理,你有什么评论吗?

查理·芒格:嗯,我更喜欢我们以前的慈善捐赠计划,而不是大多数美国公司做慈善的方式——(掌声)——即由控制高管来决策。不过,这已经是死马了。它已经不在了,没必要鞭尸。(笑声)

沃伦·巴菲特:现在由这匹死马来发言。(笑声)我只想补充一点,因为这与其他许多公司的情况略有不同。据我所知或回忆,我相信查理和我从未要求过伯克希尔的任何员工或供应商——伯克希尔的任何员工或供应商——为政治捐款或慈善捐款做出贡献。没有利用我们的职位来实际上为个人事业榨取资金的情况,无论是在慈善领域还是政治领域。是这样吗,查理?

查理·芒格:是的,但我们不向别人索要慈善捐款并不值得获得太多赞扬。(巴菲特笑)想想互惠的暗示会是什么。

沃伦·巴菲特:是的。(笑声)但这是相当普遍的活动。就是这样。现在,如果有股东亲自投票,请现在在动议上标记选票,并将选票交给选举监察人。请代理投票人也向选举监察人提交一份关于该提案的选票,按他们所收到的指示进行投票。阿米克小姐,你准备好后可以报告。

贝基·阿米克:我的报告已准备好。代理投票人的选票,根据截至上周四晚间收到的代理委托书,对动议投了27,287.605票赞成,936,045.815票反对。由于反对动议的票数超过了所有已发行的A类和B类股份相关票数的多数,动议未获通过。特拉华州法律要求的投票精确计数的证明将交给秘书,纳入本次会议的记录。

沃伦·巴菲特:谢谢你,阿米克小姐。提案未获通过。

原文

WARREN BUFFETT: The next item is business is a proposal put forth by Berkshire shareholder Human Life International, the owner of one Class B share. Human Life International’s motion is set forth in the proxy statement and provides that the company be required to publish annually a detailed statement of each contribution made by the company and its subsidiaries in various political causes. The directors have recommended the shareholders vote against the proposal. We will now open the floor to recognize the appointed representative of Human Life International to present their proposal. Is someone here to present that?

TOM STROBHAR: Yes, Mr. Buffett. My name is Tom Strobhar and I do represent Human Life International. And I’m here to present the shareholder resolution regarding political contributions. But before I do, I’d like to give you a little background. Some of you may remember, two years ago, there was a resolution asking the company to end its charitable giving program. The resolution said corporate charitable contributions should help, not hinder, the company and suggested certain contributions, especially those related to abortion and population control, were doing just that. This proposal was soundly defeated by the shareholders, receiving less than 3 percent of the vote. Oddly enough, a little over one year later, Mr. Buffett, in his wisdom, did terminate this program citing the adverse impact his philanthropic interests were having on the livelihoods of some employees at the Pampered Chefs division. At the time of the resolution, we first learned that Mr. Buffett and Mr. Munger were directing their money to their personal foundations rather than more recognized public charities. While previous chairman’s letters extolled the high participation levels among eligible shareholders, no mention was made that Mr.

Buffett, who accounted for 31 percent of the equity of the company, was giving away almost 55 percent of the charitable gifts. Why all of you B shareholders, who probably comprise a majority of the people in this audience, were excluded from giving, and whose vote on this proposal was dramatically diluted down to 1/200th of the value of an A share — which obviously is not quite democratic. I refer you to the 1983 Chairman’s Letter. In addressing why he wouldn’t split the stock, Mr. Buffett describes something he calls “shareholder eugenics.” Mr. Buffett laments how it’s impossible to screen entering members of the shareholder “club” for quotes, “intellectual capacity, emotional stability, moral sensibility, or acceptable dress.” Splitting the stock and lowering the price of admission to the club — Class B shareholders take note — “would attract an entering class of buyers inferior to the existing class” and “downgrade the quality of our present shareholder group,” end quote. All told, Mr. Buffett gave to his private foundation almost $100 million, much of it other shareholders’ money.

This money, in turn, was devoted almost exclusively to population control seeking to lessen the number of people at a time when Western nations, especially those in Europe and Japan, face economic calamity from a baby bust. How do charitable contributions relate to political contributions? It wasn’t until there was a resolution on charitable contributions that we received some disclosure. So too, with the resolution I’m about to present, did we find out the company gave a very modest $200,000 to various political candidates or causes. While the charitable contributions may have been too much, the political contributions may be too little. Not necessarily from the company, but from other shareholders. If there are politicians or causes in which there is legitimate business interest in supporting, why not give the shareholders the opportunity to help them also? By publishing the list, the word goes out to our thousands of shareholders who may wish to do the same with their own money. It costs little to publish, provides for transparency, checks any personal abuse, and sets an example to the rest of corporate America. It also provides an opportunity for all the members of our shareholder club, even B shareholders, to get involved and help this company and help their investment.

And with that, I’d like to read the actual resolution, which I’m required to do. “Within one month, after approval by the shareholders of this proposal, management shall publish in The Buffalo News a detailed statement of each contribution made by the company or of any of its subsidiaries, either directly or indirectly, within preceding fiscal year, in the respect of any political campaign, political party, referendum or citizen’s imitative, or attempts to influence legislation, specifying the date and amount of each contribution and the person or organization to whom the contribution was made. “Subsequent to this initial disclosure, management shall cause like data to be included in each succeeding report to the shareholders. If no such disbursements were made, to have the facts so noted in the annual report.” This proposal, if adopted, will require the management to advise its shareholders how many corporate dollars are being spent for political purposes, and to specify what politicians or political causes the management seeks to promote with these funds. Political contributions are made with the dollars that belong to the shareholders of the group and they are entitled to know where their dollars are being spent. A vote for this proposal is a vote for full disclosure. Thank you.

WARREN BUFFETT: Is there anyone else that would care to speak on the motion? Charlie, do you have any comment?

CHARLIE MUNGER: Well, I preferred our old charitable giving program to the way most corporations do it in America — (applause) — where the controlling officers decide. However, it’s a dead horse. It’s gone and there’s no point beating on the corpse. (Laughter)

WARREN BUFFETT: The dead horse will now speak. (Laughter) I just want to add one point, because it a little different than occurs at many other corporations. To my knowledge or memory, I don’t believe Charlie and I have ever asked any employee or any vendor to Berkshire — any employee of Berkshire or a vendor to Berkshire — for either political contributions or charitable contributions. There’s been no — there’s been no use of our positions to, in effect, extract money for our own personal causes, either in the charitable area or the political area. Is that correct, Charlie?

CHARLIE MUNGER: Yeah, but we don’t deserve too much credit for not asking other people for charitable contributions. (Buffett laughs) Think what the reciprocity implications would be.

WARREN BUFFETT: Yeah. (Laughter) But it’s a fairly common activity. So here we are. We’ll — if any shareholder’s voting in person, they should now mark their ballots in the — on the motion and allow the ballots to be delivered to the inspector of elections. Would the proxy holders please also submit to the inspector of elections a ballot on the proposal, voting of proxies in accordance with the instructions they have received? Miss Amick, when you are ready, you may give your report.

BECKI AMICK: My report is ready. The ballet of the proxy holders, in response to proxies that were received through last Thursday evening, cast 27,287.605 votes for the motion and 936,045.815 votes against the motion. As the number of votes against the motion exceeds a majority of the number of votes related to all Class A and Class B shares outstanding, the motion has failed. The certification required by Delaware law of the precise count of the votes will be given to the secretary to be placed with the minutes of this meeting.

WARREN BUFFETT: Thank you, Miss Amick. The proposal fails.

7. 股东提案:“告诉我们规则”

沃伦·巴菲特:在休会之前,还有其他人有进一步的事项要在本次会议上提出吗?如果有——

与会者:有。

沃伦·巴菲特:——请到1号麦克风前以便被识别。我相信我们有发言人。

与会者:是的。保罗·托马西克,来自伊利诺伊州桑顿。我有一项提案,要求将本次会议正式部分的书面规则发布在网上,以便本次会议能够公平、诚信地进行。您想听更多评论吗?

沃伦·巴菲特:不用了。

查理·芒格:不用了。

沃伦·巴菲特:越快越好。但请说吧。(掌声)

与会者:嗯,就这些——

沃伦·巴菲特:就这些。

与会者:——关于那一个。

沃伦·巴菲特:好的。(对坐在旁边的人说)这是动议吗?

沃伦·巴菲特:那么,你愿意——如果你有更多动议,请提出来,还是就这些?

与会者:不,当然还有。另外三项动议是:将公司章程和公司规章发布在网站上;将股东应如何提出动议写入公司规章;以及第四项,将股东如何提名董事写入公司规章。总之,这些动议要求的就是:告诉我们规则。我们会遵守的。就这些。谢谢。

沃伦·巴菲特:好的,谢谢。实际上,我认为你在审计委员会报告方面提出了一个非常好的建议,我们已经采纳了。我确实不认为这会增加太多价值,但如果有股东亲自投票,请现在在动议上标记选票,并将选票交给选举监察人。请代理投票人也向选举监察人提交一份关于该提案的选票,按他们所收到的指示进行投票。阿米克小姐,你准备好后可以报告。

贝基·阿米克:我的报告已准备好。代理投票人的选票投了1,153,600.52票反对该动议。由于反对动议的票数超过了所有已发行的A类和B类股份相关票数的多数,动议未获通过。特拉华州法律要求的投票精确计数的证明将交给秘书,纳入本次会议的记录。

沃伦·巴菲特:谢谢你,阿米克小姐。提案未获通过。现在,我请沃尔特·斯科特先生向会议提出动议。

沃尔特·斯科特:我提议休会。

沃伦·巴菲特:有人附议吗?

声音:我附议。

沃伦·巴菲特:休会动议已提出并获得附议。我们将进行口头表决。有讨论吗?如果没有,赞成的请说”赞成”。

声音:赞成。

沃伦·巴菲特:反对的请说”反对”。会议休会。好了,现在我们——(掌声)

原文

WARREN BUFFETT: Does anyone have any further business to come before this meeting before we adjourn? If so —

AUDIENCE MEMBER: Yes.

WARREN BUFFETT: —they should approach microphone 1 to be recognized. I believe we have someone.

AUDIENCE MEMBER: Yes. Paul Tomasik, Thornton in Illinois. I have a proposal to put written rules for this meeting, the formal part, on the web, in order that this meeting can be conducted fairly and with good faith. Would you like a little more comment?

WARREN BUFFETT: No.

CHARLIE MUNGER: No.

WARREN BUFFETT: The faster you can make it, the better. But go to it. (Applause)

AUDIENCE MEMBER: Well, that’s it —

WARREN BUFFETT: That’s it.

AUDIENCE MEMBER: — on that one.

WARREN BUFFETT: OK. (To person sitting next to him) Is that a motion?

WARREN BUFFETT: Well, do you want to — would you place all — if you have more motions, would you place them, or is that it?

AUDIENCE MEMBER: No, certainly. The other three motions are to put the bylaws and the articles of incorporation up on the website, to write it into the bylaws how shareholders should present motions, and the fourth, to write it into the bylaws how shareholders can make director nominations. To sum up, what these motions ask for is just tell us the rules. We’ll follow them. That’s it. Thank you.

WARREN BUFFETT: OK, thank you. I actually think you came up with a very good suggestion on the audit committee report, which we’ve incorporated. I don’t really think this would add much, but if there are any shareholders voting in person, they should now mark their ballots in the motion — on the motion — and allow the ballots to be delivered to the inspector of elections. Would the proxy holders please also submit to the inspector of elections a ballot on the proposal, voting the proxies in accordance with the instructions they’ve received. Miss Amick, when you are ready, you may give your report.

BECKI AMICK: My report is ready. The ballot of the proxy holders cast 1,153,600.52 votes against the motion. As the number of votes against the motion exceeds a majority of the number of votes related to all Class A and Class B shares outstanding, the motion has failed. The certification required by Delaware law of the precise count of the votes will be given to the secretary to be placed with the minutes of this meeting.

WARREN BUFFETT: Thank, Miss Amick. The proposal fails. I now recognize Mr. Walter Scott to place a motion before the meeting.

WALTER SCOTT: I move the meeting be adjourned.

WARREN BUFFETT: Is there a second?

VOICE: I second.

WARREN BUFFETT: A motion to adjourn has been made and seconded. We will vote by voice. Is there any discussion? If not, all in favor say “aye.”

VOICES: Aye.

WARREN BUFFETT: All opposed say “no.” The meeting’s adjourned. OK, now we’re — (Applause)

8. 反驳要求巴菲特离开可口可乐董事会的呼吁

沃伦·巴菲特:现在我们将进入问答环节,至少是提问环节。请按照我们之前说的,只问一个问题。我们从1号麦克风开始,在我右手边的121区。我们将依次从1号到12号麦克风轮流提问,直到中午。1号麦克风。

与会者:我是来自英国伦敦的乔纳森·米尔斯。我想知道您能否评论一下那些人的观点,他们声称由于所谓的利益冲突,您应该离开可口可乐的董事会,以及您是否有这样做的任何打算。

沃伦·巴菲特:我们应该对董事会做什么?

与会者:离开董事会。您个人应该离开可口可乐董事会。

沃伦·巴菲特:我会说,提出这种建议的人应该做500个仰卧起坐。(笑声)实际上,查理和我——当然我——嗯,查理自己会说的——我们喜欢这个想法,并且我们鼓励股东像所有者一样行事。我的意思是,在这个国家,股东们常常像绵羊一样行事,结果在很多情况下被剪了毛。大型机构股东常常袖手旁观,而一些本可能被纠正的事情——如果他们积极行动的话——就这样发生了。所以我们实际上很赞赏股东像所有者一样行事的想法。问题在于他们是否能像明智的所有者那样行事。我认为在过去一两年里,随着他们某种程度上觉醒过来,他们开始寻找各种清单来确定在某家公司中董事是否合适。坦率地说,清单不能替代思考。董事的真正工作是为公司找到合适的首席执行官,并阻止其越界。如果他们把这项工作做好了,其余的事情就会自行解决。

你必须思考才能判断这是否正在发生。你不能仅仅通过对照一份小清单就解决问题。我记得伯特兰·罗素说过:“大多数人宁愿死也不愿思考。许多人确实如此。“(笑声)我认为我们在一些投票中看到了他所思考的那一点。坦率地说,如果伯克希尔·哈撒韦持有可口可乐2亿股股票,价值100亿美元,却认为伯克希尔·哈撒韦在FlightSafety销售一些培训时间的利益会导致我做违背股东利益的事——这是绝对愚蠢的。我是说,这几乎是荒谬的,有人得出那种结论时完全不懂得比例感。我还认为这是绝对愚蠢的——就拿可口可乐作为例子。我认为可口可乐的董事们甚至没看过,但我认为我们每年可能收到大约10万美元的董事费。

如果我们去福利领取队伍里随便找一个人,他没有任何收入,然后说:“我们希望您成为董事”,这个人每年会得到10万美元,这将是他全部的收入,然后说这个人独立——你知道,当他们的收入百分之百依赖于这份工作时——这个人会是独立的。而伯克希尔·哈撒韦,或者代表伯克希尔哈撒韦的我本人,持有100亿美元的股票——每年同样收到10万美元——却不被视为独立。所以我鼓励——我鼓励机构股东和大型股东像所有者一样行事。但我也鼓励他们真正逻辑性地思考,像所有者应该思考的那样,来确定他们要参与哪些事业以及如何投票。查理?(掌声)

查理·芒格:是的,我认为美国企业界需要相当多的改革。但是,当一个激进分子提出一个愚蠢的建议——(笑声)——比如让沃伦·巴菲特在可口可乐公司董事会任职对可口可乐公司的利益有害时,改革的进程受到的是损害而非帮助。(掌声)疯狂的举动对被代言的事业毫无益处。

沃伦·巴菲特:这有点像在一个果园里使用切割机,你在收集苹果的同时也在收获很多石头和树枝。所以你有带传送带的切割机。切割机被编程为每当有红色圆形的物体从传送带过来时就进行切割,但不会对石头等物体进行切割以免损坏刀片。当然,这本来没有问题,直到一个红色气球从传送带下来,然后砰的一声,机器遵守了它的小小指引,但不再切苹果了。我认为——实际上,机构在真正思考如何像所有者那样行事方面才刚刚开始。人们希望,通过学习的进化本质——不用太多年远——他们最终会真正思考什么对公司的股东有利。

原文

WARREN BUFFETT: Now we’re going to move into the questions and answers, at least questions. And just ask one as we spelled out before. And we will start with microphone 1, which is in section, what, 121 on my right. And we’ll keep moving 1 through 12 until we get till noon. Microphone 1.

AUDIENCE MEMBER: Jonathan Mills (PH) from London, England. I wondered if you could comment on the views of those people who have stated that, because of so-called conflicts of interest, you should leave the board of Coca-Cola and whether you had any intention of doing so.

WARREN BUFFETT: That we should do what with the board?

AUDIENCE MEMBER: Leave the board. That you personally should leave the board of Coke.

WARREN BUFFETT: I would say that whoever suggested that should do 500 sit-ups. (Laughter) Actually, Charlie and I — certainly I have — well, I’ll Charlie speak for himself — we like the idea and we’ve encouraged the idea of shareholders behaving like owners. I mean, shareholders have too often behaved like sheep in this country and they got shorn, in many cases. And big institutional shareholders have sat on the sidelines while some things that might possibly have been corrected, had they gotten active, took place. So we have — we actually applaud the idea of shareholders behaving like owners. The question is whether they, you know, can behave like intelligent owners. And I think that in the last year or two, as they’ve sort of woken up, they’ve searched for checklists of one sort or another to determine whether directors are appropriate in a given company or not. And frankly, checklists are no substitute for thinking. The real job of the directors is to come up with the right CEO for a company and prevent him or her for overreaching. If they do that job well, the rest takes care of itself.

And you have to think some to determine whether that’s taking place. You can’t solve it by just running down a little checklist. I think it was Bertrand Russell who said, “Most men would rather die than think. Many do.” (Laughter) And I think we’ve seen a little bit of what he was thinking about in some of the voting. I think it’s absolutely silly, frankly, if Berkshire Hathaway owns 200 million shares of Coca-Cola, $10 billion worth, to not be able — it’s a little silly not to think that the interest that Berkshire Hathaway has in selling some hours of training at FlightSafety would cause me to do something counter to the interests of the shareholders, when we have $10 billion riding on that side of the table. I mean, it’s almost absurd, and somebody doesn’t understand proportionality at all when they come to that sort of conclusion. I also think it’s absolutely foolish if — just to use Coca-Cola as an example. I think the directors of Coca-Cola haven’t even looked, but I think we probably received something like $100,000 a year.

And if we were to go out into the welfare line and pick somebody out who has no income and say, “We’d like you to become a director,” and that person would get $100,000 a year, which would be their entire income, and to say that person would be independent — you know, while they would be 100 percent dependent on their income — that person would be independent. Whereas Berkshire Hathaway, or myself representing Berkshire Hathaway with 10 billion of stock — and receiving the same $100,000 a year — is not regarded as independent. So I encourage — I encourage institutional shareholders to — and large owners — to behave like owners. But I also encourage them to really think logically, as owners should think, in determining what causes they take on and how they vote. Charlie? (Applause)

CHARLIE MUNGER: Yeah, I think that they, corporate America, needs a fair amount of reform. But the cause of reform is hurt, not helped, when an activist makes an idiotic suggestion — (laughter) — like the one that — (applause) — having Warren Buffett on the board of the CocaCola Company is contrary to the interest of the Coca-Cola Company. Nutty activities do not help the cause for which the person speaks.

WARREN BUFFETT: It’s a little bit like having a slicing machine in an orchard where you’re gathering together apples but you’re also picking up a lot of rocks in the process and sticks and stones. So you have a slicing machine with a conveyer belt. And the slicing machine is programmed so that every time something is red and round comes down the line, it slices and comes down, but it doesn’t come down on the rocks and everything and ruin the blades. And, of course, that’s fine until a red balloon comes down the line and then you get a big pop and the machine has followed its little guidelines but it’s not slicing apples anymore. And I think — I just — actually, institutions are coming new to really thinking about how they behave as owners. And you would hope that, in the evolutionary nature of learning — that not too many years distance — distant — they would actually think about what’s good for the shareholders of the company.

9. 应对通货膨胀

沃伦·巴菲特:请2号麦克风。

与会者:巴菲特先生,芒格先生,早上好。我是来自希腊雅典的扎西斯·萨里斯。普遍认为我们正走向一个通胀环境。对于那些需要在这种环境下保持资本和购买力的投资者,您有什么建议?

沃伦·巴菲特:最好的方法是拥有强大的自身赚钱能力。如果你是城里最好的脑外科医生,甚至最好的律师,无论发生什么——无论人们是用贝壳还是其他什么作为货币——你的收入都会保持购买力。在投资领域,这更难。但查理和我认为最好的答案是拥有优秀的企业,这些企业能够在通胀环境下定价,并且不需要巨大的资本投资来处理更大美元金额的销售。多年前,我曾用喜诗糖果作为例子,说明那种或多或少可以应对通胀世界、保持投资价值的生意,无论货币发生什么变化。不幸的是,大多数企业在实际通胀中表现不佳。它们的盈利长期可能会大幅增长,但它们被迫投入越来越多的资金到业务中,仅仅是为了维持原地踏步。

你知道,最糟糕的生意是那种不断让你往桌上放更多钱,却不给你带来更高收益的生意。所以你真正想要的是那种定价能够反映通胀,且不需要太多反映通胀的资本投资的生意。但通胀是投资者的敌人,从实际回报的角度看。如你所知,在这个国家以及其他六七个国家,有一种所谓的”通胀保值债券”——在美国我们称之为TIPS——其收益(或者说本金金额)会根据通胀进行调整。对于担心通胀升温的人来说,这不是一个糟糕的投资。顺便说一句,我认为我们在这个国家已经开始看到通胀升温了。查理?

查理·芒格:是的,大多数人从投资中获得的实际回报,在考虑通胀和税收之后,将会非常低。我认为这是世界的铁律,如果在一段短暂时期内,我们中的一些人做得比这更好,我们应该非常感恩。应对通胀恐惧的一个伟大防御手段是在生活中不要有太多愚蠢的需求。换句话说,如果你没有制造大量人为需求让自己淹没在消费品中,那么你就有了一个相当大的防御手段来应对生活的变迁。

沃伦·巴菲特:查理,我们在另一个房间卖消费品呢。(笑声)你在家里这么说可以,但——(笑声)

查理·芒格:在那里说也没用。(笑声)

沃伦·巴菲特:我懂这感觉。(笑声)

原文

WARREN BUFFETT: Let’s go to microphone number 2, please.

AUDIENCE MEMBER: Mr. Buffett, Mr. Munger, good morning. My name is Zachys Sarris (PH) and I am from Athens, Greece. There is a widespread perception that we’re heading towards an inflationary environment. What advice would you give to investors who need to preserve their capital and their purchasing power in such an environment?

WARREN BUFFETT: The best thing is to have a lot of earning power of your own. If you’re the best brain surgeon in town, or even the best lawyer in town, you will retain purchasing power, in terms of your income, no matter what happens, you know, whether people are using seashells for money, or whatever as time goes by. In the investment world, it’s tougher. But Charlie and I think the best answer is to own fine businesses that will be able to price in inflationary terms and will not have huge capital investment that is required to handle the larger dollar volume of sales. Some years ago, I used See’s Candy in our — in the annual report — as an example of the kind of business that, more or less, can handle an inflationary world and maintain investment and value, no matter what happens to the currency. Unfortunately, most businesses will not come out well in real terms during inflation. Their earnings may go up a fair amount over time, but they’re compelled to put more and more dollars into the business just to stay in the same place.

You know, the worst kind of a business is one that’s — makes you put more money on the table all the time and doesn’t give you greater earnings. So you really want a business that can have pricing that reflects inflation and does not have very much capital investment that reflects inflation. But inflation is the enemy of the investor, in terms of real returns. As you know, there are, in this country as well as a half a dozen other countries, there are what they call “inflation protected bonds” — we call them TIPS in the United States — where the income is adjusted — or, the principle amount is adjusted — to inflation. And that’s not a bad investment for people that have worries about inflation heating up. And I think, incidentally, we’re starting to see it heat up in this country. Charlie?

CHARLIE MUNGER: Yeah, most people are going to get a very small real return from investment after considering inflation and taxes. I think that’s an iron law of the world and if, for a brief period, some of us do better than that, we ought to be very thankful. One of the great defenses to being worried about inflation is not having a lot of silly needs in your life. In other words, if you haven’t created a lot of artificial demand to drown in consumer goods, why, you have a considerable defense against the vicissitudes of life.

WARREN BUFFETT: Charlie, we’re selling consumer goods in the other room. (Laughter) It’s OK to talk that way at home, but — (Laughter)

CHARLIE MUNGER: It doesn’t do any good there. (Laughter)

WARREN BUFFETT: I know the feeling. (Laughter)

10. 不愿为分析师举行特别会议

沃伦·巴菲特:请3号麦克风。

与会者:早上好,两位先生。我是来自北卡罗来纳州达勒姆的拉里·科茨。巴菲特先生,去年会议后,我的老朋友和商业伙伴乔治·布拉姆利三世给您写了一封信,涉及几个问题。我参与了那封信的起草,并代表他感谢您的回复。

沃伦·巴菲特:谢谢。

与会者:在您的回复中,您建议其中许多问题适合在这个论坛上提出。为纪念他,我想请您只回答其中一个问题,那就是伯克希尔最终如何从其当前的长期、自选且信息充分的股东基础实现代际转移,以及设立一系列分析师会议的可能性,以解决机构股东和投资者对伯克希尔相对缺乏兴趣、持股和理解的现状。谢谢,早上好。

沃伦·巴菲特:嗯,谢谢。我的意思是,乔治是个了不起的人。一位伟大的分析师和朋友。我对与投资者子群体(如机构投资者)举行会议有些异议。如果我们搞那样的活动,我认为应该对所有人开放。你知道,那就变成了一个相当大的制作。但我可以理解,为什么你希望看到我们的经理们,听听他们对他们业务的看法。我们尽量在报告中传达很多关于业务的信息,但是——查理,你有什么想法吗?

查理·芒格:我认为这完全不符合我们的气质。很多公司花大量精力与分析师群体谈话。伯克希尔的优势之一就是我们不那样花时间。那是一个非常耗时的过程。而且它确实会给一些股东带来优于其他股东的好处。我们努力在这样的活动以及年报编写方式等方面更加平等。

沃伦·巴菲特:是的,我们真的很喜欢我们现有的股东群体。我的意思是,我们并不是要吸引新的人进来。但我明白你的观点也是,现有股东如果能听鲍勃·肖谈论肖氏地毯,或者听里奇·桑图利谈论NetJets,就能更好地理解伯克希尔。事实上,听那些人讲话确实很有趣。但我们向经理们承诺的事情之一就是,他们不需要听银行家的话,不需要听投资分析师的话。他们只需要经营自己的业务。他们可以把百分之百的时间投入其中。他们喜欢这样,也因此更高效。我的意思是,我们真的不会给经理设置任何障碍,阻止他们做自己最擅长和最喜爱的事情,那就是经营业务。坦率地说,他们中有不少人向我表示,他们非常开心,因为他们以前处于不同的模式。

在那种模式下,他们可能要用25%的时间从事他们不喜欢而且认为不是很有成效的活动。所以我们希望把关于我们业务的信息传达给你们。请相信我,当我写报告、查理看报告时,我们对自己说:“如果我们站在接收方,角色互换,我们是否在告诉你们我们想知道的东西?“我们真的努力在报告中放入所有与评估相关的内容。现在,如果你有1300亿美元的市值,你知道,对于赚相对少钱的一些业务,获得深刻见解其实并不太重要。但任何重要的东西——实际上,你必须整体来看——我们都想传达给你们。所以,你知道,我非常尊重你的建议。做这件事是可能的。《华盛顿邮报》有一个股东日,因为他们的年会经常变成一场闹剧,主要是被那些抱怨这个报道或那个报道的人主导。

但股东日非常有用,他们确实让经理们到场并谈论业务。但我真的认为,如果我们花六个小时在这里回答你们关于业务的问题,并且年报写得还算过得去,我们应该能够传达出基本的信息。而且我们真的不是要传达给那些试图获得关于下个季度或明年有什么特殊见解的听众。我们真正寻找的是那些加入我们,将其视为某种终身投资的股东。我要说,像你这样的分析师群体当然和我们有完全相同的目标,想以那种方式理解业务。但根据我与数百名分析师交谈的经验,实际上很少有人真正在思考:“我们买什么,然后永远持有?“就像我们买农场或公寓楼一样。所以我们会考虑,但我不想做任何承诺。

原文

WARREN BUFFETT: Let’s go to microphone 3.

AUDIENCE MEMBER: Good morning, gentleman. My name is Larry Coats, from Durham, North Carolina. Mr. Buffett, after last year’s meeting, my longtime friend and business partner George Brumley [III] sent you a letter addressing several issues. Having participated in the preparation of that letter and on his behalf, I thank you for your response.

WARREN BUFFETT: Thank you.

AUDIENCE MEMBER: In such, you suggested that many of those issues would be appropriately addressed in this forum. In his honor, I’d ask you to address just one of those, and that is the ultimate generational transfer of Berkshire away from its current base of long-term, selfselected, and well-informed shareholders, and the potential of instituting a series of analyst meetings to address the relative lack of interest in, and ownership, and understanding of, Berkshire by institutional shareholders and investors. Thank you and good morning.

WARREN BUFFETT: Well, thank you. I mean, George was a wonderful man. A great analyst and a friend. I have some problem with having meetings with subgroups of investors, such as institutional investors. If we had something like that, I think we would want it to be open to everybody. And, you know, that gets

2004年股东大会

第二部分/第六部分

沃伦·巴菲特: 是的。你提到的这些资产类别——你可以进一步细分为高等级债券和垃圾债券——它们都是备选方案。你知道,查理和我坐下来思考的是如何最好地运用伯克希尔的资金。这是一个相当简单的命题。我们有一些自己有能力做出判断的事情,也有一些我们无法判断的事情。所以我们缩小范围——我们希望将范围缩小到我们认为能够理解的投资。这类投资数量还算可观,尽管有很多我们无法理解。我今天说的任何话,明天可能都会变。我们不会单独考虑这些类别。比如在2002年夏天到中秋那段时间,当垃圾债券变得非常有吸引力时,我们买了很多。但我们并没有做出什么买入垃圾债券的重大决定,我们只是开始看到一些东西,一些个别的标的,它们开始对我们大喊:“买,买,买。”

然后那个机会就结束了。所以我们不会早上到办公室去想哪个类别——我们如何给这些类别排序。你知道,我们保持开放的心态,无论那天我们看到什么,只要能克服——或者说能跨越那个门槛,让我们从短期现金中拿出钱来投入进去。可能是套利——现在不太可能是套利了,因为要在伯克希尔的规模上玩这个游戏,产生有意义的影响,是很难做到的。我的意思是,要参与非常大的交易,这是我们过去成功做过的事情。多年来我们在套利上赚了很多钱,过去有时相当稳定。但查理和我并没有一个每天、每月或每年都拿出来讨论的清单,用来给各种类别排序。我们只是希望——我希望他有个好主意,他希望我有个好主意。当我们有了好主意,我们就会大举行动。

现在这些投资必须规模很大,这对我们可以做的事情是一个限制因素。如你所知,如果你读了年报,我们在外汇上建立了相当大的头寸。我们也在购买临终结算保单,就像我稍早提到的那个交易。我们对任何我们能理解的东西都持开放态度。查理?

查理·芒格: 是的,你实际上是要求我们在两三项我们目前不太感兴趣的活动之间确定一个优先顺序。这不是我们花很多时间去做的事情。换句话说,我们持有这么多现金,是因为目前我们不太喜欢这些领域中的任何一个。花所有时间去思考那些你显然不会去做的事情的优先顺序,对我们来说是相当徒劳的。

沃伦·巴菲特: 是的,我以为我这里有一张幻灯片,但没有。但是——当我们在2002年夏天到秋天购买垃圾债券时,我们实际上是在购买证券——而且我们将其限制在我们能理解的那种垃圾债券,这远非整个垃圾债券市场——但我们实际上是在以30%、35%、40%的到期收益率购买这些东西。现在,我们买入这些债券时的心态和买入普通股一样。有趣的是,在12个月内,一些同样的证券,当时的收益率是30%或35%,后来价格涨到收益率只有6%的水平。我的意思是,想想看,在一个没有陷入大萧条之类的国家里发生这种事,真的很了不起。我是说,证券市场上价格会做出令人惊奇的事情。当它们做出让我们觉得惊奇的事情时,对我们有利的方向,你知道,我们就会行动。但我们今天不知道明天会做什么。我们有一些——你知道,我们有一些事情——可能要做几件事。

它们可能——我们明天可能就会做它们,但是——我们不会为此召开任何委员会会议。还有,你知道,这种说法:“你应该把50%的钱放在债券里,35%放在股票里,还有15%——“我们不会那样做。我是说,我们认为那是胡说八道。还有什么想法吗,查理?显然没有了。(笑声)

13. “将高增长率外推非常危险”

沃伦·巴菲特: 6号麦克风。

股东: 早上好,两位。我叫托尼·阿多(音),来自新泽西。巴菲特先生,我的问题是关于企业估值和增长的。在您的一封信中,您提到了折现公式:收益除以(折现率减去增长率)。但如果增长率大于折现率,使用这个公式会得到负数。绕开这个问题的一种方法——我们称之为方法A——是使用两阶段增长模型,第一阶段高增长,第二阶段低增长。第二种方法,方法B,是估算公司第三年的收益,然后乘以平均市盈率来得到第十年的价格。我不知道您使用的是方法A还是方法B,但如果不是的话,巴菲特先生,我想问,如果增长率大于折现率,您如何估算一家公司的价值?

沃伦·巴菲特: 嗯,你指出了一个有趣的数学关系。因为如果你使用现值折现公式,并且输入一个高于折现率的增长率,正如你假设的那样,结果当然是无穷大。有很多管理层喜欢认为他们的股票价值无穷大,但我们——(笑)——还没有找到过这样的股票。这个话题在大约30年前一位叫[大卫]杜兰的人写的一篇名为”圣彼得堡悖论”的论文中讨论过。我们办公室某个地方可能有一份副本。我猜,如果你上谷歌,输入杜兰和圣彼得堡,你可能能找到那篇文章,虽然他们在旧文章方面不一定很厉害。所以如果你想要,我们可以——如果你让我们办公室的人知道,我们会找找看,看看能不能找到。将高增长率外推是非常危险的,因为你会陷入这个悖论。

如果你说一家公司的增长率从现在到审判日将是9%,而你使用7%的折现率,那么它会无限增长,你知道,你得到无穷大。这就是人们陷入很多麻烦的地方。将极高的增长率外推很长一段时间,已经导致投资者损失了非常非常大量的金钱。没有多少公司——只需看看《财富》500强,回到50年前——他们正在纪念那个——看看那些曾经在榜上的公司,有多少真正保持了远高于10%的增长率。那不是容易达到的门槛。当你达到15%时,你知道,你就进入了大气层和稀薄的大气层。所以这就是——将高增长率外推有真正的危险。查理和我很少——几乎从不——会用到高个位数。这样做你会损失很多钱。你有时可能会错过机会,但我没见过有人通过这样做持续成功。而且你确实会遇到你提到的那个悖论。查理?

查理·芒格: 嗯,你显然是对的,当你得到数学结果是无穷大时,就应该退一步,意识到那不可能发生。当然,人们所做的是假设增长率会降低,并最终停止。然后你会得到更现实的数字。还能有其他什么做法?

14. 纽交所专家系统”运行得相当好”

沃伦·巴菲特: 好的,我们转到7号麦克风。我想它在这边。

股东: 是的,我叫杰克·奥尼尔(音),来自明尼苏达州新布莱顿。感谢有机会在这里提问,也感谢有机会向您和查理学习。我有一个两部分的问题,我删掉第一部分,那部分是关于我对国家不断膨胀的国债能持续多久的担忧。那么我的问题是,您对纽约证券交易所需要专家有什么看法?谢谢。

沃伦·巴菲特: 查理,你想回答这个问题吗?(笑)

查理·芒格: 嗯,谢谢你,沃伦。(笑声)总的来说,我认为多年来专家系统运行得相当好。最近可能出了一些问题,但平均来看,它在很长一段时间内都运行得很好。我并不太反感那些整天站在那里的人赚了相当多的钱。

沃伦·巴菲特: 你应该知道,查理实际上曾经拥有一家专家公司。这就是为什么我把问题转给他,尽管他刚才说了句讽刺的话。(笑声)你和杰克[惠勒]在太平洋海岸证券交易所担任通用汽车的专家有多长时间?

查理·芒格: 大约13年。

沃伦·巴菲特: 是的——

查理·芒格: 是的。

沃伦·巴菲特: 你现在看到的是一位经验丰富的专家。

15. 巴菲特预测衍生品将带来”大问题”

沃伦·巴菲特: 我们转到8号。

股东: 早上好,两位。我是来自亚利桑那州凤凰城的尼尔·斯坦霍夫。感谢你们关于TIPS的提示。也感谢通讯——你们的年度信函——中关于书籍的信息。我特别喜欢玛吉·马哈尔写的《牛市!》,我想是的。我出于多种原因对美国的未来感到担忧。政府和个人的债务都在累积,有利于前五位高管的股票回购还在继续。衍生品的疯狂和估值过高的市场,市盈率也很疯狂。有什么评论吗?

沃伦·巴菲特: 嗯,你想让我们评论哪一个?你只能问一个问题。(笑声)

股东: 衍生品。

沃伦·巴菲特: 衍生品。嗯,查理和我在衍生品问题上已经表达过我们的看法。你知道,我们认为在任何一年里,衍生品导致或极大加剧某种金融创伤的概率不一定很高。但我们认为这种风险是存在的。我觉得看看像房地美这样的机构很有趣,那里有一个可能甚至有数百名金融分析师在研究——当然至少有几十名金融分析师在研究。你有一个监管办公室。你有一个由国会创建的实体,大概还有对其活动感兴趣的委员会。董事会有两位固定收益市场领域你能找到的最聪明、最高级别的人——马蒂·莱博维茨和亨利·考夫曼——还有一群其他非常优秀的董事。而且,在审计师在场的情况下,他们竟然在相当短的时间内误报了大约60亿美元的收益。现在,这些不全是衍生品造成的,但很大一部分——60亿美元,你知道,这在任何地方都是真金白银。

其中很大一部分是由衍生工具的活动促成的。现在你可以看看房地美2000年、2002年或2001年的年报。你可以阅读附注和审计师证明。你可以看到一群高素质、非常聪明的董事。你可以安慰自己说,华尔街有几十个人,他们拿着薪水就为了追踪相对较少的股票,他们在研究这个,而且他们一直在开电话会议。最后发生了什么?是60亿美元。如果他们想要,可能还能达到120亿美元。衍生品可以造成很多麻烦。正如我们指出的,查理和我就亲眼见过。

当有一笔衍生品交易,特别是复杂的交易——普通的香草型,可能不会有大麻烦——但当你有一笔复杂的衍生品交易,投资银行A的交易员在一方,投资银行B的交易员在另一方,他们记录一笔交易——这对他们双方来说必须是零和游戏——而双方当天都将利润记入账上——我从未见过双方都记入亏损的情况——这就容易滋生麻烦。而且规模绝对巨大,并且越来越大。我要告诉你,我认识一些有大型衍生品业务的公司管理层,他们并不清楚正在发生什么。我们当时对通用再保险证券的情况也不清楚。我们做不到。我们试图搞清楚,但我们做不到。而且那远不是最广泛或最复杂的衍生品业务。我们在所罗门也有同样的经历。但无论所罗门当时的数字是多少,今天都会是巨大的倍数。

1991年有一个星期天,我们正在准备——或者说让律师准备——所罗门的破产文件。如果财政部没有改变主意,我们会在曼哈顿某个地方找个法官。他可能正在看棒球,吃爆米花。我们会走到他家门口说:“你知道,这里有所罗门的情况。有1.2万亿美元的衍生品合约,对手方认为这些合约是好的,但它们将变得一文不值,“还有很多其他事情,你知道,“这是你的问题了。“在证券世界里,很多东西会关联在一起,而人们并不预期它们会关联。全世界都有采用类似策略的人,就像长期资本管理公司出问题时那样。这个世界——金融世界——在某种程度上是处于一触即发的状态。人们想要抢先行动,比其他人快一步。

当你拥有大量交易,而许多人只是模糊地理解这些交易时,你就正在制造一个潜在的巨大问题,这个问题可能由于一些其他外生事件而引发大规模违约。这可能对金融市场造成极大的破坏。所以我们认为它们对社会来说是危险的。顺便说一句,我们自己也使用它们。你知道,我们会要求抵押。我们从中赚了钱。但我预测,在未来10年的某个时候,你会看到一些非常大的问题,它们要么是由人们在衍生品领域的活动引起的,要么是被大幅加剧的。查理?

查理·芒格: 是的,我认为部分问题在于——你刚才谈到的——是因为人们没有足够思考后果的后果。这是一个常见错误。你开始试图对冲利率变化,当你有一个抵押贷款组合,人们可以选择提前还款时,这是一件非常复杂的事情。然后,根据会计惯例,对冲使得季度业绩变得起伏不定,而不是像所有机构分析师喜欢的那样平稳规律。所以他们又给了我们一堆衍生品来平滑回报。好吧,现在你已经演变成了说谎。嗯,一开始就已经够复杂的了。但当你把说谎加入这个过程,这就成了一个疯狂茶会。然而,这种情况发生在拥有非常聪明的、金融知识渊博的杰出董事的董事会中。这表明光有专业知识并不能拯救你。必须有人有常识说:“我们就是不碰那个。那太难了。”

沃伦·巴菲特: 查理曾经在所罗门的审计委员会任职,他把会议时间延长到了六七个小时。我想你发现了一份单一合约上数千万美元的错误标记,而那个地方有成千上万份合约。对吗?

查理·芒格: 我认为可以公平地说,那简直是疯了,而且会计师们背叛了他们的职责。

沃伦·巴菲特: 嗯哼。(笑声)这很有趣。如果你心情不好的话,你可以去参加某个持有大量衍生品头寸的公司的股东大会,质问一下CEO关于一些比较深奥的交易。它们变得非常非常复杂。试图搞清楚后果,会令人难以置信。你能确定的一件事是,进行这些交易的交易员肯定会希望立即或在未来一两年内按利润标记,因为他的奖金通常基于那一年的数字,而交易会在20年后结束,因为有些是长期限的。当后果落到公司头上时,交易员早就走了。任何时候,当你让非常聪明的人有激励去错误地标记东西时,你就会得到错误标记,或者以不适当方式承担风险的诱惑。最初,对于衍生品,人们提出的论点是它们会分散风险。

你知道,可口可乐公司面临外汇风险,或者某家银行面临利率风险。理论是你会使用这些衍生品将风险分散到整个系统中。确实,现在很多人还提出这个论点。我想说,在绝大部分时间里,这可能确实如此。但关键的时刻是当系统加剧了风险并将巨大的信用风险集中在极少数机构身上时。相信我,可口可乐公司比某个持有大量头寸的衍生品交易商更能承受一年的外汇或利率风险。而且我认为,实际上,由于衍生品,系统中的风险比衍生品支持者所说的因为它们的活动而被分散的风险要大得多。

16. 比尔·盖茨担任下一任伯克希尔董事长?

沃伦·巴菲特: 请9号麦克风。

股东: 早上好。罗伯特·皮顿(音),来自伊利诺伊州芝加哥。非常感谢您关于投资和生活的无数见解。我的问题与比尔·盖茨有关。您曾公开表示比尔·盖茨可能是您一生中遇到的最聪明的人。查理,抱歉要告诉您这个。

沃伦·巴菲特: 不,我不完全那么说——但你接近了。(笑)

股东: 我接近了。您还说过他能做您的工作,但您可能做不了他的工作。

沃伦·巴菲特: 这完全正确。

股东: 好的。那么既然如此,考虑到他的天赋、成就以及他在微软凝聚优秀人才的能力,您是否会考虑让他以两种方式之一成为伯克希尔未来的董事长?要么是合并——如果合并不合理,因为它是科技公司而您不懂,所以您不想与微软有任何关系。第二种是他辞去微软董事长职务,以便维护您打造的这个杰作,并让伯克希尔哈撒韦所有公司这些非常有才华的经理们团结在一位您因他的成就和能力而如此尊敬的领导者周围。

沃伦·巴菲特: 是比尔让你来问这个的吗?(笑声)

股东: 不是他。

沃伦·巴菲特: 不,我知道。你知道,这不是一个疯狂的建议,但我们有更好的答案。比尔可以做得很好。我做不了他的工作。但我们伯克希尔内部至少有四个人,在许多方面可以比我做得更好。可能在一两个方面,他们可能在某些部分不如我。但他们会是出色的继任者。我们在这方面比伯克希尔历史上任何时候都更有福气。如果你回到15年前,我们还没有四个这样的人。随着我们增加业务,有更多的潜在未来领导者随这些业务而来,也并非不可想象。所以我们装备精良。除非发生非常不寻常的事情,否则我们将会有一位来自伯克希尔内部、已经在这里很长时间的领导者来接替我。这样做的一个好处——如果换成比尔,这不一定是劣势——但一个好处是我们真的很喜欢伯克希尔的文化。

让一个在这文化中运作多年的人来领导,我认为是个加分项。另外,你知道,我们看过他们如何工作,我们知道他们的优缺点。我们现在装备得很好。至于比尔,我认为——随着他花在微软的时间减少,他可能会——你知道,盖茨基金会可能会占用他更多时间——我不认为他想要我的工作,尽管他可能对可用的薪酬水平垂涎欲滴。(笑声)查理?

查理·芒格: 我没什么要补充的。

17. 提高投资知识的书单

沃伦·巴菲特: 好的,我们转到10号。

股东: 我叫奥利弗·格劳萨(音),来自奥地利维也纳。我学过经济学,读过大约40本关于投资的书,想成为像您这样成功的投资者。巴菲特先生和芒格先生,当你们更年轻、可用于投资的资本少得多的时候,你们读哪些出版物来获得一些优秀的投资想法,从而如此成功?你们平均每周花多少小时阅读关于公司的资料?谢谢。

沃伦·巴菲特: 嗯,当我们年轻的时候,我们花了——可能查理,和现在比,花了更多时间——我也花了相当多的时间——研究公司。但是我们会——如果再来一次,我们基本上还会这样做。我们会研究所有我们能理解的东西。这个世界在这方面没有改变。可能做这种事的人更多了,但现在可以研究的公司也更多了。我们会阅读所有关于我们能理解的生意和行业的信息。我们会寻找那些价值相对于价格明显便宜的东西。我们会有一个巨大的优势,因为我们管理的资金要少得多,这意味着潜在的投资想法范围要大得多。但是,在我看来,现在分析证券和50年前没有什么不同。查理?

查理·芒格: 是的,我们大量阅读,大量思考。我不知道有哪个明智的人是不大量阅读的。另一方面,光靠阅读还不够。你真的需要一种气质,能够抓住正确的想法并对这些想法采取行动。我认为大多数大量阅读的人没有必要的这种气质,他们要么抓不住想法,要么被大量的材料弄得困惑。当然,那是行不通的。

沃伦·巴菲特: 是的,可能有点——菲尔·卡雷特过去常说要有一个”金钱头脑”,而我会称之为”商业头脑”。你知道,有些人的智商相同,但更适合这个而不是那个。气质至关重要。我的意思是,如果你不能控制自己,无论你带来什么智力,你知道,你都会遭遇灾难。查理和我就见过一个接一个的例子——这不是一个需要非凡智力的行业。它需要非凡的纪律。这不应该那么困难。但有时我环顾世界,显然这相当困难。我的意思是,几年前整个世界在投资方面都有些疯狂。你对自己说:“这怎么可能发生?他们难道没有从以前的事情中学到任何东西吗?“但是,你知道,我们从历史中学到的是,人们不会从历史中学习。你在金融市场上总是能看到这一点。

顺便说一句,你提到了书。查理,你今年没有推荐任何书吗?

查理·芒格: 嗯,有一本我真的很喜欢的书,但我买不到,因为它只在英国出版。但它最终会到这里来的。这本书叫约翰·格里宾的《深层的简单性》。这是一本非常棒的书。当然,这个标题很棒:“深层的简单性”。这就是我们都在寻找的。

沃伦·巴菲特: 我一直在读《万物简史》。读到人们思考如何在18世纪计算出地球的重量之类的事情,令人印象深刻。你会认为有能力做那种事的人在金融方面也会做得很好。但是,你知道,如果你还记得,艾萨克·牛顿花了很大一部分生命试图把铅变成金子。他本可以成为一名优秀的股票经纪人。(笑声)但这在财务上对他没什么帮助。查理比我更了解牛顿,所以——

查理·芒格: 嗯,他还损失了巨大——

沃伦·巴菲特: 是的,在泡沫中——

查理·芒格: ——他在南海泡沫中损失了净资产的一大部分。所以他投资了一个完全疯狂的骗局。而这是世界上最聪明的人。所以光有智商是不够的。

18. 赞赏财政部打击避税行为

沃伦·巴菲特: 请11号麦克风。

股东: 我叫马丁·威甘德,来自马里兰州贝塞斯达。感谢你们主持这个精彩、有教育意义且有趣的周末。我们——

沃伦·巴菲特: 嗯,谢谢你来——

股东: ——很感激。

沃伦·巴菲特: ——马丁,是的。(掌声)

股东: 在今年的年报中,您为伯克希尔的纳税记录辩护,反驳了一些报纸专栏作家和美国财政部负责税收政策的助理部长帕梅拉·奥尔森的批评。与其他大型公司,特别是保险公司相比,伯克希尔是否缴纳了公平的税负,这样我们才能自豪地穿着带有美国国旗标志的伯克希尔运动服?

沃伦·巴菲特: 顺便说一句,帕梅拉·奥尔森今天在这里。我不知道她能不能站起来。但我欠她一个道歉。她作为公职人员做得非常出色,我在年报里稍微调侃了她一下。但实际上,她一直在财政部积极打击避税行为和一些查理和我认为不应该存在的事情。所以帕梅拉值得我钦佩。就像我说的,如果她在这里并且能站起来,我们给她鼓掌。(掌声)一些避税方案——我昨天和她见过面——她告诉我一些我某种程度上也亲眼见过的事情。但有些已经发生的事情,在某些情况下是由最著名的审计公司赞助的,你知道,绝对是令人作呕的,这也是为什么,至少在我看来,中产阶级可能缴纳了比他们应该缴的更多的税,以筹集维持政府所需的全部资金。正如我们在报告中指出的,伯克希尔是财政部的重要贡献者。

正如我提到的,如果全国只有540个实体缴纳和我们一样多的所得税,其他任何人都不需要缴任何税,不需要社保,什么都不用。我们没有——我的意思是,我们可能持有免税债券。我们持有股息,可以享受股息扣除。但我们收入的很大一部分,包括资本利得,我们都按34%的全额公司税率纳税。所以,出去买带有国旗标志的Fruit of the Loom内衣吧,你有资格穿它。(笑)查理?

查理·芒格: 我没什么要补充的。但你低估了渗透到我们主要会计——会计师公司——中的邪恶,当他们开始以或有费用为交换条件销售这些欺诈性的避税方案时。有家公司实际上向我解释说,他们是欺诈性避税方案的有道德的销售商。(笑声)他说:“其他公司只是把这些卖给任何人。我们只把它们卖给我们最重要的20个客户,这样它们更有可能保密。”

沃伦·巴菲特: 是的。当然,律师们会撰写意见书,这样如果他们真的被抓住了,这些方案因为他们如此晦涩、复杂以至于他们希望没人能发现,律师们撰写意见书,这样他们就能——你知道,当国税局来的时候,他们可以挥舞那封信说:“嗯,哎呀,我们很抱歉犯了错误,但我们是在律师建议下做的,所以你们不应该评估欺诈罚款什么的。“我的意思是,他们会——我们不想把律师排除在外,查理。(笑)有人来过我们的办公室。我想说明,不是我们使用的审计公司。但是,有来自顶级审计公司的人来到我们办公室,带着这些方案,他们说我们必须签字放弃我们节省金额的一定百分比。然后他们会给我们这些专有方法,你知道,这些方法通常涉及全球大约20个离岸信托和合伙公司以及各种东西。

许多方案的部分设计就是要涉及这么多实体,这样在纳税申报表上这里或那里出现的数字,就没有税务人员能弄清楚交易的全貌。你知道,那些——那些因为这样而不纳税的人,提高了这个房间里所有人的税负。所以我为帕梅拉在这方面的努力鼓掌,而且还需要做更多。

19. “如果你不懂数学,你就会是个笨手笨脚的人”

沃伦·巴菲特: 我们转到12号。

股东: 早上好。我叫约翰·弗罗伊登伯格(音),来自德国。芒格先生,您在一次演讲中说,科学现实通常只有通过数学才能揭示,就好像数学是上帝的语言。您能详细说明一下,特别是告诉我们为什么数学经常反映现实?谢谢。

查理·芒格: 事情就是这样。(笑声)如果你——就好像上帝创造了世界,只有精通数学的人才能理解它。我认为你可以很好地处理普通的人类活动。但是如果你想理解,比如说,科学,没有数学你就做不到。事情就是这样。在商业中,如果你不懂数学,你就会是个笨手笨脚的人。

沃伦·巴菲特: 继续说,我在嚼东西。(笑声)我们回到——继续。

查理·芒格: 商业的好处是你不需要懂高等数学。

沃伦·巴菲特: 懂高等数学可能是个劣势,查理。

查理·芒格: 是的,我认为是。因为你寻找机会使用这个奇妙的、复杂的工具。但总的来说,这远不如只使用简单的数学效果好。

沃伦·巴菲特: 是的。当我母亲给我唱关于复利的歌时,真的不需要再进一步了。(笑声)

20. 巴菲特100亿美元的沃尔玛错误

沃伦·巴菲特: 我们回到1号。

股东: 我叫大卫·法洛(音),来自明尼苏达州明尼阿波利斯。谢谢沃伦和查理。几分钟前你们提到了从历史中学习的重要性。从过去几年里你们没有做的、现在后悔没有做的投资中,你们学到了什么?

沃伦·巴菲特: 嗯,我们犯的错误,我们确实犯过——有些是重大的——有两种。一种是我们完全没有投资于某种我们理解且便宜的东西,可能因为我们没有足够努力地查看整个清单,或者因为这样那样的原因,我们就是没有——我们没有采取行动。第二种是开始做一项可能非常大规模的投资,但没有做到最大。查理坚信这样一个观点,当你可以——当出现一件应该做的事情时,你不应该坐在那里吮吸大拇指,而应该全力投入。这基本上是我们努力去做的。但有些时候——通常发生在我开始以X价格买入某样东西,它涨到了X加八分之一或某种不可容忍的价格时——我就停止或者等它跌回来。

在某些情况下,我们错过了数十亿美元的利润,因为实际上我被某个初始价格锚定了,而我本来可以在之后支付更高的价格,而且那点差价其实微不足道。

查理·芒格: 你有什么比沃尔玛更糟糕的事情要坦白吗?

沃伦·巴菲特: 不,沃尔玛——我让我们损失了大约——现在高达100亿美元了。(笑声)我让我们损失了大约100亿。我本来打算在拆股前以大约23美元的价格买入1亿股沃尔玛。查理说那听起来不像是最糟糕的主意,这从他那里——我的意思是,这简直是天大的赞美了。(笑声)然后,你知道,我们买了一点,然后它涨了一点点。我想:“嗯,你知道,也许它会跌回来”或者什么——谁知道我想了什么?我的意思是,你知道,只有我的心理医生能告诉我。那种吮吸大拇指、不愿意多付一点的做法——目前的代价在100亿美元左右。还有其他例子。不幸的是,将来可能还会有更多例子。但那是——另一方面,它并不困扰我们。我的意思是,你知道,稍微谈谈它可能有点教育意义,我很高兴回答这个问题。

但最终,我们在伯克希尔会犯很多错误。过去我们犯过,将来我们还会犯。你知道,如果你打高尔夫球每一杆都是一杆进洞,那游戏很快就没意思了。所以你偶尔得打几个球进树林,让游戏更有趣一点。我们会尽量不经常这样做。但那将会是我们犯的那种错误。我们可能不会犯那种——虽然我们确实犯过——我们犯过Dexter鞋业的错误——但我们可能不会犯那种让我们损失大量金钱的错误。我想你会发现,未来更多的是不作为的错误,而不是作为的错误。查理,你还想补充什么吗?

查理·芒格: 是的。至少我们一直在思考过去我们错失机会的时刻。因为这些不会出现在财务报告中,那些你有但没接受的机会,大多数人不会花很多心思去想。至少这是我们不会犯的错误。我们让自己不断反省错失机会的错误,就像我们刚才做的那样。

21. 很难找到优秀、诚实的股票顾问

沃伦·巴菲特: 好的,2号。

股东: 沃伦和查理,我叫彼得·布罗奇,来自马萨诸塞州贝弗利。我想感谢你们帮助我成为更好的商人和更好的投资者。也许更重要的是,你们以身作则,在我的道德罗盘上创造了一个真正的北方,让我可以遵循。虽然学习过程非常棒,但我发现经营一家成功企业和拥有一个大家庭的需求,让我没有时间去应用我作为这个”邪教”成员已经习惯的研究方法。请想象一下,你们年轻30岁,并且只有——

沃伦·巴菲特: 我喜欢他。

股东: ——在你们的投资打卡纸上只剩下几个孔了。如果你处在我这种情况下,在一定程度上你会将持股分散到伯克希尔哈撒韦之外,在这种环境下,你会如何选择投资经理?或者,正如查理在谈到基金会时所讨论的那样,你会去寻找另外两家伟大的公司,通过普通股进行投资吗?

沃伦·巴菲特: 查理,你来试试?

查理·芒格: 嗯,当然你是在寻找,这是生活乐趣的一部分。但是——我会说,主要的教训是,你一辈子也不太可能找到很多。当你找到一个你真的想清楚了并且有信心的时候,看在上帝的份上,不要吝啬地去做。认为非常聪明、有投资技能的人应该拥有高度分散的投资组合的想法是疯狂的。这是一个非常传统的疯狂想法。所有商学院都在教。但他们是错的。(掌声)

沃伦·巴菲特: 寻找其他顾问的问题是个难题。我的意思是,当我在1969年底结束我的合伙关系时,我有所有这些依赖我的合伙人,我要给他们寄回一大笔钱,你知道,我觉得有义务至少给他们推荐一些替代方案。我推荐了两个人,我知道他们非常优秀,也非常诚实。不久前我们让其中一位进了董事会,今天再次确认——桑迪·戈特斯曼。另一位是比尔·鲁恩。我在投资界已经呆了很长时间,那是我认识的两位,但他们或多或少是我的同代人。多年来我逐渐了解了他们,而且我观察他们很长时间了。所以我不仅知道他们的业绩,还知道他们是如何取得这些业绩的,这非常重要。我现在不认识那一代的经理了。

但事实是,以我认识的人数,在我非常活跃的时候,我只能想出两个,这说明了寻找经理的困难。我能几乎保证的是,那些四处游说机构投资者的推销型人物,极不可能通过任何长期的才能测试,有时还有诚信测试。发现一个投资者不是件容易的事。我认为可能更容易,取决于时间——你知道,你提到有孩子和生意,以及你能花多少时间。时不时地你会——如果你对投资界有所了解,你对正在发生的事情有某种基础性的知识,然后你会看到一些东西,就像我们几年前在垃圾债券上看到的,或者像多年前股票更便宜时我们在各种事情上看到的。你偶尔会看到一些你应该全力投入的东西。正如查理所说,那才是你真正需要做的。我的意思是,这个房间里的一些人很多年前就全力买入了伯克希尔。

事实是,他们不需要分散化,你知道。我全力买入了。查理也是。你会偶尔看到机会,但不会每天或每周都看到。如果你认为你会每周都看到一个机会,你会损失很多钱,因为人们会过来告诉你他们有这些机会,他们可能不像电影里那个家伙那么明目张胆——(笑)——但他们是其变种。查理?

查理·芒格: 最近证明,挑选投资经理这一行甚至比我之前想象的还要困难。管理着全国共同基金的一大部分机构投资经理,实际上接受了贿赂提议,以背叛他们自己的股东。就好像有个人来找你说:“我有个好提议。不如我杀了你妈妈,然后我们平分保险金?“就是这么荒谬。然而,有相当一部分人说:“哎呀,我想要一些保险金。“然后他们就这么做了。

沃伦·巴菲特: 而且他们之前已经很富有了。

查理·芒格: 是的。他们通过做出这个疯狂的决定毁掉了自己,很多人。我认为他们中的许多人可能会认为结果是不公正的。

沃伦·巴菲特: 而且——

查理·芒格: 我是说他们所遭受的垮台。

沃伦·巴菲特: 而且有趣的是,当然,这是一个庞大的行业——那些没有这样做的人非常希望这个行业的声誉不被玷污。他们中的一些人一定知道发生了什么。我的意思是,这是——我很难想象大多数大型共同基金公司的人,即使是那些没有从事上述活动的,那些没有参与的共同基金管理公司——他们没有意识到。我的意思是,如果你身处这样一个行业,你会听到正在发生的事情。而投资公司协会忙着拍自己的马屁,你知道,在一次又一次的会议上,并与立法者变得非常亲密。直到有一个吹哨人找到[纽约州总检察长]埃利奥特·斯皮策,他用非常有限的工作人员以非常强有力的方式活跃起来,在此之前什么都没做。他揭露了正在发生的事情,并将其登上了头条。

但行业本身,有成百上千的人,大多数人都知道发生了什么——而且这持续了很长时间。他们一句话也没说。你知道,这让你有点怀疑。

22. 资产配置模型是”纯粹的胡说”

沃伦·巴菲特: 3号?

股东: 你好,我是来自洛杉矶的鲍勃·克莱因(音)。你们在回答之前的问题时已经触及了资产配置——资本配置——的问题。但我想知道你们能否从风险管理的角度详细说明一下。华尔街和理财规划公司为他们的资产配置模型收取很多费用,比如说,50%股票,40%债券,等等。我知道你们采取更机会主义的方法来构建投资组合和管理风险,就像你们通过垃圾债券例子所说明的那样。所以我想请你们详细说明一下,你们如何使用价格和价值作为风险管理和资产配置的工具,而不是带着预先想好的每个资产类别应该配置多少的想法去做。

沃伦·巴菲特: 是的,我们认为最小化风险的最好方法是思考。(笑声)而那种想法——你知道,你说:“我有60%在股票,40%在债券,“然后有一个大公告,现在我们改成65/35,就像华尔街那些策略师或其他什么人所做的那样。我的意思是,那一定是纯粹的胡说。我的意思是,60/40或65/30——那根本没有任何意义。你应该做的是——你的默认位置总是短期工具。无论什么时候你看到有明智的事情可做,你就应该去做。你不应该试图去匹配某个这样的目标。我觉得很有趣——我昨天正好在读一篇文章,我想是关于谷歌那两位家伙的,他们将会因为每人得到几十亿美元而遇到各种问题。我是说,这——我真想寄一张慰问卡。

我差点去了贺曼商店,因为那篇文章继续讲——他们有这个可怕的问题,那个可怕的问题,他们需要律师,他们需要金融——他们不需要任何人。那些家伙比来找他们的人更聪明。他们没有大问题,他们自己很有能力想清楚。有问题的是那些想向他们推销服务的人,那些人必须让他们相信他们有问题。但是当你谈论资产配置时,你看到的很多东西——那只是推销。这是一种方式,让你觉得如果你不知道应该是60/40还是65/35,你就需要这些人。而在投资中,你根本不需要他们。

那些告诉你除非你听他们的并签约他们的服务,否则你会陷入大麻烦的大多数专业人士,你知道,他们很会推销,但是——这就像我前妹夫——曾经在牲畜围场工作——过去常说的,人们会带来牛或其他东西。我会对他说:“你怎么让农民雇用你,而不是你旁边的那个家伙,来向Swift或Armour或Cudahy销售?我的意思是,一头牛就是一头牛,Armour会以同样的方式购买。“他给了我一个厌恶的表情说:“沃伦,重要的不是你如何卖掉它们,而是你如何告诉他们。“嗯,华尔街有很多这样的情况。查理?

查理·芒格: 是的,人们一直渴望知道未来。你知道,国王过去常常雇用魔术师或预言家,他会看羊的内脏或其他东西来寻找如何应对下一场战争的答案。所以一直有一个市场,给那些声称基于他们的专业知识知道未来的人。这种事情仍然很多。这和国王雇用那个看羊内脏的预言家一样疯狂。而且人们有经济动机去销售某种万灵药。它可以一次又一次地被销售。真正有趣的数字是,当你把市场的低表现结合起来,比如说,共同基金行业,可能是每年几个百分点。而且这还低估了。现在,如果你把所有投资于共同基金的投资者都算上,他们被一群想要佣金的经纪人不断地从一个基金换到另一个基金,现在你有一个低于正常水平的表现,由于共同基金投资的频繁转换,又要再加上三四个百分点。

所以普通公众从接触这些专家那里得到了糟糕的结果。而这些人正在拜访童子军队伍和社区募捐活动,是当地有名望的人。我认为这令人作呕。通过成为一个向购买产品的人提供价值的系统的一部分来谋生要好得多。但是没有人会因为我的理论而避免创建赌场之类的东西。如果它能赚钱,为什么,在这个国家我们往往会去做。

23. 工伤赔偿保险欺诈

沃伦·巴菲特: 4号麦克风。

股东: 早上好,巴菲特先生和芒格先生。我叫史蒂文·韦斯特,我是北卡罗来纳州摩根顿的一名画框制造商。我特别感觉与伯克希尔哈撒韦有联系,因为我既是内布拉斯加家具城、明星家具和RC Willey的供应商,也是Larson Jewel的客户。我的问题涉及工伤赔偿保险公司对像我这样的制造商实施的工伤赔偿欺诈,我认为这个丑闻比本次会议之前提到的任何丑闻都要大得多。举个例子,1998年,当我试图弄清楚为什么我的经验修正系数变得如此离谱时,我收到了一份损失报告,而且我认为,是错误地,还收到了我保险公司的支票报告。这令人震惊。他们向州声称的152,000美元的4笔损失,实际金额不到6,000美元。而一笔他们声称花费了70,072美元的索赔,实际只花了86.88美元。现在,自然,这使我的公司被纳入了高风险池。这已经花费了我数十万美元。

我的问题是,他们是否试图对伯克希尔哈撒韦的公司也玩同样的把戏,特别是劳动密集型业务,比如DQ冰淇淋。因为在那之后的几年里,我无法从这些保险公司那里拿到一张经过核对的支票副本。他们就是不给,即使是在传票下,他们的行为完全符合刑事欺诈的特征。现在,我关于伯克希尔哈撒韦问题——或公司——的问题是,你们的经理是否意识到了这一点,他们是否收到了保险公司声称用于结算工伤赔偿案件的经过核对的实际支票副本?谢谢。

沃伦·巴菲特: 是的。嗯,我想说的是,在保险的各个方面都有大量的欺诈。例如,在汽车保险中,我的意思是,显然,我们有反欺诈部门,但我知道你的问题更多是针对保险公司,而不是保单持有人、医生和律师以及其他各方实际发生的事情。但我们发现,我们在欺诈预防或检测上每花一美元,我们就能拿回远超过10美元。在工伤赔偿领域,你知道——我们在工伤赔偿保险上损失的钱,我猜——我可能错了,但我猜比几乎任何险种都多。不一定是保费百分比,而是总金额。那是一段非常艰难的时期。所以从我们的角度来看——我们在加州有一个小型工伤赔偿直接运营公司叫Cypress。然后通用再保险写了很多工伤赔偿再保险,这有点像一场血战。费率不足以覆盖损失。

我想说的是,在我们经历的损失中,或者说至少是行业经历的损失中,特别是在直接层面,有相当多的欺诈行为。但就你与保险公司的纠纷而言,我不知道是哪家公司,但我想说的是,大多数——许多曾经从事工伤赔偿业务的保险公司,特别是在加州的那些,近年来都希望自己没做过这个生意。我的意思是,据我所知,他们没有通过欺诈保单持有人赚很多钱。查理,你有什么要说的吗?

查理·芒格: 嗯,这个经历可能有关联。如果一家公司因为律师、医生和索赔人对其实施欺诈而陷入很多麻烦,并且其自身业务被恐惧和痛苦所扰乱,那么这家公司很可能会开始对其自己的保单持有人行为不端,以便将麻烦转嫁给别人。我认为这只是人性。但我不认为工伤赔偿中的主要欺诈是保险公司针对小企业主的。而是索赔人、律师和医生针对整个系统的欺诈。(掌声)

2004年股东大会

第三部分/共六部分

24. 公用事业法废除将有助于中美能源,但并非大机遇

沃伦·巴菲特:这确实是我们的经验。顺便说一句,我注意到你来自北卡罗来纳州的摩根顿。我们在那里有一家生意,卡罗来纳鞋业。我们生产工装靴。不久前我在北卡罗来纳大学做过一次演讲。实际上,我觉得他们现在还存有那次演讲的录音带。在那之后——我在演讲中提到我们在摩根顿有这家企业。之后有个学生走过来。当时有好几个学生,我跟他握了握手,寒暄时我说:“你从哪里来?“他说:“我从摩根顿来。“我说:“哦,“我说:“你认识卡罗来纳鞋业吗?“他想了一下,说:“我不认识她,但我想我认识她家里人。“(笑声)那个家伙我一直没忘。

原文

WARREN BUFFETT: That really would be our experience. As a sidelight, I noticed you were from Morganton, North Carolina. We have a business there, Carolina Shoe. We make work boots. And I give a talk at University of North Carolina some time ago. In fact, I think they have a tape of it still. And afterwards — I had mentioned in the talk that we had this business in Morganton. And one of students came up to me afterwards. And there were a number of them, and I shook his hand and, making idle conversation, I said, “Where are you from?” And he said, “I’m from Morganton.” And I said, “Oh,” I said, “Do you know Carolina Shoe?” And he thought a second, he said, “I don’t know her, but I think I know her family.” (Laughter) Never forgotten that fellow.

24. 公用事业法废除将有助于中美能源,但并非大机遇

沃伦·巴菲特:第5个问题。

观众:早上好。我是来自纽约市的安德鲁·索尔。我想先说明一下,我对两位先生深怀敬佩和喜爱。本着这种精神,几个月前我养了一只金毛寻回犬幼犬,我骄傲地给它取名为”芒格”。

沃伦·巴菲特:它经过家庭训练了吗?(笑声)

观众:查理,你会非常骄傲的。它就像你一样。我把它带到中央公园,成百上千的女人蜂拥而来抚摸它。

查理·芒格:真的吗?

沃伦·巴菲特:它名字起得好。名字起得好。(笑声)

观众:这是认真的,但这个问题也很认真。我的问题与《公用事业控股公司法》有关,这显然会影响中美能源的业务。您曾说过,如果该法被废除,您就能将数十亿美元投入到国家的能源基础设施中。尽管去年夏天这个国家发生了大规模停电,但该法并未被废除。我很好奇,如果PUHCA没有被废除,会对中美能源产生什么影响。

沃伦·巴菲特:是的。《公用事业控股公司法》于1935年通过。这是对20世纪20年代公用事业领域一些真正的疯狂行为——最戏剧性的是山姆·英萨尔案,但也发生在许多其他公司,如联合燃气与电力公司及其他各种公司——的一种反应,而且是一种合理的反应。当时存在公用事业资本结构的金字塔式构建。该法解决了许多错误的问题。在我们看来,该法早已过时。而且我认为——我的意思是,负责执行该法的证券交易委员会,我认为那里有很多人认为它早已不再需要。而且我认为,各种能源法案都包含了废除该法的内容。但去年没有通过任何能源法案。所以我们只能与《公用事业控股公司法》共存。它确实限制了我们能做的事。不过,有一个有趣的问题:如果它被废除了,这是否必然会打开大量机会。

因为如果它被废除了,很有可能许多其他公司也会与我们竞争,可能收购那些在该法存在时我们或他们难以收购的公用事业公司。所以我不希望你认为,如果该法被废除,伯克希尔·哈撒韦就一定会值更多钱。但我确实认为它应该——我的意思是,我认为这是合乎逻辑的。有很多——在公用事业领域有大量适当的监管,而让像伯克希尔·哈撒韦这样强大的公司投入资金——能源需要巨额资金——是有好处的。只要我们能在这项业务中有利地使用资本,我们就准备好了去做。这不应该被该法阻碍。如果要我下注,该法很可能在某个时候被废除。但这似乎不是,你知道,在不久的将来。这不一定意味着我们会变得富有很多。查理?

查理·芒格:是的,但如果我们现在在该领域有一个绝佳的机会,我们会想办法去做。可能通过中美能源,对吧?

沃伦·巴菲特:嗯,我们会想办法去做。是的。到目前为止,还没有任何向我们提出的事情是我们不能完成的。现在它可能涉及一个更笨拙的结构,但我们没有——你知道,没有任何事情是我们希望已经完成,然后到了终点线,或者说离终点线一码远的时候,我们说:“嗯,因为《公用事业控股公司法》,我们做不到。“现在,如果该法没有被列入法规,可能还有其他事情被提出。但如果它消失了,对我们来说根本不是什么大财源。它可能会让一些非常大的交易变得更简单。

原文

WARREN BUFFETT: Yeah. The Public Utility Holding Company Act was passed in 1935. It was a reaction, and a justified reaction, to some real wild antics that had taken place in the ’20s in the public utility field that were most dramatic in the case of Sam Insull, but occurred with a lot of other companies, Associated Gas and Electric and various other companies. And there was pyramiding of the utility capital structure. And there were a lot of things that were wrong that were addressed in that act. And in our view, that act is long outmoded. And I think that — I mean, the SEC, which has responsibility for administering it, I think there’s a lot of feeling there that it’s long been unneeded. And I think that there’ve been various energy bills that have included the repeal of it. But there was no energy bill passed in the last year. So we live with the Public Utility Holding Company Act. And it does restrict what we do. It’s an interesting question, though, if it were repealed, whether that necessarily would open up lots of opportunities.

Because if it were repealed, it’s quite conceivable that a number of other companies would also be competing with us, in terms of possibly buying utilities that might have been difficult for us to acquire, or for them to acquire, back when the law was in existence. So I don’t want you to think that, if it gets repealed, that Berkshire Hathaway is necessarily worth a lot more money. But I do think it should be — I mean, I think it’s logical. It’s — there are lots of — there’s plenty of appropriate regulation in the public utility field and there are advantages to having strong companies like Berkshire Hathaway pouring money — energy requires enormous sums of money. And to the extent we can use capital advantageously in that business, we’re ready to do it. And it should not be impeded by the act. If I had to bet, that act will probably go off the books at some time. But it doesn’t seem to be, you know, in the immediate future. It will not necessarily mean we get a lot richer. Charlie?

CHARLIE MUNGER: Yeah, but if we had a wonderful opportunity in the field now, we would find a way to do it. Probably through MidAmerican, right?

WARREN BUFFETT: Well, we’d find a way to do it. Yeah. There’s been nothing that’s been presented to us that we couldn’t get done so far. Now it might involve a more awkward structure, but we have not — you know, there’s been nothing that we wish we could have done and when we got to the finish line, or a yard from the finish line, we said, “Well, we can’t do this because of the Public Utility Holding Company Act.” Now, there might have been other things presented if that act hadn’t been on the books. But it will be no bonanza for us at all if it goes away. It may make life simpler on some very large transaction.

25. 伯克希尔的房地产经纪业务将会增长

沃伦·巴菲特:第7个?哦,抱歉,第6个。我跳过了第6个。第6个。

观众:早上好。我是来自迈阿密的安迪·刘易斯·查尔斯。我想代表所有人祝愿两位先生身体健康。我本想说祝你们财富持续增长,但我想你们已经在这方面做得很好了。

沃伦·巴菲特:我们还可以更多。(笑声)两方面都是。

观众:说到中美能源,它旗下有一个子公司叫HomeServices,我认为这是一个巨大机遇。我希望听到您对这个业务未来增长潜力的看法,特别是面对像胜达公司这样的大型整合商时。谢谢。

沃伦·巴菲特:是的,HomeServices会增长的。HomeServices,如你所知,拥有许多——我记不清具体数量,但可能大约15或16家——控制着许多本地房地产公司。它们都保留各自的本地品牌。在这方面,它有点像整个伯克希尔·哈撒韦的模式,我们让子公司保持很大的自主权,它们的经营方式就像——经理们经营它们就像自己拥有它们一样。嗯,HomeServices也遵循类似的思路,我们没有一个全国性的品牌,而胜达则在几个大品牌下运作。我们在过去一个月或六周内在北卡罗来纳州收购了一家公司,北卡罗来纳州的普天寿。而且我们最终——毫无疑问,在我看来——在接下来的十年里,我们会收购一些或者很多额外的公司。我们会——我们有优秀的管理层。我们喜欢这个业务。我们不时听到机会。去年,你知道,我们参与了大约500亿美元的交易。

而且我认为——我对这个数字真的很模糊,但——我最好别给你一个占全国总量的百分比,但那是非常小的百分比。交易量很大,几十万笔交易。例如,我们在南加州非常大。我们在明尼苏达州非常大。我们在爱荷华州非常大。在奥马哈和林肯这里也非常大。但还有很多地方我们根本没有涉足。我们喜欢在各地收购领先的公司。我们有时喜欢在一个社区收购不止一家。这是一个好业务。它是一个非常周期性的业务。现在,它非常好。在接下来的五年里,我们会经历一些时期。我敢肯定我们会经历一个非常缓慢的时期。但我们会继续收购。我们会在业务缓慢时收购,我们也会在业务好时收购,这取决于机构的价格和我们收购的业务类型。

我不知道它能变得多大。它会变得比现在更大。相对于伯克希尔的总市值,它可能不是那么——一个巨大的因素。但有可能随着我们收购更多的业务,我们也会找到其他事情与它们一起做。我的意思是,买房对人们来说是一件大事。你知道,他们经常同时购买家具,也许我们可以给一两个建议。查理?

查理·芒格:关于那个业务,我没什么要补充的。

原文

WARREN BUFFETT: Yeah, HomeServices will grow. HomeServices, as you know, owns a number — I can’t recall how many, but probably in the area of 15 or 16 maybe — controls a number of local real estate firms. And they retain all of their local identity. In that way, it’s somewhat akin to the whole Berkshire Hathaway model, where we leave our subsidiary companies quite autonomous and they operate as if they were — the managers operate as if they own them themselves. Well, HomeServices is somewhat along the same line in that we have no national identity, where Cendant works under a couple of big names. We’ve acquired one company in North Carolina here in the last month or 6 weeks, Prudential of North Carolina. And we will end up — unquestionably, in my view — we’ll end up buying either a few or a whole lot of additional companies over the next 10 years. We will — we’ve got great management. We like the business. We hear about opportunities from time to time. Last year, you know, we participated in roughly $50 billion of transactions.

And I think — I’m really vague on this one, but — I better not give you a percentage of the national total that is, but it’s a very small percentage. It’s a lot of transactions, a couple hundred-thousand transactions. We’re very big in Southern California, for example. We’re very big in Minnesota. We’re very big in Iowa. Very big right here in Omaha and in Lincoln. But there’s an awful lot of places where we aren’t at all. We like to buy leading firms as we go around. And we sometimes like to buy more than one in a community. It’s a good business. It’s a very cyclical business. Right now, it’s very good. We will go through periods in the next five years. I’m sure we’ll go through a period where it’s very slow. But we’ll keep buying. We’ll buy when business is slow, we’ll buy when business is good, depending on the price of the institution and the kind of business we’re buying.

I don’t know how big it can become. It will become bigger than it is now. Relative to Berkshire’s total market value, it may not be that — a huge factor. But it’s conceivable as we buy more operations, we’ll find other things to do with them, too. I mean, the purchase of a home is a big deal to people. You know, often they’re buying furniture at the same time and maybe we can make a suggestion or two. Charlie?

CHARLIE MUNGER: I’ve got nothing to add about that business.

26. 慈善计划在反堕胎抵制后不情愿地被放弃

沃伦·巴菲特:第7个。

观众:早上好。我是来自弗吉尼亚州亚历山大的吉姆·海耶斯。我不想老调重弹,但我真的很喜欢那个慈善计划。假设你把它带回来,然后你个人选择退出,然后我们给你一笔相当于你可能有权获得的奖金。你会考虑吗?

沃伦·巴菲特:你说的是重新启动股东指定捐款计划吗?

查理·芒格:是的。

观众:是的。然后你个人选择退出,然后我们可以由股东投票授予你期权奖金或某种税收优惠的奖金。

沃伦·巴菲特:是的,我认为那可能会有点复杂。此外,我并不是唯一捐款的人,查理也不是。捐款主要给支持选择权的组织,事实上——我不知道除了支持选择权的组织之外还有其他——那些给Pampered Chef代表们造成伤害的人。我们有几十个,甚至可能上百个,在问题的双方捐款。我的意思是,如果你看某一类——嗯,最大类的捐赠去了教堂。可能那一类中最大的,我(听不清)肯定,是天主教堂。我们有人们向世界上所有事物捐款,这正是我们想要的方式。我的意思是,不管——那是股东的钱。所以即使你让我们两个选择退出,也会有组织因为一些钱流向了支持选择权的组织而变得激烈。他们不会针对我们,因为他们伤害不了我们,他们针对了一些非常无辜的人。

查理和我都不喜欢这样的想法——你知道,一个在爱荷华州迪比克或怀俄明州卡斯珀谋生的女人,因为我们的所作所为而生计被毁。所以我们不情愿地放弃了这种做法。我的意思是,我们——实际上,有一次我收到一封信——某个组织在监控——说他们不关心——他们不在乎我们是向反堕胎组织捐赠1000万美元还是向支持选择权组织捐赠1美元,他们仍然会抵制我们的人。嗯,抵制对我来说不困扰。我们一直有一些,总是在小规模上。但是——因为他们基本上不能以任何重大方式伤害我们。但他们可以严重伤害个人,我们不会让伯克希尔发生伤害一群将自己的一生奉献给我们的人的事情。所以我们不情愿地放弃了。查理?

查理·芒格:嗯,就像我说的,这是匹死马了,我也想念它。

原文

WARREN BUFFETT: Yeah, I think that might get a little complicated. Additionally, I wasn’t the only one giving money at all, nor was Charlie, to organizations, primarily pro-choice organizations, in fact over — I don’t know of any other than pro-choice organizations — that the people that were causing harm to the Pampered Chef representatives. We had dozens and dozens, maybe even hundreds, giving money on both sides of the issue. I mean, if you looked at one class — well, the largest classification of gifts went to churches. Probably the largest classification in that, I’m (inaudible) positive, were Catholic churches. And we had people giving money to everything in the world, which is exactly the way we wanted it. I mean, whatever — it’s the shareholders’ money. So even if you had the two of us opt out, we would have organizations that would get violent about the fact that some money was going to pro-choice organizations. And rather than take it out on us, whom they can’t hurt, they’ve taken it out on some very innocent people.

And neither Charlie nor I like the idea of somebody — you know, some woman that’s developed a living, you know, in Dubuque, Iowa or in Casper, Wyoming, having her livelihood destroyed because of what we’re doing. So reluctantly, we gave up the practice. I mean, we — actually, I received a letter one time from somebody — some organization was monitoring — said they didn’t give — they didn’t care if we were giving $10 million to pro-life organizations and $1 to pro-choice organizations, they were still going to boycott our people. Well, boycotts don’t bother me. We had some of that right along, always on a small scale. But — because they can’t — they basically can’t hurt us in any significant way. But they can hurt individuals very badly and we’re not going to have something around Berkshire that’s hurting a bunch of people that have devoted their lives to working with us. So we reluctantly gave it up. Charlie?

CHARLIE MUNGER: Well, as I said, it’s a dead horse and I miss it, too.

27. 巴菲特家族和伯克希尔管理层将保护公司

沃伦·巴菲特:请第8个。

观众:早上好。我是来自德克萨斯州休斯顿的杰伊·莱伯。巴菲特先生,因为我比你大,也许甚至和查理一样大,或者更老,我觉得我可以问这个问题。我会尽可能委婉地问。当您、我和查理都去了天上那个大股票市场的时刻来临时,我理解您计划——或者至少我读过——您计划将您大部分的伯克希尔·哈撒韦股票捐给您的慈善基金会,连同您公司30%的投票权。如果这是正确的——如果不正确,这个问题就没意义——但如果是这样,伯克希尔·哈撒韦的股东有什么保证公司会像现在一样诚实和直率地继续经营,比如总部只有大约15.8名员工,没有——

沃伦·巴菲特:是的,——

观众:——巨额薪水或其他荒谬的赠予来稀释和削弱当时股东的权益。

沃伦·巴菲特:嗯,短期内实际上只有14.8人。(笑声)但这是个好问题——非常好的问题。既然你显然比我大,我希望我们不会同时走。关于我们的遗产计划有一个小细节。如果我先去世,我所有的伯克希尔股票都会给我妻子。如果我们同时去世,所有股票都会捐给基金会。但所有股票最终都会进入基金会。事实上,如果我先去世,她可能会在去世前把我的股票放入基金会,但这取决于她。但最终所有股票都会进入基金会——所有股票。正如你提到的,它有30%多的投票权,尽管根据税法,一旦进入基金会,在五年内,它必须转换部分——它必须降到20%的投票权。这是基金会法律的要求。

至于未来公司如何运营,我认为它比我知道的国内任何一家大公司都有更好的机会保持这种文化,因为它将有在这种文化中成长起来的人来运营。早些时候,有人批评我的妻子和儿子在董事会,但他们是文化的守护者。他们不是为自己获利,他们的获利方式与股东一样,但也让公司保持以前的方式。这方面的一个很好的例子当然是沃尔玛,山姆·沃尔顿去世时,相当相似数量的股票留在了家族中。基本上,在我看来,沃尔顿家族做得非常出色,不仅挑选了合适的接班人经营公司,而且让接班人——如果有什么不同的话——加强了沃尔玛的文化。这是一个极其成功的安排。沃尔顿家族在那里,以防万一出问题时可以做出改变,但他们不经营业务。这正是我们希望伯克希尔拥有的模式。而且我认为我们已经拥有了。

我认为——你知道,我不能给你百分百的保证,但我宁愿押注于接替我的家族的正直,以及接替我的经理在伯克希尔保持忠诚,而不是任何其他公司——很久很久——我想到的任何其他公司。查理?

查理·芒格:嗯,我有理由担心这个问题,就像你一样。当然,我认识巴菲特家族成员,他们会在沃伦离开后在这里,已经几十年了。别担心。你应该感到幸运。(笑声和掌声)

沃伦·巴菲特:不过,我们不希望这个问题马上得到答案。(笑声)

原文

WARREN BUFFETT: Well, for a short while there’ll only be 14.8, actually. (Laughter) But it’s a good question — a very good question. Since you’re older than I, apparently, I hope we don’t go at the same time. The — There’s one slight twist to the estate plans we have. If I die first, all of my Berkshire goes to my wife. And if we died simultaneously, it would all go to the foundation. But all of the stock will end up in the foundation. In fact, if I died first, she might put my stock in the foundation before her death, but that would be up to her. But it will end up in the foundation — all of the stock. As you mention, it has 30-odd percent of the votes, although under the tax law, once it’s in the foundation, within five years, it would have to either convert to be some of it — it would have to get down to 20 percent of the vote. That’s required under foundation law.

In terms of how it would be run in the future, I think it has a far better chance than any company — any major company I know in the country — of maintaining the culture, because it has — it will have people running it who have grown up in the culture. Earlier, it was — the criticism was made about my wife and my son being on the board, but they are guardians of the culture. They are not there to profit themselves, they are there to profit as the shareholders profit, but also to keep the company in the same way as previously. One great example of that, of course, has been at Walmart where, when Sam Walton died, a not too dissimilar amount of stock was left among the family. And essentially the Walton family has, in my opinion, done a magnificent job, not only of selecting successors to run the place, but having successors who, if anything, reinforced the culture of Walmart. And it’s been an enormously successful arrangement. The Waltons are there, in case anything goes wrong, to make a change if needed, but they’re not there to run the business. And that’s exactly the pattern that we hope to have at Berkshire. And I think we have it.

I think I — you know, I can’t give you a hundred percent guarantee, but I would far rather bet on the integrity of the family that succeeds me, plus the managers that succeed me, at Berkshire remaining true than I would any other company in — for a long, long time — any other company I can think of. Charlie?

CHARLIE MUNGER: Well, I would have a reason to fret about this subject, just as you would. And I, of course, have known the members of the Buffett family that would be here after Warren is gone for decades. Don’t worry about it. You should be so lucky. (Laughter and applause)

WARREN BUFFETT: It’s a question we don’t wish to have an instant answer for, though, however. (Laughter)

28. 利润占GDP的比例不会因技术而改变

沃伦·巴菲特:请第9个。

观众:早上好。我是来自北卡罗来纳州达勒姆的詹姆斯·伊斯特林。我的问题是——陈述是,您经常写到,从长期来看,企业平均盈利能力保持相当稳定,例如美国公司的股本回报率在12%左右,税后利润占GDP的比例固定在4%到6.5%的范围内。问题是,考虑到技术进步使库存销售比降至历史低位,考虑到企业广泛采用EVA原则,您是否认为这可能会随着时间的推移而改变?

沃伦·巴菲特:是的,我不认为你提到的任何因素会使企业利润率脱离历史上存在的范围。它显然会有所波动,但我当然不认为EVA会为美国公司做任何事情,让它们获得更大份额的GDP利润。技术,既可能减少利润,也可能增加利润。我的意思是,随着美国的经济机器随着时间的推移越来越好地运转,主要受益者将是消费者。如果你把你认为的美国最好的企业管理者,然后把这个人的克隆体放在《财富》500强每家公司的领导位置,《财富》500强的利润不一定会上涨,因为资本主义有这种竞争性质,你今天获得的改进,你的竞争对手第二天就获得了。这非常倾向于让消费者受益,但不会提高整体盈利能力。我们在我们所在的行业看到这一点。

每一——我们长期从事纺织业务,各种新产品——各种新机器——会出现,它们承诺提供40%的内部回报率,并裁掉43名员工或类似的东西。你知道,我们一个接一个地做这些,当我们全部做完后,我们没赚到任何钱,因为其他人也在做同样的事情。我把它比作每个人都在看游行——你知道,一大群人观看,有人踮起脚尖,你知道,10秒后,人群中的每个人都踮起了脚尖,他们没看到更好的,而且他们的腿疼。嗯,这就是纺织业务。资本主义中有大量的自我中和的事情。所以我不真的期望你命名的任何因素,或者我能想到的任何其他因素,会推动利润占GDP的比例上升。

事实上,我认为,如果你把GDP看作国家的蛋糕,利润是投资者从中得到的,而剩下的属于那些每天出去工作谋生的人,我不认为相对比例——是不合适的。查理?

查理·芒格:我没什么要补充的。

原文

WARREN BUFFETT: Yeah, I don’t think any of the factors that you mentioned will act to move corporate profitability out of the range that has historically existed. It’s going to bob around, obviously, some, but I certainly don’t think EVA will do a thing for American corporations in terms of making them receive a greater share of GDP in profits. Technology, that’s just as likely to reduce profits as to increase profits. I mean, as the economic machine of the United States works better and better over time, the main beneficiaries are going to be consumers. If you took whoever you think is the best business manager in the United States and you put a clone of that person in charge of each one of the Fortune 500, the profits of the Fortune 500 would not necessarily go up, because there’s this competitive nature to capitalism where the improvement you get one day, your competitor gets the next day. And it very much tends to work to the benefit of consumers but not to increase overall profitability. We see that in the industries we’re in.

Every — we were in the textile business for a long time and various new products — various new machinery — would come along and it would promise to deliver a 40 percent internal rate of return and get rid of 43 employees or something like that. And, you know, we just did one after another of those, and when we got all through we didn’t make any money, because the other guy was doing the same thing. And I liken it to everybody at a parade — you know, a huge crowd watching it and somebody stands up on tiptoes and, you know, 10 seconds later, everybody in the crowd is up on tiptoes and they’re not seeing any better and their legs hurt. Well, that was the textile business. And there’s an awful lot of self-neutralizing things in capitalism. So I don’t really expect any of the factors you named, or any other factors that I can think of, that will move profits up as a percentage of GDP.

And indeed, I think that if you’re looking at GDP as being the national pie and profits being what investors get out of it, and the rest belonging to people who are out there working for a living every day, I don’t think the relative — the proportions — are inappropriate. Charlie?

CHARLIE MUNGER: I’ve got nothing to add to that.

29. 评估公司未来增长和建立安全边际的方法

沃伦·巴菲特:第10个。

观众:早上好。我是来自澳大利亚墨尔本的马克·拉比诺夫。巴菲特先生和芒格先生,我想请问,当你们评估一家企业并推导其内在价值时,你们如何估计企业未来的增长,以及你们如何决定使用多大的安全边际?谢谢。

沃伦·巴菲特:未来的增长和什么,查理?

查理·芒格:嗯——我很难完全理解这个问题。他问的是我们如何将我们对未来增长的估计与我们追求安全边际的热情结合起来。你肯定能处理这个问题。(笑声)

沃伦·巴菲特:嗯,我当然能像你一样处理它。(笑声)每次他把球传给我,你知道,他称之为临场调整。(笑声)你计算——我认为你要考虑所有变量,并合理地保守地计算它们。但你不试图在每个层面上都加入太多裕度。然后当你全部算完时,你应用安全边际。所以我会说,不要过于关注在每个变量上,比如折现率、增长率等,而是尽量让这些数字尽可能现实,但任何错误都要偏向保守。然后当你全部算完时,你应用安全边际。本·格雷厄姆曾用一个非常简单的公式来处理最明显的情况,那就是取营运资本——净营运资本——并试图以低于营运资本三分之一的价格买入。总体来说,这对他是有效的。但这种方法在低于营运资本的股票消失后,就有点失效了。但我们在保险业务中做同样的事情。

我的意思是,如果我们试图弄清楚我们应该收取多少保费,我们就会说,加利福尼亚发生6.0级地震的概率,嗯,我们知道在上个世纪,我认为加利福尼亚发生了大约26次6.0级或以上的地震。我们不考虑它们是否发生在偏远地区,我们假设我们正在写一份保单,只要加利福尼亚发生6.0级或以上地震就赔付,不管它是否发生在沙漠中,是否造成任何损害。嗯,我们会看历史数据,然后说:“嗯,上个世纪发生了26次。“我们可能会假设下个世纪数字会稍高一点,这只是我们的天性。但我们不会假设50次。如果我们那样做,我们就不做任何业务了。所以我们——我们可能会假设稍高一点。如果我自己定价,我可能会说:“嗯,我假设会有30次,或者32次,或者类似的数量。”

然后当我全部算完时,我会想要定价——我会想要在保费中加入安全边际。换句话说,如果我认为32次的合适费率是100万美元,我可能会想要收取超过100万美元的费用,以建立那个安全边际。但我不想全部同时——我想在所有层面都保守,然后最后我想有那个显著的安全边际。我想,按照我对这个问题的理解,这就是我的答案。查理,你想补充吗?

查理·芒格:是的,我推荐给你们的那本书《深度简化》说,你可以从这26次地震中预测出规模可能会如何分布。换句话说,有一个标准的幂律会告诉你不同规模地震的可能性。当然,大地震的可能性远小于小地震。所以你计算数学,你知道适用的幂律,你猜测会造成多少损害——这并不那么困难。

沃伦·巴菲特:如果有人真的想要防范9.0级之类的地震,那就变得更困难了。你知道,是300年一遇?还是1000年一遇?你知道,当你真正偏离数据点时。但这不是你在投资中要看的。你不想看那些——你不想找到那些假设变得如此极端的公司。而且你不需要,这就是投资的美妙之处。你只需要看那些你觉得自己有能力评估的公司,然后跳过所有其他的。

原文

WARREN BUFFETT: Well, I think you take all of the variables and calculate them reasonably conservatively. But you don’t try and put too much windage in at every level. And then when you get all through, you apply the margin of safety. So I would say, don’t focus too much on taking it on each variable in terms of the discount rate and the growth rate and so on. But try to be as realistic as you can on those numbers, but with any errors being on the conservative side. And then when you get all through, you apply the margin of safety. Ben Graham had a very simple formula he used for just the most obvious situations, which was to take working capital — net working capital — and try and buy it at a third off working capital. And overall, that worked for him. But that method sort of ran out of steam when the subworking capital stocks disappeared. But it’s the same thing we do in insurance.

I mean, if we’re trying to figure out what we should charge for, we’ll just say, the chances of a 6.0 earthquake in California, well, we know that in the last century, I think that there have been 26 or so 6.0 or greater quakes in California. And let’s forget about whether they occur in remote areas, let’s just say we were writing a policy that paid off on a 6.0 or greater quake in California, regardless of whether it occurred in a desert and did no damage or anything. Well, we would look at the history and we’d say, “Well, there’ve been 26 in the last century.” And we would probably assume a little higher number in the next century, that’d just be our nature. But we wouldn’t assume 50. If we did, we wouldn’t write any business. So we would — we might assume a little higher. I would, if I was pricing it myself, I’d probably say, “Well, I’ll assume there are going to be 30, or maybe 32, or something like that.”

Then when I get all through, I’ll want to price the — I’ll want to put a premium on it that now puts in a margin of safety. In other words, if I figured the proper rate for 32 is a million dollars, I would probably want to charge something more than a million dollars to build in that margin of safety. But I don’t want to hit it at — I want to be conservative at all the levels and then I want to have that significant margin of safety at the end. And I guess that, as I understand the question, that’d be my answer. And Charlie, do you want to add to that?

CHARLIE MUNGER: Yeah, that book, “Deep Simplicity,” that I recommended to you says that you can predict out of those 26 earthquakes how the size will be likely to be allocated. In other words, there’s a standard power law that will tell you the likelihood of earthquakes of varying sizes. And of course the big earthquakes are way less likely than the small ones. So you count the math and you know the applicable power law and you guess as to how much damage is going to — it’s not that difficult.

WARREN BUFFETT: It becomes more difficult if somebody said they really want protect against a 9.0 or something like that. You know, is it one in 300 years? Is it one in a thousand years? You know, when you get really off the data points. But that is not what you’re looking at in investments. You don’t want to look at the things that are that — you don’t want to come up with the companies where you make the assumptions that get that extreme. And you don’t have to, that’s the beauty about investments. You only have to look at the ones that you feel capable of evaluating and you skip all rest.

30. 监管对商业的影响没有单一公式

沃伦·巴菲特:第11个?

观众:下午好。我是来自北卡罗来纳州达勒姆的詹姆斯·塔肯顿。当前的例子,包括媒体所有权规则的讨论、FCC对电信行业的监管,以及对抵押贷款巨头房利美和房地美的拟议监管改革,都是立法、监管和游说过程影响和重塑经济护城河的例证。我们有兴趣听听您对这些以及其他关于政府如何塑造竞争优势的例子有何评论。总的来说,你们如何将监管对各种企业经济护城河大小和强度的影响纳入考量?

沃伦·巴菲特:嗯,这因企业而异,差异很大。我的意思是,有些企业我们认为这不是一个很大的因素,而我们参与的其他企业——能源业务、保险业务——监管变化可能产生巨大影响。你知道,我们没有一种一刀切的安排。我们只是尽量对我们参与的任何企业进行明智的思考。如果——当我们在1995年收购GEICO时,或者说收购那最后一半时,不管那一年是哪一年,问题是,你知道,监管环境是否会以某种重大方式改变,你将汽车保险国有化——嗯,所有这些事都经过我们的脑海,我们评估它们。但没有——没有公式。你知道,如果我们——如果我们在家具零售业,你知道,这不是我们会担心的事情。

我们会担心很多事情,在竞争方面,但是有不同的变量对我们参与的每个企业有不同的影响强度。这取决于查理和我去思考可能影响这些企业的任何变量,适当地权衡它们,并将它们纳入我们的评估。查理?

查理·芒格:我认为可以公平地说,在我们早期,我们倾向于高估监管带来的困难。我们在很长很长一段时间内避免购买电视台股票,因为这似乎是一种非常奇特的资产,因为任何人每年都可以要求吊销你的执照,他们可以要求一个政府机构这么做。但结果是,随着系统的发展,这种事几乎从未发生过。

沃伦·巴菲特:是的,汤姆·墨菲在我们之前就想通了这一点。(笑)

查理·芒格:是的,我们——我们在学习曲线上很慢。墨菲在这方面比我们好多了。

原文

WARREN BUFFETT: Well, that varies enormously by the business. I mean, there’re some businesses that we think that it’s not a very big factor, and there’s other businesses we’re in — the energy business, the insurance business — where regulatory change could have a huge impact. You know, we don’t have any one-size-fits-all type arrangement. We just try to think intelligently about any business we’re in. And if it’s — when we bought GEICO in 1995, or bought that last half of it or whichever year it was, the question, you know, whether the regulatory climate would change in some major way, you nationalize auto-insurance — well, all of those things go through our mind and we evaluate them. But there is no — there’s no formula. You know, if we’re — if we’re in furniture retailing, you know, that is not something we’re going to worry about.

We’re going to worry about plenty of things, in terms of competition, but there are different variables that apply with different intensity to each business we’re in. And it’s up to Charlie and me to try and think about any of the variables that might hit those businesses, and to weigh them appropriately, and to crank that into our evaluation. Charlie?

CHARLIE MUNGER: I think it would be fair to say that in our early days, we tended to overestimate the difficulties from regulation. We refrained from buying television station stocks for a long, long time because it seemed like such a peculiar asset when anybody could just ask to have your license jerked away from you each year and they could ask a government agency to do it. And — but it turned out, the way the system evolved, that almost never happened.

WARREN BUFFETT: Yeah, Tom Murphy figured that one out before we did. (Laughs)

CHARLIE MUNGER: Yeah, and we had it — we were slow on the learning curve. Murphy was way better at it than we were.

31. 购买伯克希尔还是低成本的指数基金?

沃伦·巴菲特:请12号麦克风。

观众:大家好。我叫薇薇安·派恩,来自加利福尼亚州塔尔扎纳。我的问题是,对于今天开始投资的新投资者,您会推荐他们购买低成本的标普指数基金还是伯克希尔·哈撒韦,为什么?

沃伦·巴菲特:嗯,我们从不推荐买卖伯克希尔。但我会说,在各种提供给您的选择中,一个非常低成本的指数基金,而且您不要一次性投入所有资金。我的意思是,如果您在10年内定期投入相当的资金来积累一个低成本的指数基金,我认为您可能会比您周围90%在同一时间开始投资的人做得更好。查理?

查理·芒格:我完全同意这一点。我们坐在这里参加这些年会,身边有一些最可敬、最有技巧的股票经纪人,他们为自己的客户和家庭做了出色的工作,这有点尴尬。但整个股票经纪行业,总的来说,可以保证表现如此之差,以至于指数基金是更好的选择。

原文

WARREN BUFFETT: Well, we never recommend buying or selling Berkshire. But I would say that, among the various propositions offered you, a very low-cost index fund where you don’t put all your money in at one time. I mean, if you accumulate a low-cost index fund over 10 years with fairly regular sums, I think you will probably do better than 90 percent of the people around you that take up investing at a similar time. Charlie?

CHARLIE MUNGER: I would agree with that, totally. It’s awkward for us sitting here at these annual meetings where we have a sampling of some of the most honorable and skillful stockbrokers around who’ve done a wonderful job for their own clients and families. But the stockbroking fraternity, in toto, can be guaranteed to do so poorly that the index fund is a better option.

32. 杠杆可能阻止您打出获胜的牌

沃伦·巴菲特:我们回到1号。

观众:来自波士顿的约翰·贝利。截至上周,我的房子几乎完全被本杰明·摩尔覆盖了。(笑声)但更严肃地说,您花了很多时间谈论低概率的变革性事件。我记得有一次讨论关于核事件在任意给定年份不发生的概率,比如说50年,到那时,从时间段来看,它看起来非常可能发生,因此期望值是一个很大的负数。还有一些其他事情可能发生,人们可能会预期。例如,也许消费者债务覆盖率确实有一个上限。如果它们停止下降,那可能是一个巨大的变化。即使您听美国地质调查局的,他们现在说在未来的50年内,石油产量可能会下降。所以,我希望您谈谈您如何看待在这些可能的变革性事件的背景下投资组合的构成,特别是考虑到在同样的未来50年内的某个时候,您将无法亲自调整投资组合。

沃伦·巴菲特:是的,我认为这是一个公平的说法,在未来的50年内的某个时候,查理和我将无法亲自——(笑)——参与投资组合调整。嗯,您完全正确,人们倾向于低估最近没有发生过的低概率事件,而高估最近发生过的低概率事件。这是人类的本性。你知道,挪亚在几千年前就遇到过这个问题。但40天后他看起来很不错。您提到的核问题,这是一个——您可以很容易地做数学。但您不知道您使用的假设是否正确。但是——例如,如果在任意给定年份发生重大核事件的可能性是10%,如果10%是正确的,那么在50年内不发生该事件的概率是0.5%。我的意思是,99.5%的情况下,每年10%的事件会在50年内追上您。

如果能把概率降到1%,那么有60%的概率在接下来的50年内不会发生。这是一个很好的论点,试图减少它发生的可能性。至于我们的企业,我认为查理和我——我的意思是,我们考虑低概率事件。事实上,在保险业中,我们可能比大多数一生从事保险行业的高管更经常考虑低概率事件。考虑这种事情是我们的天性。但我会说,如果您谈论变革性事件,或者真正谈论可能产生巨大后果、概率很低的主要事件,它们更可能出现在金融领域,而不是自然现象领域。但我们在两种情况下都会考虑它们。但我们确实花了很多时间来思考可能以非常巨大和非常出乎意料的方式出错的事情。金融市场对此有脆弱性,你知道,我们试图思考并试图建立保护我们的方式,甚至可能建立一些能力,让我们认为自己可能从中巨大获利。查理?

查理·芒格:是的,垃圾债券的暂时崩溃,很多降到35%和40%的收益率,那是一件奇怪的事情。所有这些都反弹回来——你知道,在短时间内翻四倍。在最低点时有绝对的混乱。而且那还不是你能拥有的最大混乱。当然,它可能发生在普通股票而不是垃圾债券上。所以我认为,如果您谈论未来的50年,我们都必须约束自己,这样我们——如果某种真正的金融危机到来,不会那么糟糕。要么是通胀型的,要么是典型的通缩型危机,就像人们几十年前经常经历的那种。

沃伦·巴菲特:可能我们提供证据的最戏剧性的方式——证明您的担忧——就是我们根本不相信大量杠杆。我的意思是,你可能会认为垃圾债券在15%的收益率时很美妙,因为它们最终确实降到了6%,你会赚很多钱。但如果你在期间欠了很多钱,你知道,你就不会在最后的派对了。所以我们相信在金融市场中几乎任何事情都可能发生。聪明人可能被重创的唯一真正方式就是通过杠杆。如果你能持有,你没有什么真正的问题。所以我们非常厌恶杠杆,我们预测,在华尔街操作的聪明人中,有很高比例的人,在某个时候,很可能因为使用杠杆而被重创。这是迫使你的东西——这是结束——或者说可以阻止你打完你的牌的东西。我们进入的所有牌局看起来都对我们不错。但你必须能够打完它们。

对我来说,令人着迷的是——就拿垃圾债券的情况来说。在2002年,你有智商很高的人——成千上万在华尔街操作。你有——钱是可用的。他们都有赚钱的欲望。然后你在市场中看到这些非凡的事情,你对自己说,你知道,这些是和两年后或两年前以两倍、三倍或四倍于它们中间跌到的价格购买这些东西的相同的人吗?他们都去度假了吗?你知道,他们失去筹集资金的能力了吗?不,钱是——你知道,华尔街资金泛滥,人才泛滥,然而你得到这些绝对非凡的波动。我的意思是,在奥马哈的公寓楼,或者麦当劳加盟店或农场等等,不会发生这种事。但在可流通证券领域可能发生的事情简直令人震惊。而你最想做的事情是,至少,你要保护自己免受那种疯狂把你消灭的影响。更好的是,你准备好利用它,当它发生时。

现在大约中午了,所以我们会在,比如说,12:45,回到2号麦克风开始。

原文

WARREN BUFFETT: Yeah, I think it’s a fair statement that over the next 50 years at some point, Charlie and I will not personally be able to — (laughs) — participate in portfolio revisions. The — Well, you’re quite correct that people tend to underestimate low-probability events when they haven’t happened recently and overestimate them when they have happened recently. That is the nature of the human animal. You know, Noah ran into that some years back. But he looked pretty good after 40 days. The — What you mention on the nuclear question, it’s a matter — you can do the math easily. What you don’t know is whether you’re using the right assumptions. But it — For example, if there is a 10 percent chance in any given year of a major nuclear event, the chance that you’ll get through 50 years without it happening, if the 10 percent is correct, is a half of 1 percent. I mean, 99 1/2 percent of the time a 10 percent event per year will catch up with you in 50 years.

If you can reduce that to 1 percent, there’s a 60 percent chance you get through the next 50 years without it happening. That’s a good argument for trying to reduce the chances of it happening. In terms of our businesses, I think Charlie and I are — I mean, we think about low-probability events. In fact, in insurance, we probably think about low-probability events more than most people who have been insurance executives throughout their years. It’s just our nature to think about that sort of thing. But I would say, if you talk about transforming events, or really talk about major events that could have huge consequences that are low probability, they’re more likely to be in the financial arena than in the natural phenomena arena. But we’ll think about them in both cases. But we do spend a lot of time thinking about things that can go wrong in a very big and very unexpected way. And financial markets are — they have vulnerabilities to that, you know, we try to think of and we try to build in ways to protect us against it and perhaps even build in some capabilities where we think we might profit in a huge way from it. Charlie?

CHARLIE MUNGER: Yeah, that temporary collapse in the junk bonds, where they got down, many of them, to 35 and 40 percent yields, that’s a strange thing. And to have all those things pop back — you know, quadrupling in a short time. There was absolute chaos at the bottom tick of that. And that isn’t as much chaos as you could have. And of course, it can happen in common stocks instead of junk bonds. So I think if you’re talking about the next 50 years, we all have to conduct ourselves so that we — it won’t be all that awful if a real financial crunch of some kind could come along. Either inflationary or a typical deflationary crunch of the time [kind] that people used to have a great many decades ago.

WARREN BUFFETT: Probably the most dramatic way in which we are — give evidence of our — of your worries, is we just don’t believe in a lot of leverage. I mean, you could have thought junk bonds were wonderful at 15 percent because they eventually did go to 6 percent, you would have made a lot of money. But if you owed a lot of money against them in between, you know, you wouldn’t have been around for the party at the end. So we believe almost anything can happen in financial markets. And the only way smart people can get clobbered, really, is through leverage. If you can hold them, you have no real problems. So we have a great aversion to leverage and we would predict that a very high percentage of the smart people operating in Wall Street, at one time or another, are likely to get clobbered through the use of leverage. It’s the one thing that forces you — it’s the one thing that ends — or can prevent you from playing out your hand. And all of the hands we enter into look pretty good to us. But you do have to be able to play them out.

And the fascinating thing to me is that — just take the junk bond situation. In 2002, you had people with terrific IQ — tens of thousands of them operating in Wall Street. You had the — money was available. They all had a desire to make money. And then you see these extraordinary things happen in markets and you say to yourself, you know, can these be the same individuals that two years later or two years earlier were buying these things at prices that were double or triple or quadruple what they sunk to in between? And did they all go on vacation? You know, did they lose their ability to raise money? No, the money was — you know, Wall Street was awash in money, and it was awash in talent, and yet you get these absolutely extraordinary swings. I mean, it doesn’t happen with apartment houses in Omaha or, you know, with McDonald’s franchises or farms or something. But it’s just astounding what can happen in the marketable securities department. And the big thing you want to do is, at a minimum, you want to protect yourself against that sort of insanity wiping you out. And better yet, you want to be prepared to take advantage of it when I happens.

Now it’s about noon, so we will come back and begin at microphone 2 about, say, a quarter of one.

下午场

1. 判断公司是否有道德操守的困难

观众:(注:视频录制以会议已经开始开始。)在读完这篇关于安然的故事后,我想问您以下问题。一家大型公司的初级员工如何发现她的雇主是否以长期视角、诚实和正直的方式运营?

沃伦·巴菲特:嗯,这是一个很好的问题。我不确定我是否有一个同样好的答案。它——你知道,你可以接收到信号——或者经常,你可以接收到一些信号——关于企业高层正在发生的事情,如果你在较低级别。但我认为在这个问题上很容易被愚弄。查理和我会倾向于看他们在公开场合对待投资者的方式,他们做出的承诺,以及诸如此类的事情。但我认为这对人们来说可能很难,而且不一定总能给你一个很好的指南。我——例如,我们对那些过分强调自己股票价格的公司持怀疑态度。我的意思是,当我们看到股票价格贴在公司总部大厅或其他地方时,你知道,这种东西让我们紧张。但我不太确定这是否非常有帮助。

所以我想你只能从同事、出版物、领导者的声明中,那种呈现给他们和世界的文化中,来判断,你知道,你可能会对此产生怀疑。但我不认为我有一个真正好的答案,你呢,查理?

查理·芒格:不,当你有一个像伯尼·埃伯斯或肯尼·莱这样的漫画式人物时,显然很容易。我认为很容易说你是让一个几乎是精神病患者——(笑声)——在负责。但让你上当的是像荷兰皇家壳牌这样的地方。如果我被要求猜测——

沃伦·巴菲特:啊!

查理·芒格:——那些拥有健全、长期文化和良好工程价值观等的主要公司,荷兰皇家壳牌会在我名单的前列。而石油储备多年来被造假,内部报告显示有人厌倦了说谎。如果这能在荷兰皇家壳牌发生,相信我,它也能在许多其他地方发生。

沃伦·巴菲特:是的,查理和我不会通过我们通常使用的任何方法在荷兰皇家壳牌发现这一点。事实上,我们——正如查理所说,我们可能把它用作一个几乎无可指责的典范。然后你读到了那些电子邮件等等。

查理·芒格:但我不学乖,因为我仍然期望埃克森的数据是公正的。

沃伦·巴菲特:是的。我认为——在20世纪90年代所发生的事情,你知道,是这种逐渐的——后来,不那么逐渐的——在高层拥抱”什么都行”的感觉。你知道,我不——我不会猜测壳牌高层的动机。但有太多的事情发生,人们看到那些家伙——大多数情况下是男性,不幸的是——那些在他们的俱乐部里,他们在其他公司会议上看到的,是受尊敬的商业领袖,他们看到一个又一个实际上在这样或那样地偷工减料。你知道,情境伦理可以在其中占主导地位。我认为,人们,他们下降到较低的主流道德水平的速度比上升到较高的主流道德水平要快。但在许多情况下,他们确实会向着他们认为周围人主流道德的方向移动。当然,在20世纪90年代末的企业界,尤其是在这方面极端。

原文

AUDIENCE MEMBER: (Note: Video recording begins with meeting already in progress.) After reading this story on Enron, I would like to ask you the following question. How does an entry-level employee in a large company find out if her employer operates with a long-term perspective, and with honesty and integrity?

WARREN BUFFETT: Well, that’s a very good question. I’m not sure I’m going to have an equally good answer. It — You know, you pick up signals — or frequently, you can pick up some signals — about what is going on at the top of a business if you’re at a lower level. But I would say it would be very easy to be fooled on that subject. Charlie and I would tend to be looking at things that they do in public in relation to their investors and the promises they make, and all of that sort of thing. But I think that might be tough for people, and it wouldn’t always give you a great guide. I’ve — we’ve been suspicious of companies, for example, that place a whole lot of emphasis on the price of their stock. I mean, when we see the price of a stock posted in the lobby of the headquarters or something, you know, things like that make us nervous. But I’m not so sure that’s, you know, that that would be enormously helpful.

So I guess you just have to sort of pick up from coworkers, publications, pronouncements of the leaders, the sort of culture that was being presented to them and the world, and, you know, you might get suspicious about it. But I don’t think I have a really good answer for that, do you Charlie?

CHARLIE MUNGER: No, it’s obviously easy when you’ve got a caricature of a person like Bernie Ebbers or Kenny Lay. I think it’s easy to say that you’ve got almost a psychopath — (laughter) — in charge. But what fools you is a place like Royal Dutch. If I’d been asked to guess —

WARREN BUFFETT: Ah!

CHARLIE MUNGER: — major companies with sound, long-term cultures, and a good engineering values, and so forth, Royal Dutch would have been near the top of my list. And to have the oil reserves phonied for years, and internal reports of people who were tired of lying. If it can happen at Royal Dutch, believe me, it can happen a lot of other places.

WARREN BUFFETT: Yeah, Charlie and I would not have spotted it at Royal Dutch by any of the means that we normally use. In fact, we — as Charlie said, we might have used that as an example of some place that was almost certainly above reproach. And then you do read the emails and all that.

CHARLIE MUNGER: But we don’t learn, because I would still expect that Exxon’s figures were fair.

WARREN BUFFETT: Yeah. I think you — what was — what transpired in the 1990s, you know, was this gradual — and later on, not so gradual — embracing at the top of the feeling that anything goes. You know, I don’t — I’m not going to speculate as to the motives at the top of Shell. But there was so much going on where people saw the fellows — in most cases fellows, unfortunately — that were at their clubs, that they saw at other corporate meetings, were respected business leaders, they saw just one after another that were really cutting corners in one way or another. And, you know, situational ethics can take over in that. People do, I think, they sink faster to a lower prevailing morality than they rise to a higher prevailing morality. But they do move in the direction of what they perceive to be the prevailing morality of those around them, in many cases. And certainly the corporate world in the late 1990s, particularly, it was extreme on that.

2. 国会不应制定(不道德的)会计规则

沃伦·巴菲特:这引出了我——我在午餐休息时遇到一个朋友,他参与这些事情。他建议,我很乐意帮个忙,鼓励你们所有人写信给你们在众议院和参议院的议员,就股票期权是否应作为费用列支,或者更确切地说,国会是否有权对什么是适当会计的问题立法发表看法。大约十年前,美国参议院实际上威胁要消灭会计准则委员会,并在许多富有的捐款者要求下,迫使当时的证券交易委员会主席亚瑟·莱维特宣布——推翻会计准则委员会关于期权应作为费用处理的声明,这是一种耻辱。而且我认为,以一种非常重要的方式,它加速了20世纪90年代”什么都行”的心态。在那个时候,当国会说让股票价格上涨比说实话更重要,并且他们以88比9投票这样做,我记得,我认为许多企业高管的道德发生了转变。

你可能记得,FASB随后退缩了,但仍然表示将期权费用化是可取的。在说它是可取之后,标普500中的498家公司采取了不太可取的方法。当时所有大的审计公司都支持他们大客户的观点,以报告更高的收益。现在,所有四家会计师事务所都说你应该把它们算作费用。嗯,他们现在是对的,但这只是显示了在那段时期里发生的事情,在一个会计原则的问题上,实际上什么也没有改变,当时五家——五大——已经100%转变了,现在是四大,现在,他们说期权应该被费用化。所以,如果你倾向于写信给你的众议员或参议员,告诉他们你真的认为FASB比他们更懂会计。我认为你会是对的。如果你想找点乐子,去Google,输入两个词。输入”印第安纳”这个词,然后输入”π”,就是数学符号π。

当你这样做时,你会看到一些报道。它们讲述在1897年,在一个回应选民的立法者的怂恿下,印第安纳州的众议院几乎一致投票,可能甚至是一致,Google上是这么说的,来改变π的值。(笑声)我,你知道,我不是在编造。这是可以查证的。似乎有一个人认为他发现了圆周率和直径之间的一些新关系,还有面积,和一些东西。如果你按照他的公式计算,结果是3.20。他提出要将这个,用他的话说是免税的,提供给印第安纳州来教它的孩子们,这样他们不仅能得到真理,而且他们能用一个更容易的数字来工作,而不是那个迄今为止被认为是π的长小数。嗯,这在印第安纳州议会通过了。它在众议院通过了。当它到达参议院时,有一些仍然坚持旧价值观的人设法把它否决了。

但我认为,在1993年,美国参议院通过试图在一个他们一无所知的主题上改变规则,超越了印第安纳州议会,从而清洗了后者的记录。而且我认为随后20世纪90年代的一些过度行为之所以发生,是因为88名参议员愿意宣布地球是平的,如果贡献了足够多钱的选民希望如此的话。让我们——现在暂停一下,回到我们的日程安排。第3个。哦,查理,关于印第安纳州议会你有什么要说的吗?

查理·芒格:嗯,我——目前国会中想要保留以前的那种滥用会计的成员,可能是众议院的大多数,比那些想将π四舍五入为整数的那些人糟糕得多。那些人很愚蠢。(笑声)这些人大多数不愚蠢,但无荣誉感。我的意思是,他们知道那是错的,他们还是想那么做。(掌声)

原文

WARREN BUFFETT: And that leads me into — I ran into a friend at the lunch break who’s involved in these matters. And he suggested, and I’m delighted to put in a plug to encourage all of you to write your congressman and senators to give your views on whether stock options should be expensed, or whether indeed, whether Congress has got any business legislating on the question of what proper accounting is. It was a disgrace some 10 years ago when the United States Senate essentially threatened the accounting standards board with extinction and bludgeoned Arthur Levitt, then running the SEC, at the behest of a lot of rich contributors, to declare that — to override the accounting standards board’s pronouncement that options should be treated as expense. And it was — and I think in a very significant way, it accelerated the “anything goes” mentality of 1990s. At that point, when Congress says it’s more important to have stock prices go up than it is to tell the truth, and they voted 88 to 9 in order to do it, as I remember, I think there was a shift in morality among many corporate executives.

You may remember that the FASB then backed off, but still said that expensing was preferable. And having said it was preferable, 498 out of the 500 companies in the S&P took the less preferable method. All of the big auditing firms at that time endorsed their big clients’ views, in order to report higher earnings. Now, all four accounting firms say you should count them as expenses. Well, they’re right, now, but it just shows what was going on in that period when, on a question of accounting principles, and when really nothing has changed, when what were then five — the Big Five —have shifted 100 percent to where the Big Four are now, and, now, they say options should be expensed. So, if you are inclined to write your congressman or senator, tell him you really think the FASB knows more about accounting than they do. And I think you’ll be right. If you want to have some fun, go to Google and type in two words. Type in the word “Indiana,” and type in the word “pi,” that’s the mathematical symbol pi.

And when you do that, you’ll see a number of stories come up. And they relayed how in 1897, at the instigation of one legislator who was responding to a constituent, the House in Indiana voted almost unanimously, it may have even been unanimously, it says what it was on Google, to change the value of pi. (Laughter) I’m, you know, I’m not making this up. It’s checkable. And it seems that there was a fellow that thought he’d discovered some new relationship between circumference and diameter, and area, and a few things. And it came out to 3.20 if you worked through his formula. And he offered to give this royalty-free, as he put it, to the State of Indiana to teach its children so that they would have not only the truth, but they’d have an easier number to work with than the long decimal that heretofore had been thought of as pi. Well, that passed the Indiana legislature. And it passed the House. By the time it got to the Senate, there were a few people that were still clinging to the old values who managed to shoot it down.

But I would submit that in the — in 1993, that the U.S. Senate cleansed the record of the Indiana legislature by outdoing them in attempting to change the rules on something, on a subject, they knew nothing about. And I think some of the excesses of the 1990s that followed came about through the fact that they knew 88 senators were willing to declare the world was flat if constituents who had contributed enough money to them wanted it thus. Let’s — we pause now, go back to our schedule here. Number 3. Oh, Charlie, do you have anything to say about the Indiana legislature?

CHARLIE MUNGER: Well, I — the current members of Congress that want to retain the former abusive accounting, which are probably a majority of the House of Representatives, are way worse than the people who wanted to round pi to an even number. Those people were stupid. (Laughter) These people are mostly not stupid, but dishonorable. I mean, they know it’s wrong, and they want to do it anyway. (Applause)

3. “冲突太多”导致伯克希尔不设基金管理公司

沃伦·巴菲特:让我们去第3个。

观众:嗨,我的名字是内特·安东尼,来自伊利诺伊州欣斯代尔。首先,我想对之前一个关于伯克希尔未来的问题提出我的回应。我相信作为股东,我们有责任自己思考,并确保伯克希尔在未来像现在一样得到体面的经营。您两位今天和过去都对共同基金应该如何运作有很多话要说。但据我所知,我们没有直接拥有一项基金管理业务。您对将您的话付诸行动,提供让一家伯克希尔公司来管理那些董事对现任管理层不满的基金的资产,有什么看法?

沃伦·巴菲特:是的,问题会是,冲突太多了。你知道,我们在伯克希尔管理着这么多自己的资金,要承担管理另一群人的责任,我们欠他们最大的努力,并且在道德上处理戴两顶帽子的情况,我不知道怎么做。我肯定不会想创办一家基金管理公司,然后在伯克希尔和那家基金管理公司或其管理的基金之间按比例分配所有购买。我——我们考虑过很多次。我的意思是,我们有各种提议摆在我们面前。很明显,我们可以大张旗鼓地推销。但当我们推销完之后,我们就会有公平管理的问题。我不知道我们该怎么做。查理,你呢?

查理·芒格:不,这就是为什么我们不这样做。但是——(笑声)——我必须说,这种态度似乎并不困扰很多其他人。(笑声)

原文

WARREN BUFFETT: Yeah, the problem would be, there would be too many conflicts. You know, we’re managing so much of our own money at Berkshire that to take on the responsibility for managing another group of people to whom we would owe our best efforts, and handling that situation of wearing two hats ethically, I wouldn’t know how to do it. I certainly wouldn’t want to start a fund management company and be prorating all purchases between Berkshire and that fund management company, or the funds that it managed. I — we’ve thought about it plenty. I mean, we’ve had all kinds of propositions put to us. And obviously, we could sell it big time. But when we got through selling it, then we’d have the problem of administering it fairly. And I don’t know how we would do it. Charlie, do you?

CHARLIE MUNGER: No, that’s why we don’t do it. But — (laughter) — I must say it’s an attitude that doesn’t seem to bother many other people. (Laughter)

4. 奥马哈新会议中心允许更多人参加

沃伦·巴菲特:请4号麦克风。

观众:来自德国波恩的诺曼·伦特罗普。两个感谢和一个问题。我的感谢是给两位的,感谢你们允许我们投资者与你们平等参与。没有管理费,没有业绩费,没有交易费。(掌声)我的感谢也献给奥马哈的人民,他们建造了这个非常漂亮的新会议中心。(掌声)

沃伦·巴菲特:我们也感谢。我会打断你一小会儿。如果我们被限制在我们去年的设施,我们就无法举行这次会议。去年我们有镇上最大的设施。有人告诉我,我们这里至少有19,500人。这比去年我们容纳的人数要多出成千上万。而且这个——(掌声)——这个设施确实完成了任务。顺便说一句,它被称为Qwest中心。如果你在报纸上读到它,他们有一个——他们似乎有一些不成文的规定——或者可能是成文的规定——他们不能用这个名字。所以你不会在报纸上看到那个名字,原因我完全搞不明白。但这是Qwest中心,他们做得非常好。奥马哈今天有19,500人在这里,否则他们可能不得不去堪萨斯城。所以,谢谢你的感谢,现在,请提问。(掌声)

原文

WARREN BUFFETT: Our thanks, too. I’ll interrupt you for just one second. We wouldn’t be able to hold this meeting if we’d been limited to the facilities we had last year. Last year we had the biggest facility in town. And I was told that we have at least 19,500 people here. And that would have been many, many thousands beyond what we could have had last year. And this is, — (applause) — this facility really does the job. Incidentally it’s known as the Qwest Center. If you read about it in the paper, they have a — they seem to have some unwritten rule — or maybe it’s a written rule — that they can’t use the name. So you will not see that name in the paper for reasons that absolutely baffle me. But this is the Qwest Center, and they’ve done a wonderful job with it. And Omaha has 19,500 people here today that otherwise might have to go to Kansas City. So, thank you for thanking them, and now, your question, please. (Applause)

5. “我是唯一能欺骗你的人”

观众:我的问题是关于您收购公司的前景。您教导我们,当股票价格高而公司价格低时,就收购公司。在20世纪60年代和70年代,我们确实看到了综合企业的兴起。然后出现了纯行业公司。现在,我们看到了大量的资金涌入私募股权。不知何故,私募股权正在竞争收购公司。所以我的问题是,您对收购和购买公司行业的未来前景有何看法?

沃伦·巴菲特:是的,你完全正确,私募股权基金是伯克希尔在收购企业方面的一种竞争形式。我们并不真正寻求廉价收购企业,因为你不大可能有机会这么做。我们一直没能做到这一点。我们偶尔有机会以我们认为的公允价值购买企业。你永远无法像股票有时那样廉价地购买公司。我的意思是,有时股票以与内在价值相比非常低的估值出售。企业不会这样。我的意思是,原因是股票的价格,就像我们之前谈到的那些垃圾债券,是在拍卖市场上设定的,那个市场可以做极端的事情。但企业是在协商交易中出售的,这不会那么极端。尽管如此,我们的偏好——我们强烈的偏好——是,我们宁愿以公平的价格购买企业,而不是以甚至稍便宜的价格购买股票。私募股权基金是我们的竞争对手。另一方面,近年来我们已经购买了相当数量的企业,未来我们还会购买更多。

如果有人想要我们提供的东西,你知道,我们有些独一无二,因为我们能够——我们收购一家企业,如果出售给我们的人是创办那家企业的人,他们真的能够像自己拥有一样永远经营下去。所以——如果他们有税务原因,有家庭情况,或者其他原因,他们想要出售他们热爱的企业,而且他们不想像一块肉一样拍卖掉,他们也不想要某个家伙买下它,然后杠杆化它,然后在几年后改变会计或其他类似的东西后转卖,他们就会来找我们。他们知道他们会得到他们想要的结果。这种情况会定期发生。这不能让我们买到大便宜之类的东西。事情不是那样运作的。但这确实让我们能以合理的利率将资金投入使用。还会有更多那样的人。不幸的是,我们需要大企业,你知道,它们不是每天都有。

但正如我说的,当他们——如果你找到那种所有者——如果我拥有一家大企业,也许我父亲创办的,我祖父创办的,我为此工作了很长时间,但由于某种原因,我不得不将其变现,你知道,我会卖给伯克希尔。这很简单,因为我不认为把它分割开来以获取可能最高的——更高的价格——可能或不一定更高——但我不认为那是人生的终极目标。我认为这有点疯狂,你知道,花——我认为把你的女儿拍卖给她,你知道,无论哪个男人愿意为她支付最高价格,这有点愚蠢。我对你经过几十年、几十年、几十年悉心创造的企业也有同样的感觉。我们还会再买一些。是否在任何特定季度,甚至任何特定年份发生,是一个运气问题。但真的没有其他人能做出我们能做的承诺。

我的意思是,我在伯克希尔的持股程度,以及我为其未来所做的安排,没有任何股份需要出售,你知道,我的承诺可能在该领域是你能得到的最好的之一。大多数大公司根本做不到这一点。如果他们的董事会,你知道,决定他们想要有一个纯行业的,如你所说,在某些东西上。你知道,能怎么办?我基本上告诉潜在的卖家:“我是唯一能欺骗你的人。“我的意思是——我确实可以欺骗他们。我的意思是,如果我第二天想对他们做什么,我——这没有合同约束,我说的对他们来说,很可能。但其他人都不能。我们不会请一些管理顾问进来,他们说你应该重组业务

标题:2004年年度股东大会

第4/6部分

沃伦·巴菲特:谢谢,大卫。是的,我从未见过对中美能源公司的任何批评。事实上——(掌声)——大卫,你能告诉他们最近那项J.D. Edwards研究的结果吗?

大卫·索科尔:是的,我们在环境可靠性、可用性和客户满意度方面在全国排名第二——在中西部55家公用事业公司中排名第一。

沃伦·巴菲特:谢谢,戴夫。(掌声)

7. 美国“无疑从移民中受益匪浅”

沃伦·巴菲特:请听第六个问题。

观众提问:下午好,巴菲特先生和芒格先生。我叫范·阿吉拉基斯,来自奥马哈。许多美国跨国公司依赖外籍员工的引进。您对美国现行移民法中关于高技能永久员工雇佣的看法是什么?

沃伦·巴菲特:查理,你想评论一下吗?

查理·芒格:当然,这是一个理性的人也会意见不一的话题。我个人观点是,我几乎总是欢迎有才华的人来到美国,而几乎从不乐意看到智力最底层的人涌入。(笑声)

沃伦·巴菲特:是的。我们在这个问题上可能略有分歧。(笑声)这个国家在过去几十年里无疑从移民中受益匪浅。1790年我们只有400万人。当时中国有2.9亿人,差不多就是我们现在的人口。欧洲有超过7500万人。所以中国的人口是我们的70倍。欧洲的人口大概是我们20倍。中国或欧洲人的智力水平和我们这里一样。自然资源也相似。而现在这个国家拥有全球超过30%的GDP。这是一个非常了不起的故事。如何归因——或者说如何量化其中的各种因素非常困难,但我们无疑是一个以大量移民为特征的国家。这是否在某种程度上促成了这个国家不可思议的记录,我不知道。但我怀疑是的。我想查理想做的,大概是当入境审查官——(笑声)——那会很有效——

查理·芒格:你说得对。

沃伦·巴菲特:如果查理来当,那效果会很好,但如果没有他,我认为——总的来看,我不认为美国长期受到移民的伤害。

8. 我们为什么不拆分伯克希尔的股票

沃伦·巴菲特:第七个问题?

观众提问:下午好,巴菲特先生和芒格先生。感谢你们来到这里。我的问题涉及价格发现和流动性。人们普遍认为,没有足够的流动性,价格发现就会受到影响。如果流动性有助于价格发现,那么拆分一家流动性较低的公司股票是否有意义?作为推论,为什么你们认为股票拆分和红利股长期来看对股东不利?谢谢。

沃伦·巴菲特:股票拆分,还有别的吗,查理?

查理·芒格:红利股。

沃伦·巴菲特:那有什么关系,我不太明白。

查理·芒格:他没有说明关系——

沃伦·巴菲特:哦。

查理·芒格:他只是请你描述——

沃伦·巴菲特:那就是两个问题了——(笑声)好的,那么这是两个问题。(笑声)是的,我们解释过我们对股票拆分的看法。我们对此没有宗教般的偏见。我们认为做拆分的公司并非邪恶或类似的东西。但我们认为我们拥有全世界最优秀的股东群体,我认为像今天的会议,在某种程度上证明了这一点。我们的股东更认同公司的政策。他们肯定对伯克希尔有更长远的看法——或者说意图。我认为他们比——真的比任何其他美国大公司的股东更了解自己的投资。我们的股东换手率是所有美国大公司中最低的。那么为什么呢?人们可以买任何他们想买的公司的股票。我的意思是,你可以买伯克希尔的股票,或者其他公司的股票。

但这里有一个自我选择的过程,谁进来,谁只是说,你知道,那家公司我不感兴趣。我认为那些因为股价是几千美元一股就说他们不感兴趣的人——作为一个群体——不会像这个群体这样聪明、知情、有长远眼光,并且与管理层的政策一致。显然这不是一个致命的问题。但这是一个迹象——一个症状——表明人们对他们所持股票的态度有所不同。现在,如果有人——如果我们有150万股A类等价股在外流通——我们实际上略多于这个数——那么总有人会持有它们。所以这只是一个谁被你吸引、谁被你排斥的问题。

我认为不拆分股票,以及我们在伯克希尔做的其他一些事情——许多其他事情——吸引了最接近投资导向的股东群体,几乎是在一家广泛交易、广泛可得的公司中可能做到的最好程度。我们喜欢我们拥有的这个群体。我们不会去寻找那些认为如果股价不是9万美元一股而是9美元一股就会更有吸引力的人。那些人没有错,但他们是——如果我们选择合伙人,我们会选择我们现在这个群体,而不是那些认为9美元股票很棒的人。查理?

9. 芒格:流动性并非“资本主义的伟大贡献”

查理·芒格:是的,关于这个问题的第二部分,我认为现代学术界普遍灌输的那种观念——即可交易普通股的流动性是资本主义的伟大贡献——我认为这大多是胡说八道。美国国民生产总值在拥有高度流动性的普通股市场之前很久就以相当不错的速度增长了。我不知道人们从哪里得来这个愚蠢的想法。我认为流动性带来了疯狂的繁荣,这既有优点也有很多问题。在英格兰,如果你记得,南海泡沫之后,英格兰禁止交易普通股长达几十年。拥有一家股权如此分散以至于股票有流动性的公司是绝对非法的,而在没有股票市场的那个时期,英格兰发展得很好。所以,如果你认为流动性是文明的伟大贡献者,那么你大概也会认为美国所有相对缺乏流动性的房地产都没有得到适当开发。

沃伦·巴菲特:国王们确实评论过流动性带来的扭曲。但当然,事实是伯克希尔每天平均交易约5000万美元的股票。所以很少有人会在伯克希尔股票流动性方面遇到问题。

查理·芒格:但我们正试图制造更多这样的人。

沃伦·巴菲特:嗯哼。

查理·芒格:更多有这种巨大流动性问题的人,因为他们持有太多股票。

10. 巴菲特在拥有公司或股票之间的道德区分

沃伦·巴菲特:我们继续听第八个问题。

观众提问:你好。我是来自旧金山的迈克尔·安杰洛。我的问题大致是关于道德担忧如何影响您的资产配置决策。例如,我认为有些强有力的论点可以说,经典可乐绝不应该成为任何人饮食的一部分。如果这样的论点能够成立,而您也被说服了,这会改变您对可口可乐公司作为投资组合一部分的看法吗?

沃伦·巴菲特:嗯,我认为这是一个根本不会发生的假设。我的意思是,我每天喝五罐,你知道,也许正是这加上花生脆的组合起了作用。但我感觉棒极了。——(笑声和掌声)我们曾经有一次机会收购一家极其盈利的公司,但查理和我遇到了经营它的人。他们也是完全正派的人。我们去了我们见面的酒店大堂,最终决定我们不想介入那个行业。另一方面,作为公开交易的股票,我会买同一家公司的股票。查理稍后会给你他的看法。所以,我不反对购买那些从事我可能不会亲自认可的活动公司的股票——有价证券——或债券。我会很难直接拥有并实际指导某些公司的活动。

但是,你知道,这个国家的任何大型零售商——几乎——都会销售香烟,例如。如果香烟没有被宣布非法,拥有这些零售商本身并不会困扰我——也不妨碍我拥有它们的股票。

查理·芒格:是的,但你不会收购一家制造烟草并策划广告的公司。

沃伦·巴菲特:不,我们——而且,我不能完美地告诉你为什么,我的意思是,我不能说这是完美的界限,或者说我无法精确解释为什么我画这条线。但我可以告诉你,这就是我画线的地方。我们不会涉足制造环节,但我——我们曾一度持有R.J.雷诺兹的股票。在它杠杆收购之前,我们持有它的债券。而且,你知道,如果我仍然看好它的债券或股票,我会继续做。我们不会收购制造商。就像我说的,我们放弃过一个——而且我们也去酒店谈过。(笑声)所以我们得说我们考虑过,但决定不做。查理?

查理·芒格:我们没有考虑太久。——(笑声)我们不声称拥有某种完美的道德。你可以随心所欲地画这些线。但至少我们有大量完全合法的事情,我们认为不屑去做。所以我们不会做。我们在美国越来越多地看到一种文化,只要不太可能让你进监狱、看起来能赚钱的事就是可以做的。这是一个非常糟糕的发展。

沃伦·巴菲特:是的,但我自己觉得有点疯狂——(掌声)——说人们吃汉堡、喝可口可乐、吃糖果或类似的东西很糟糕,因为他们可能发胖。这完全是一个可选择的决定。谁知道一个人活到75岁,因为超重而比活到85岁吃胡萝卜和西兰花的人早死一点,是否过得更幸福。我知道我更喜欢哪个。(笑声)

11. 给巴菲特加薪作为退休金

沃伦·巴菲特:好的,第九个问题。

观众提问:嗨,巴菲特先生。我是艾伦·麦克斯韦。我和我妻子是来自奥马哈的股东。我会把问题说得简单点,这样你能理解。

沃伦·巴菲特:好的。(笑声)艾伦是我的朋友,所以他可以这么说。

观众提问:谢谢,上校。不包括巴菲特家族的持股,我将A股和B股合并计算。大约有100万股A股在外流通,对吗?

沃伦·巴菲特:差不多,嗯哼。

观众提问:好的,差不多。你的薪水大约是——或者是——每年10万美元。

沃伦·巴菲特:已经很久没变了。我们会和董事会谈谈的。(笑声)

观众提问:嗯,你会对我的问题感到满意的。

沃伦·巴菲特:你可以把它变成动议——

观众提问:换句话说——

沃伦·巴菲特:——如果你要往我想的方向说的话。(笑声)

观众提问:换句话说,我们支付你每股10美分来管理9万美元的投资。这在今天的企业文化中非常了不起。谢谢,巴菲特先生,谢谢。(掌声)

沃伦·巴菲特:是的,谢谢。艾伦,谢谢你。但我得告诉你,就像我去年说的,我愿意付钱来做这份工作。我的意思是,没有比这更好的了。

观众提问:嗯,与其你为我们做什么,我想建议我们股东为你做点什么。作为股东,我愿意每股A股支付你25美分。(笑声)这样你就可以为退休多存点钱。(笑声)你会支持这样的想法吗?

沃伦·巴菲特:艾伦,我现在已经领社保了。(笑声)那真的基本上够用了。我家人会疯掉的,如果我再赚更多钱。(笑声)

观众提问:这会帮助你——

沃伦·巴菲特:但我感谢你的提议。

观众提问:我的心与你同在,谢谢。

沃伦·巴菲特:好的,谢谢,艾伦。(掌声)

12. 为什么伯克希尔的保险公司从不裁员

沃伦·巴菲特:我们听第十个问题,看看能不能涨到50美分。(笑声)

观众提问:一美元怎么样?(笑声)大卫·温特斯,来自新泽西山湖。沃伦和查理,感谢你们带来精彩的周末,以及股东信中关于共同基金行业治理的讨论。具体来说,你们是否调整了保险承保人的薪酬机制,以确保——正如查理所描述的——激励偏差不会创造一个鼓励承保新保单的环境,从而在财产意外险行业潮水再次退去时,伯克希尔哈撒韦能最小化损失、最大化浮存金,同时补偿那些不承保业务的承保人?

沃伦·巴菲特:嗯,谢谢,这正好引出我准备的一组有趣的幻灯片,如果我能在投影仪上找到它们的话,因为你提出的问题非常重要。我的意思是,我们在保险业务上规模很大,激励机制设置不当可能非常有害。所以我们展示几张幻灯片。请放第一张幻灯片。幻灯片一是伯克希尔在收购国民保险公司之前不久的状况。雪莉,我给你一份,但那是伯克希尔当时的情况。那是我们的资产负债表。如你所见,我们只有几百万美元的额外资金。纺织业务占用了大约2000万美元。然后我听说杰克·林沃特想出售他的公司。在座的一些人认识他。每年有15分钟,杰克会想卖掉他的公司。他会因为某件事情生气。

所以我的朋友查理·海德和杰克很熟,我对查理说:“查理,下次杰克发火的时候,你知道,让他过来一下。”(笑声)于是在1967年初,杰克上午11:30,11:45左右过来,说他受够了保险业、保险监管机构等等,他想卖掉。所以我们买了下来。那是一个重大决定——那是我们真正踏上后来道路的时刻。从那张幻灯片可以看出,第二年纺织业务总共只赚了55,000美元。所以坚守纺织业不会是个好主意。我们花了850万美元收购了国民保险公司。现在,下一张幻灯片,幻灯片二,你将看到一个前所未有的记录——我不认为世界上还有另一家保险公司有这样的记录。那是国民保险公司传统业务的保费收入。

你会看到一家公司,从我们收购后第一年的保费7900万美元——如果你追溯我们收购时,是1600万美元,但到1980年我们增长到7900万美元。你会看到在80年代中期所谓的“硬市场”中,我们达到了3.66亿美元。然后我们降低了——不是有意为之,只是因为业务吸引力下降——从3.66亿美元一路降到5500万美元。现在市场在过去几年变得更吸引人,它飙升到了近6亿美元。我不认为美国有哪家上市公司能承受保费收入这样年复一年下降的记录。但那是国民保险公司的文化。那是杰克·林沃特开创的文化,一直贯穿了好几位管理者,菲尔·利舍、罗利·米勒,到唐·沃斯特,他做得非常出色。我们不担心保费收入。

但如果你不担心保费收入,你就得看看幻灯片三。因为如果向我们的员工传递了无声的信息——除非你承保大量业务,否则你会丢掉工作——他们就会承保大量业务。国民保险公司可以在任何一个月承保价值10亿美元的业务,只要报出愚蠢的价格。如果你报出愚蠢的价格,经纪人会在凌晨四点在海洋中间找到你。我的意思是,你承受不起那样做。所以我们一直告诉我们保险业务的人,特别是国民保险公司,如果他们不承保任何业务,他们的工作不会受到威胁。我们不能承受向员工传递无声信息:你要么承保业务,否则你的工作或你旁边那家伙的工作可能不保。所以当我们保费膨胀到3.66亿美元时,员工人数适度增加,当我们一路降下来时,你会看到它逐渐下降,但那都是通过自然减员。

在那期间我们从未裁员。其他人会裁,但我们没有。现在我们又上升了一些,未来某个时候又会下降。现在,如果你看下一张幻灯片,你会看到这导致了费用率大幅上升,1999年高达41%,因为保费收入萎缩。当我们承保大量业务时,费用率低至25.9%。有些公司会觉得这不可容忍,但我们认为不可容忍的是承保糟糕的业务。再说一次,我们可以承受费用率偏离正常水平,但我们不能承受承保糟糕的业务。首先,如果形成承保糟糕业务的文化,那几乎必须根除。所以我们宁愿承担过高的管理费用,也不愿教导我们的员工为了保住工作而承保任何送上门来的垃圾,因为一旦上瘾,这个习惯很难戒掉。

现在,请看幻灯片五,你会看到这项政策的结果。那就是80年代初我们有几年糟糕的年份——这导致了那个硬市场。但即使费用率很高,你会看到我们几乎每年承保都赚钱。你会看到2001年是1.084亿,但在我看来,这个数字会下降。我认为那将变成相当不错的一年。这些是——那一年尚未完全发展成熟。现在,你会看到1980年——1986年——我们有一个不可思议的年份,承保损失率69.3,那是30%的承保利润率。美妙之处在于,我们是在当时最高保费收入3.66亿美元的情况下做到的。所以当我们在承保大量业务时赚了大钱,而当承保少量业务时也赚了一点。

所以在我们看来,这绝对至关重要——我认为我们是世界上唯一一家(至少是上市公司)向所有相关人员发出绝对明确信息的保险公司:他们永远不会因为保费收入不足而被解雇,因此,我们不希望他们承保哪怕一点糟糕的业务。我们会犯错误,业务低迷时费用率会高,但我们会赢得比赛。这就是国民保险公司在一段时间内所做的。30年前,国民保险公司是一家默默无闻的公司,通过一个被所有人认为过时的总代理系统运营。它没有专利、没有房地产、没有版权,没有任何东西使其与其它数十家保险公司显著区别开来。但它们拥有几乎独一无二的记录,因为它们有纪律。你知道,它们真正知道自己要做什么。并且坚持了下来。事实上,它们随着时间的推移加强了这一点。它们的记录已经把其他人远远抛在后面。

你知道,如果你单独拿着这个记录在1990年或1995年去华尔街,他们不会认为这是一个了不起的记录,他们会说“你有什么问题?”但答案是它没有问题。你指出的正是关键:要有适当的激励机制来为伯克希尔的股东承保正确类型的业务。我们努力把这些问题想透。我的意思是,你不能——你不能在没有裁员的情况下经营一家汽车公司。你不能以这种方式经营一家钢铁公司。但这是经营保险公司的正确方式。这就是为什么这些一刀切的雇佣实践、奖金等等都是胡说八道。你必须根据特定行业的竞争条件和自身经济特征来思考你面临的情况。查理,你想评论一下吗?

查理·芒格:嗯,主要问题是几乎没别人这样做。但对我来说,显然这是正确的道路。伯克希尔有很多这样的特点。只是和其他人的做法有点不同,部分原因是有一个强势大股东的奢侈品。这解释了这一点。一个包括许多雇员的委员会很难做出这些决定。

13. “中石油既更便宜,风险也更小”

沃伦·巴菲特:我们听第十一个问题。(掌声)

观众提问:下午好,我叫安迪·皮克,来自康涅狄格州韦斯顿。作为一个热衷观察中国的人,我对你在中石油的投资很感兴趣。能否告诉我们更多关于你对像中国这样复杂、不透明的国家以及中石油进行投资时的思考过程?

沃伦·巴菲特:是的,中石油本身并不复杂或不透明。你知道,这个国家在很多方面与美国明显不同。但这家公司与世界大型石油公司非常相似。我——而且——中石油可能是去年全球第四大——第四最赚钱的——石油公司。我可能记错了。但它们每天的原油产量大约是埃克森美孚的80%或85%,据我记得。这是一家非常非常大的公司。并不复杂。我的意思是,你知道,当然,一家有50万员工的公司,等等。但一家大型综合石油公司,理解其业务的经济特征相当容易。就透明度而言,实际上它们的年报可能比阅读其他石油巨头的报告更能告诉你关于这家公司的信息。

而且它们做了一件我特别喜欢的事情,其他石油公司不会这样做——至少据我所知——那就是它们告诉你,在没有政策变化的情况下,它们会支付盈利的X百分比,我认为是45%。我喜欢知道在这样一家大型企业里,它们盈利的45%将归伯克希尔所有,其余部分将再投资。购买它不是因为它在中国的缘故,而是因为它相对于盈利、储量、每日石油产量和炼油能力非常非常便宜。无论你使用什么指标,它都比埃克森美孚、英国石油或壳牌等公司便宜得多。现在,你可以说它应该更便宜,因为你不知道它90%由中国政府拥有会怎样,这显然是估值中的一个因素。但我不认为这是一个足以解释价格巨大差异的因素。而且,你知道,到目前为止从那个基础来看还不错。

我们不——我们不是因为在中国才投资,但我们也不会因为在中国而回避。我们只是——我们加入了一个相当合适的数字。但如果你阅读中石油的年报,我认为——你会对该公司有很好的理解,就像你阅读任何其他大型石油巨头的年报一样。然后你会加入自己的思考,关于中美关系是否可能出现某种巨大动荡之类的情况,导致你因世界油价之外的原因而亏损。但我们对此很满意。查理?

查理·芒格:我没什么可补充的。如果一样东西足够便宜,你显然可以承受多一点的国家风险、监管风险或别的什么。这不复杂。

沃伦·巴菲特:是的,你可以——你知道,尤科斯是一家非常大的俄罗斯石油公司。在评估俄罗斯与中国时,就国家风险而言,你可以做出自己的判断。但据我们看来,像中石油这样的公司既更便宜,风险也更小。但其他人可能看法不同。

14. 可疑的石棉索赔正在剥夺真正受害者的赔偿

沃伦·巴菲特:我们听第十二个问题。

观众提问:下午好,先生们。我叫休·斯蒂芬森,来自乔治亚州亚特兰大的股东。这个问题想问你们两位。请你们评论一下侵权改革,特别是石棉侵权。如果你们能构建一个最优解决方案,你们会如何构建,平衡真正原告、律师和机会主义者之间的利益?

沃伦·巴菲特:好的,查理是律师,所以他来回答这个问题。

查理·芒格:事实上,这是个简单的问题。石棉案中发生的情况是,一组人患上了间皮瘤——这是一种可怕的肺癌,会致人死亡——实际上只来源于石棉。这些人是从某人的石棉中染上的。这是第一组索赔人。然后还有另一组索赔人,这些人一生中大部分时间每天抽两包烟,他们的老年肺这里那里有一个小斑点。天知道那斑点是什么,但一个善于钻营的律师可以找到一个善于钻营的医生,他碰巧发现每个肺里的每个该死的斑点都一定是石棉引起的。一旦你有了一个实质上可以收买的专家证人来这样说,你就有了可以提交的索赔。于是你得到数百万份代表那些没有症状的人的索赔,他们说他们担心从这个律师的医生说是石棉引起的斑点得癌症。

制造石棉的公司没有足够的钱来支付所有人。结果是一大部分钱没有流向得了癌症的人,或者另一组有明显严重肺损伤的人。但那是另一小群人,相对于这些只有一个斑点并且现在说担心得癌症的人。他们可以在某些州(通常是南方州)提起这些声称担心的案件,在那里陪审团憎恨所有大公司。于是你有了一个行业——当然,代表没有受伤的人的律师实际上是在从受伤的人那里偷钱。得了间皮瘤的人没有得到他应得的那么多。所有这些其他人得到了他们不该得的钱。这是一个疯狂的系统。但在联邦制下,根本没有办法阻止它。美国法院——美国最高法院——拒绝介入,抓住机会做出决定。

所以它就这样继续下去,没完没了,索赔不断涌入。我认为曼维尔信托去年收到的新索赔比历史上任何一年都多。

沃伦·巴菲特:没错。

查理·芒格:他们最后一次开采和销售石棉是35年前还是多久?

沃伦·巴菲特:是的。

查理·芒格:而且它从未停止。试图收买这些人的做法,就像试图通过往火上浇汽油来灭火一样,因为文字处理机可以大量制造这些虚假索赔,医生们也可以大量制造这些虚假意见。因此,所有用于支付石棉受害者赔偿的资金中,有很大一部分流向了律师、专家、医生、律师的胜诉费、辩护律师。我认为——是不是大约20%到25%的钱最终流向了受伤的人?所以这是整个国家的耻辱。唯一有能力解决这个问题的人是美国最高法院或国会。最高法院——有些人会说是正确的,其他人会说太懦弱——回避了这个问题。这意味着唯一有权解决这个问题的是国会。而国会到目前为止,考虑到政治因素,没有解决。一旦作恶者变得如此富有,他们就获得了巨大的政治权力来阻止改变那些让他们致富的法律。

我的意思是,这意味着我们应该在错误还很小时就更加警惕地加以制止。因为当它们变大时,就很难阻止了。但这个问题很容易解决。正确的解决方式,我们就是不应该赔付这些微不足道的索赔。

沃伦·巴菲特:但约翰斯·曼维尔——我们拥有约翰斯·曼维尔。他们破产了。他们是第一个(至少是大型公司)因石棉而破产的,从历史来看,他们某种程度上是罪有应得的,我想,查理。对吗?

查理·芒格:他们的行为是美国公司历史上最恶劣的行为之一。

沃伦·巴菲特:是的。

查理·芒格:他们知道这种东西会造成严重伤害,却故意一次又一次地掩盖,年复一年,为了赚更多钱。约翰斯·曼维尔最初的管理层有罪,毫无疑问。

沃伦·巴菲特:所以他们在80年代初破产了,那次破产产生了查理提到的曼维尔人身伤害信托。我们——和那个没有关系。我的意思是,这是我们几年前买的一家新公司,这家公司与那个除了历史之外没有任何关系。但是——曼维尔人身伤害信托成立后,随着时间的推移——里面有几十亿美元。正如查理所说,去年——它已经存在了将近20年——去年他们收到了创纪录的索赔数量。他们创纪录的原因不是因为石棉事故的发生率相比信托成立时有所增加或类似情况。只是因为它变成了一个蜜罐。结果,曼维尔人身伤害信托现在只赔付5%,因为他们的20亿美元只能支撑这么远。他们赔付索赔的5%。

所以正如查理所说,那个真正因石棉受到严重伤害的人只得到这么一小部分,而数万名索赔人——对他们来说只是律师眼里的一个闪念,也许——也得到他们的5%。而且,你知道,这不是正确的做法,但很难纠正。我们观察了过去一年的石棉立法——提议的立法。最终,他们提出的方案,我们没有支持,因为它没有给出需要的答案。查理和我的观点是,最高法院回避这个问题时,他们留下了一堆麻烦,这将持续几十年、几十年、几十年。真正该得到赔偿的人得不到赔偿。

查理·芒格:那些想玩世不恭的人应该去调查一下,看看那些伪证。当然,发生的情况是所有真正恶劣的人差不多都破产消失了,也许这里那里信托里还有些钱。但总的来说,钱不够。但现在,还有大约三家有偿付能力的公司。而你有一些小斑点之类的东西。奇怪的是,每个那些人只能记住三个产品名称——

沃伦·巴菲特:可能导致了它?

查理·芒格:——曾经见过的,可能导致了它。而惊人的巧合是,他记得的仅有的名字就是那三家仍有偿付能力的公司。所以——很明显,执业律师在唆使大量伪证。这不是一幅美好的画面。

15. 股息与股票回购

沃伦·巴菲特:好,我们听1号麦克风。

观众提问:嗨,我叫查理·赖斯,来自密苏里州圣路易斯的股东。我希望听听您对上市公司使用现金进行股息与股票回购的看法?

沃伦·巴菲特:嗯,我们——公式很简单,但实践并不一定遵循逻辑。显然——只要你对股东如实告知情况,没有操纵股价下跌之类——当股票可以远低于其商业价值被买入时,那可能是现金的最佳用途。这是华盛顿邮报在1970年代大规模做的事情。特利丹可能回购了90%或接近其股份。过去有相当大比例的公司回购股票,就是因为它们认为股票售价低于其价值。正如我说,如果你通过各种方式打压股价,这可能会被滥用,但这不是通常情况。当时股票回购相对不受欢迎。现在变得非常流行。

就我所参与的众多回购而言,我能捕捉到我认为的潜在理由(如果不是公开宣称的理由),我认为它通常是为了那些希望股价不会下跌的人,而且通常以对现有股东不太合理的价格进行。如果我们想向股东返还大量现金,我们会——如果我们的股票被低估——我们会去找股东说:“我们认为它很便宜,我们认为这些现金可以被你们更好地利用而不是我们。”因此,我们将以我们认为低于内在价值的价格进行回购。留下的人会更好,离开的人会以比本来稍好的价格退出。至于股息,你会进入一个预期情境。对于大多数支付现金股息的公司来说,波动股息从一年到另一年没有意义,尽管私营公司经常这样做。

我们自己也在子公司中这样做。有些子公司一年可以给我们很多钱,下一年则少一些。但对于上市公司,很多人确实购买股票以获得股息,他们希望有规律性,并且有信号意义等等。所以我会说,一旦你为上市公司制定了股息政策,你应该在重大改变之前考虑很长时间。但我认为,如果你没有好的用途,而股票被低估,现金的最佳用途就是回购。如果股票被高估,你就不该买入一股。但很多公司这样做。查理?

查理·芒格:是的,股息是一个非常有趣的话题。如果你考虑不必要的股票交易、投资建议的成本、犯许多错误的成本、以及进出交易成本,我认为不过分地说,现在支付的股息总额大致等于所有这些交易和投资建议浪费的金额。所以股东实际获得的净股息大约为零。这是一种非常奇怪的经营共和国的方式。很少有人评论这一点。

沃伦·巴菲特:是的,实际上我很久以前在《财富》杂志的一篇文章中说过。美国股东在改变整个美国企业座位时的摩擦成本,大概和美国公司支付的总金额差不多。但回到个别公司层面,一家期望定期赚取超过其业务可盈利运用的资金的公司,应该支付股息。以我们的子公司See’s糖果为例。我们很乐意将See’s糖果扩大到现在规模的两倍或三倍,但行不通。我们尝试了很多不同的方式。所以它应该支付其盈利。如果它是上市公司,并且曾经是,你可以认为接近100%的派息率是有道理的。但大多数管理层担心未来某个时候盈利下降,宁愿设定一个较低的水平,从而通过保守的水平确保股息规律。我——你知道,我们——当伯克希尔有300多亿美元时,这显然是我们考虑的事情。

如果我们想不出办法随着时间的推移运用这些资金,把它留在公司形式中是个错误。但我们有这个期望——我认为这是一个合理的期望——我们会把它用起来。如果我们得出不同的结论,如果我们认为我们的股票被大幅低估,我们可能会考虑通过回购来分配,特别是现在股息和资本利得对个人是中性的。如果我们的股票没有被低估,而我们失败了,我们可能会通过股息做点什么。然而,这不会很快发生。(笑声)

16. GEICO和戴尔:低成本终将获胜

沃伦·巴菲特:第二个问题。

观众提问:下午好。我叫J.P.,像治安法官,或者果冻布丁。我的姓是Tan,像晒黑。我从佛罗里达州奥兰多市——那个晒黑的城市——飞过来,那里一位老人告诉我:“J.P. Tan代表‘完美晒黑’。”巴菲特先生,在我提问之前,请允许我向您表示大大的感谢。不久前,我寄给您关于您在Scott Fetzer公司投资的商业分析。我不确定您是否费心读了。然而您非常友善地写信给我,说我对Scott Fetzer公司的分析非常到位。您还邀请我参加第一次年会,在那里我有幸见到了安德鲁·基尔帕特里克先生,他友善地将我对Scott Fetzer公司的分析收录在他的书《永恒的价值:沃伦·巴菲特的故事》中。我感谢您使这一切成为可能。我的问题来了。

巴菲特先生,您曾说过关于投资最重要的九个字是这九个字:“投资最明智时是最商业化的。”玛丽·巴菲特说您将整个商业成功建立在这九个字之上。投资最明智时是最商业化的。为此,我创办了businesslike.com,以GEICO和戴尔为直接营销模式,因为它们具有最低的成本结构。请您详细分享GEICO和您的朋友迈克尔·戴尔的直接营销方法?(笑声)

沃伦·巴菲特(对芒格说):什么?

查理·芒格:他想让你分析GEICO的营销方法——GEICO的直接营销方法——和戴尔。

沃伦·巴菲特:是的,我对戴尔不如对GEICO熟悉。GEICO汽车保险直接营销的想法来自利奥·古德温——和他的妻子莉莲——他们来自USAA。USAA成立于几年前——GEICO成立于1936年——我相信USAA成立于20年代初,因为军人经常搬家,他们很难买到汽车保险。于是建立了一个伟大的组织。利奥·古德温采纳了这个想法,并决定将其扩大到军人军官阶层之外。最初面向政府雇员,随着时间的推移,现在已经极大地扩展到整个美国公众。这是一个更好的系统。你知道,如果回到一百年前,汽车刚出现时,汽车保险是由大型火灾公司的意外险子公司销售的。那就是——在19世纪,主要的保险公司是火灾公司,意外险是后来才出现的。

它是通过一个代理获得高额佣金、通过一个叫“局”的机构建立类似卡特尔费率的系统销售的。这个系统盛行了几十年。然后州立农业保险公司出现了,成立于20年代初。创始人是伊利诺伊州默纳的一位40多岁的农民。没有保险背景,没有资本,但他带来了拥有专属保险代理队伍的想法。这在一定程度上降低了成本。州立农业保险公司最终成为全国最大的汽车保险公司。遵循同样系统的Allstate成为第二。那是一个更好的系统,更好的捕鼠器。然后USAA,随后是GEICO的利奥·古德温,采用直接营销操作,绕过代理,进一步降低成本。现在,几乎每个美国家庭都想要一辆车。他们不想买保险,但没保险不能开车。所以他们买了一个他们并不太喜欢的商品。这花费了他们家庭预算的重要部分。因此成本变得非常重要。

这不是奢侈品,几乎是必需品。节省大量资金对许多家庭预算有真正影响。所以低成本终将获胜。我们的直接运营——Progressive有出色的直接运营与我们竞争——我们两家将在未来多年竞争——是一个更好的系统,更好的系统会随时间获胜。现在,我——再说一次,我对戴尔不太熟悉,但我的印象是戴尔是一个成本非常低的运营,效率极高。你知道,库存非常少。而且,你知道,我不愿意与他们竞争。如果他们能以最好的价格生产出有竞争力的产品,你知道,那个系统会赢。你知道,查理是Costco的董事,Costco和沃尔玛找到了以更低成本做人们需要的事情的方法——人们在这些方面花费大量金钱。这两家公司正在赢。所以我们在GEICO拥有出色的营销运营和出色的保险运营。在我看来,它会非常非常显著地增长。

我们在Progressive有一个非常强劲的竞争对手,因为他们看到了我们的模式运作得多么好,而且他们实际上已经转向了。我的意思是,他们没有完全转向,但他们已经走向直接运营,并远离代理运营。随时间推移,与低成本生产商合作总是个好主意。我的意思是,你可能会在其他方面搞砸,但成为人们必需品的低成本生产商,通常会是很好的业务。查理?

查理·芒格:是的,你选择了一个极好的领域。如果你失败了,那是你自己的错。(笑声)

沃伦·巴菲特:我还应该说,那九个字来自本·格雷厄姆,不是来自我。但是本说了那些话,它们是非常重要的字,尽管它们与他说的其他一些话有关联。但它们是非常重要的字。

查理·芒格:沃伦,我也想道歉,因为昨晚我说我们一些现代商业巨头——我特别想起阿曼德·哈默——是那种说话时在撒谎、安静时在偷窃的类型。(笑声)有些人以为那是我的俏皮话。那是几十年前关于某个强盗大亨说的。

沃伦·巴菲特:嗯,如果我们开始在这里坦白我们偷了多少引语,我们会在这里待一下午。(笑声)

17. 称赞谷歌联合创始人及其所有者手册

沃伦·巴菲特:所以我们继续听3号麦克风。

观众提问:下午好。我叫马特·林奇,来自加州帕洛阿尔托。巴菲特先生,今天您几次提到谷歌及其联合创始人。我希望您能与我们分享您对联合创始人上周在谷歌S-1文件中包含的所有者手册的看法和反应,特别是考虑到它与伯克希尔哈撒韦的异同?

沃伦·巴菲特:嗯,这对我来说真是个轻松球。显然——

观众提问:不客气。

沃伦·巴菲特:我非常高兴谷歌——谷歌的伙计们决定——他们说,我想他们用了“受启发”于伯克希尔所有者手册这个词。而且,你知道,其他人都认为与所有者——或者在他们的情况下,是潜在所有者——进行非常直截了当的交流是个好主意,这显然让我们非常高兴。如果你买了谷歌的股票,并且读了他们的所有者手册,你知道,你——我想你会知道你正在与什么样的人交往。你会知道他们会做什么和不会做什么。这是一个人对另一个人说的话,如果你要成立合伙关系的话。你会说,你知道,“我想请你加入我的合伙关系。我需要你的钱。这是我们将要经营的方式。”我认为更多公司——显然,我认为更多公司应该这样做。对我们伯克希尔来说很简单。

我们很久以来就有这些原则。我们真的希望人们在与我们联合之前理解这些原则。而谷歌的伙计们,以一种非常直截了当的方式,你知道,我喜欢他们的文字。你知道,这并不意味着我同意他们的每一个想法,但是,你知道,我确实知道他们有什么想法。我希望更多公司加入这类事情。查理?

查理·芒格:嗯,你知道,世界上大多数地方并没有以任何方式模仿伯克希尔哈撒韦。这是一群古怪的少数人。看起来——可能有19,500位你们来了——但按国家的标准,这仍然是一群古怪的少数人。谷歌有趣的是,创造它的那两个家伙是整个国家最聪明的两个年轻人。被那么聪明的人模仿比——更有趣得多——(笑声)

沃伦·巴菲特:嘿,我们甚至认为他们比我们上周认为的更聪明。(笑声)

查理·芒格:我们现在认为他们聪明得多,是的。(笑声)

沃伦·巴菲特:看着这个会很有趣。我——我的猜测是他们的年报会非常值得一读。他们实际上会轮流写报告。我认为如果你读它,你会了解很多关于他们和他们的业务。尽管他们有一个有趣的——我记得,里面有一两个有趣的句子,我也很欣赏,他们说你知道,某些可能影响他们业务前景的事情,就竞争而言,最好不说。如果是这样,他们不会告诉你。(笑声)

查理·芒格:是的。

沃伦·巴菲特:我挺喜欢的。

18. 巴菲特不认为房屋销售方式会有大变化

沃伦·巴菲特:请听第四个问题。

观众提问:谢谢,沃伦,谢谢。我的问题——我叫查德·布利斯,内布拉斯加州林肯市。我的问题涉及中美能源公司和家庭服务部门。您之前说过你会继续购买房地产行业的公司。考虑到“由房主自售”、折扣经纪商,甚至可能还有银行的增长,您认为当前家庭服务的商业模式是否可持续,还是佣金需要降低?

标题:2004年股东大会

第5部分,共6部分

沃伦·巴菲特:是的,我真的认为这是可持续的。这是一个好问题。事实上,我忘记了是几周前在哪里看到的那篇文章,可能是《纽约时报》周日版,关于巴里·迪勒对互联网的兴趣,我想是通过Lending Tree。互联网上已经有很多与房地产销售相关的业务。互联网对任何行业都是一种威胁,包括房地产经纪业务。但是,你知道,当我想到买房的过程,以及其中涉及的个人参与程度时,你知道,“由房主出售”。业内称之为FSBO。我记得50年前和我的朋友查克·彼得森讨论过这个,当时就有FSBO,现在仍然有。但我猜测30年后,很大比例的房屋交易仍将通过像现在这样的渠道、分销机制或经纪机制完成。我不认为它会发生巨大变化,尽管有些人会试图大力推动变革。

所以你有竞争对手。但我喜欢扩展Home Services的想法。查理?

查理·芒格:嗯,你自己曾经试图在这里——就在奥马哈——大力改变过它,结果摔了个大跟头。(笑声)他试图——

沃伦·巴菲特:他的记性比我好。

查理·芒格:他试图从《世界先驱报》那里抢走很大一部分房屋广告业务,你知道,给你当时的那张小报纸——

沃伦·巴菲特:哦,对,当时那个业务很薄弱,是啊。(笑)

查理·芒格:是啊,是啊。结果一点用都没有。

沃伦·巴菲特:是啊。(笑声)那是我最后一次找他了。(笑声)

原文

WARREN BUFFETT: Yeah, I really do think it’s sustainable. It’s a good question. In fact, I forget where I saw the article a few weeks ago, maybe in the Sunday New York Times, about Barry Diller’s interest, I think through Lending Tree, on the internet. And there’ve been a lot of real estate sales-related operations that have been on the internet. And the internet is a threat to any business, including real estate brokerage. But, you know, when I think about the process of buying a home, and the degree of personal involvement involved in that, you know, the “for sale by owner.” They call them FSBOs in the business. I remember talking with my friend, Chuck Peterson about that 50 years ago, and FSBOs were with us then, and FSBOs are with us now. But my guess is that a very significant percentage of home transactions 30 years from now will be done through a pipeline, and through a distribution mechanism, or brokerage mechanism, like exists now. I do not see it changing dramatically, although there are people that are going to try and change it dramatically.

So you’ve got competitors. But I love the idea of expanding Home Services. Charlie?

CHARLIE MUNGER: Well, you tried to change it once yourself dramatically, right here in Omaha, and you fell on your ass. (Laughter) He tried to —

WARREN BUFFETT: His memory’s better than mine.

CHARLIE MUNGER: He tried to take away the — a good part of the home advertising business from the World-Herald to, you know, your then-little newspaper —

WARREN BUFFETT: Oh, right, it was very thin, yeah. (Laughs)

CHARLIE MUNGER: Yeah, yeah. And it didn’t work worth a damn.

WARREN BUFFETT: Yeah. (Laughter) And that’s the last time I call on him. The — (Laughter)

19. 怀念菲利普·费雪

沃伦·巴菲特:我们来看第5个问题。

观众提问:巴菲特先生、芒格先生,我是来自密西西比州杰克逊的蒂姆·梅德利。最近菲利普·费雪先生去世了。很多年前在这次会议上,您,巴菲特先生,提到您喜欢《聪明的投资者》的第8章和第20章,以及《证券分析》的第一版,您还说“费雪的前两本书”。而您,芒格先生,也对费雪先生的著作和投资方法赞不绝口。我想知道二位能否谈谈你们与费雪先生的交往、见面的情况等等。他的著作,或者你们与他的讨论,是否让你们开始思考“伟大的企业”或“特许经营权”公司的概念,或者仅仅是对你们已经开始有的想法的一种确认?还有任何其他关于费雪先生想说的。

沃伦·巴菲特:是的,菲利普·费雪是一位伟人。他大约一个月前去世了,享年九十多岁。他的第一本书,我相信是《怎样选择成长股》,写于1958年。第二本书是几年后写的,这两本书都非常出色。就像本·格雷厄姆一样,你完全可以通读书籍来领悟一切。我只见过菲利普·费雪一次,那感觉棒极了。我很享受那次会面,非常喜欢。他对我很好。但同样,实际上,就像我与本·格雷厄姆的经历一样,我为他工作过,上过他的课等等——精华都在书里了。我的意思是,他们都是如此优秀的作者,他们的思想如此清晰,你不需要亲自见到他们。我当然很享受亲自见到他们。但他们的思想已经通过文字传达出来了。我唯一一次见到菲利普是在那本1962年左右的书之后,也许是1961或1962年。当时我在旧金山,我想是在拉斯大楼里,可能记错了。我就直接去了那里。

我年轻的时候经常这样做。我会去纽约,然后直接拜访各种人。我想他们可能因为我是从奥马哈来的,就觉得,嗯,就这一次,以后就摆脱我了。所以——(笑)——我通常都能见到他们。菲利普——我也这样做了。他对我异常友善。但并不是因为我见到他而获得了新想法,因为我早已在他的书里读过了。实际上,查理,我在1959年遇到了查理,当时查理也在某种程度上宣扬费雪的理念。形式略有不同,但他的想法与菲利普的相似。所以我从两边都学到了。这对我来说非常有意义。我不知道查理和菲利普的交往经历如何。

查理·芒格:嗯,当某个吸引我的人同意我的观点时,我总是很高兴。因此,我对菲利普·费雪有着非常美好的回忆。基本想法是,找到好股票很难,找到好投资也很难,而你想进行好的投资。因此,你只需找到几个你非常了解的,然后集中精力在这些上面,这在我看来是一个显而易见的好主意。事实上,这也被证明是一个显而易见的好主意。然而,投资界98%的人并不遵循这一点。这对我们有利。这对你也有利。

原文

19. Remembering Phil Fisher

WARREN BUFFETT: Let’s go to number 5.

AUDIENCE MEMBER: Mr. Buffett, Mr. Munger, I’m Tim Medley from Jackson, Mississippi. Recently Mr. Philip Fisher died. At this meeting many years ago, you, Mr. Buffett, mentioned your fondness for chapters 8 and 20 of “The Intelligent Investor,” the first edition of “Security Analysis,” and you said, “Phil Fisher’s first two books.” And you Mr. Munger, have also been complimentary of Mr. Fisher’s writings and investment approach. I wonder if the two of you would tell us of your experiences with Mr. Fisher, the circumstances of your meeting, et cetera. And did his writings, or your discussions with him, start you thinking about the idea of the great business, or the franchise company, or was it simply an affirmation of thoughts which you had already begun to have? And anything else you would like to say about Mr. Fisher.

WARREN BUFFETT: Yeah, Phil Fisher was a great man. He died maybe a month ago, or thereabouts, and well into his 90s. His first book, and I believe it was “Common Stocks and Uncommon Profits,” it was written in 1958. And the second book was written a few years later, those two books were terrific books. And as with Ben Graham, you could really get it all by reading the books. I met Phil Fisher just once, and it was great. I enjoyed it, I loved it. He was nice to me. But similarly, actually, to my experiences with Ben Graham, I worked for him, I took his class and everything else — it was in the books. I mean, they were such good writers, and their thoughts were so clear, that you didn’t need to meet them personally. I enjoyed meeting them personally, obviously. But they got it across in words. And the only time I met Phil was some time after that 1962 book, or whatever it was, ’61 or ’62. And I was in San Francisco, I think it was in the Russ Building, I may be wrong on that. And I just went there.

I used to do that all the time when I was younger. I’d go to New York, and I’d just drop in on all kinds of people. And I guess they thought because I was from Omaha that, you know, one time and they’d be rid of me. So — (Laughs) And I would usually get in to see them. And Phil — I did that with Phil. And he was extraordinarily nice to me. But it wasn’t that I gained new ideas though, however, by meeting him, because I’d already read it in his books. And Charlie actually, I met Charlie in 1959, and Charlie was sort of preaching the Fisher doctrine, also, to me. Little different form, but his ideas paralleled those of Phil. So I was sort of getting it from both sides. It made a lot of sense to me. I don’t know what Charlie’s experiences were with Phil.

CHARLIE MUNGER: Well, I always like it when somebody who’s attractive to me, agrees with me. And therefore, I’ve got very fond memories of Phil Fisher. The basic idea of that it was hard to find good stocks, and it was hard to find good investments, and that you wanted to be in good investments. And therefore, you just find a few of them that you knew a lot about, and concentrate on those, it seemed to me such an obviously good idea. And indeed, it’s proved to be an obviously good idea. Yet, 98 percent of the investing world doesn’t follow it. That’s been good for us. It’s been good for you.

20. 薪酬和激励制度“没有统一标尺”

沃伦·巴菲特:我们请第6位提问。

观众提问:下午好,我叫斯坦·莱帕德,来自加州门洛帕克。很高兴来到这里,沃伦和查理。我第一次听说您,沃伦,是在80年代末,并开始阅读您的著作。不幸的是,我直到90年代末才开始投资。您塑造了我的商业思维,当我聆听您,并继续阅读您的文字以及您推荐阅读的东西时,这继续塑造着我的思维。我的问题是关于薪酬的。我读过您的文章,也听到了今天早些时候的评论。但这仍然让我,作为一个企业主,不太清楚应该如何设计管理者的薪酬制度。在我职业生涯的大部分时间里,我一直是所在企业的高级管理者,但现在我面临的情况是,我希望持有多数股权,而这些企业我并不每天都直接管理,我非常关心这个薪酬问题。

当我思考诸如净资产收益率、增长、风险之类的事情时,但如果你们能更具体地谈谈如何着手确定正确的衡量和激励指标,我将不胜感激。

沃伦·巴菲特:是的,这是一个非常好的问题,你知道,没有一种公式适用于所有行业或企业。拿净资产收益率来说吧。如果你为你收购的企业支付了过高的价格,那么经营它的人将无法在你的净资产上获得好的回报。他们可能在使用企业中的有形资产时获得良好回报,但你的收购价格会破坏他们获得良好回报的可能性。如果你基于有形资产的收益来制定,你知道,有些企业,比如一家电视联播网,你甚至可以把一个白痴侄子放上去负责,只要他们设法远离办公室,他们就能获得巨大的净资产收益率。所以这是……还有另一些企业,你必须是天才才能获得7%或8%的净资产收益率。所以没有统一的标尺。要有一个公平的薪酬制度,你和经理都必须真正理解企业的经济状况。在某些企业中,所使用的资本量至关重要。

在其他一些企业中,所使用的资本量没有任何意义。所以我们有一些企业对资本收费等等,而在另一些企业,这仅仅是一个走过场的形式,无论如何都不会真正改变任何结果。我们非常倾向于让它们简单化。我的意思是,我们专注于对我们来说重要的变量,然后我们试图将其置于他们所处行业的竞争性质或经济状况——真正的经济状况——的背景下,并且在他们增加价值的地方给予真正回报,即使这种价值来自于一个糟糕企业非常低的基础。如果他们在一个非常容易赚钱的行业,我们就把这个基础设得很高。这从来都不是问题。但我要说的是,如果我们引入一些薪酬顾问,那将是一个巨大的问题,因为他们会想要一些适用于整个集团的东西,并且会包含各种各样的变量。

他们尤其会想要一些每年都要进来重新做一遍的东西,这样他们就能有持续的收入流。你知道,如果我知道你正在考虑的是什么样的企业,那就更容易讨论应该采用什么样的制度。如果你有一组电视台,随便举个例子——假设它们是电视联播网的附属台,规模都差不多。你知道,你可能会认为,即使是黑猩猩也能管理这个地方,并实现35%的税前利润率。你可能想为超过某个数字(比如这个)的业绩支付报酬。但是,如果你一开始就设定10%或15%的目标,那是很愚蠢的。一个糟糕的经理总是会建议这样的安排。查理和我见过各种各样的薪酬安排,基本上,你仅仅因为出现就能得到报酬。但他们试图通过构建一些数学公式来让它看起来好像你真的需要取得一些成就。但最终,如果你有一个优秀的经理,你想付给他很高的薪水。

你知道,我们有一些非常优秀的经理,比如在MidAmerican这样的公司。有人提到,如果他们达到我们设定的目标,就会有巨大的胡萝卜等着他们。那将是一张我非常乐意签字的支票。查理?

查理·芒格:是的,如果你想读一本能展示整个小企业连锁店中真正精明薪酬制度的书,请读一下莱斯·施瓦布的自传,他在整个西北部拥有一系列轮胎店——拥有许多轮胎店。他在世界上最困难的企业之一中,通过精明的制度赚取了巨额财富。他比我们能更好地告诉你这些。

沃伦·巴菲特:是的,而且是他自己琢磨出来的。我是说,这是一本有趣的书,你知道,卖轮胎,你怎么能赚钱呢?而且——

查理·芒格:卖轮胎赚了数亿美元。

沃伦·巴菲特:是啊,是啊。这是一个……像山姆·沃尔顿这样的人。我是说,薪酬制度,我可以向你保证,在沃尔玛,或者查理参与的好市多,它们会是合理的,因为是非常理性的人在经营它们。他们想要得到最好的——他们想要吸引优秀的经理,并希望从他们身上得到最好的发挥。他们不会花钱为平庸买单。但这确实需要对业务有所了解。我的意思是,如果你不了解一个企业,你知道,你在如何支付员工薪酬方面,无论是面对经理还是顾问,都可能被花言巧语所欺骗。

原文

20. “No single yardstick” for compensation and incentive systems

WARREN BUFFETT: We’ll go to number 6, please.

AUDIENCE MEMBER: Good afternoon, my name is Stan Leopard, and I’m from Menlo Park, California. I’m very pleased to be here, Warren and Charlie. I first heard about you, Warren, in the late ’80s, and began reading your writings. Unfortunately I didn’t invest until the late ’90s. You have shaped my business thinking, and as I listen to you, and as I continue to read what you write, and the things you recommend to read, it continues to shape my thinking. My question’s about compensation. And I’ve seen your writing, and I heard the earlier comments today. And they still leave me, as a guy who is a business owner, not quite sure how to act to design compensation for managers. For most of my career, I’ve been the senior manager in my businesses, but now I’m in a situation where I’m looking to own a majority interest of businesses that I don’t manage every day directly, and I’m very concerned with this compensation issue.

When I think about things, like, return on equity, or growth, or risk, or like that, but if you could speak a little more towards the specific of how you approach the getting it to the right things to measure and incent, I’d appreciate that.

WARREN BUFFETT: Yeah. It’s a very good question, and it’s — you know, there is no formula that applies across all industries or businesses. You take something like return on equity. You know, if you pay way too much for the business that you buy, the person who runs it is going to get a lousy return on your equity. And they may get a good return on the tangible assets employed in the business, but your purchase price may defeat them, in terms of earning good returns. If you base the — on earnings on tangible equity, you know, there are businesses like a network television station where, you know, if you have an idiot nephew, you can put him in charge, and they’ll earn huge returns on equity as long as they manage to stay away from the office. So it’s — And there are other businesses where you have to be a genius to earn 7 or 8 percent returns on equities. So there is no single yardstick. To have a fair compensation system, both you and the manager have to really understand the economics of the business. In some businesses, the amount of capital employed is allimportant.

In some businesses, the amount of capital employed doesn’t mean anything. So we have certain businesses where we have charges for capital and all of that, and where we have other businesses where that would just be an exercise to go through, and it wouldn’t really change any results, anyway. We have a great preference for making them simple. I mean, we concentrate on the variables that count to us, and then we try to put that against the backdrop of the competitive nature, or the economic — the true economics — of the business they’re in, and really reward where they’re adding value, even if that value is from a very low base in a lousy business. And we make it — the base — very high if they’re in a very easy business. And it hasn’t been a problem. But I would say it would’ve been an enormous problem if we’d brought in some compensation consultants, because they would have wanted something that would spread across the whole group, and it would have had all kinds of variables.

And they particularly would’ve wanted something that would’ve to come in every year and redo in some way, so that they would have a continuing stream of income. You know, if I knew what kind of a business you were looking at it, it’s easier to talk about what kind of a system to have. If you had a group of television stations, just to pick an example — let’s say they were network television stations, all of a reasonable size. You know, you would probably figure that a chimpanzee could run the place, and have 35 percent pretax margins. And you might want to pay for performance above some number like that. But there’s — it’s silly to have something that starts at 10 percent or 15 percent, when you do that. And a lousy manager will always suggest an arrangement like that. Charlie and I have seen all kinds of compensation arrangements where, basically, you get paid for showing up. But they try to make it look, by constructing some mathematics around it, like, you really had to achieve something. But in the end, if you get a great manager, you want to pay him very well.

You know, we’ve got great managers, for example, at a place like MidAmerican. And somebody mentioned that there’s a big carrot out there for them if they achieve the results that we’ve set out. And that’ll be a check I’ll be very happy to write. Charlie?

CHARLIE MUNGER: Yeah, if you want to read one book that will demonstrate really shrewd compensation systems in a whole chain of small businesses, read the autobiography of Les Schwab, who had a bunch of tire shops — has a bunch of tire shops — all over the Northwest. And he made a huge fortune in one of the world’s really difficult businesses by having shrewd systems. And he can tell you a lot better than we can.

WARREN BUFFETT: Yeah, and he worked that out himself. I mean, it’s an interesting book, and, you know, selling tires, how do you make any money doing that? And —

CHARLIE MUNGER: Hundreds of millions selling tires.

WARREN BUFFETT: Yeah, yeah. It’s a — and people like Sam Walton. I mean, the compensation system, I will guarantee you, at Walmart, or Charlie’s involved in Costco, they’re going to be rational because you had very rational people running them. And they wanted to get the best — they wanted to attract good managers, and they wanted to get the best out of them. And they had no use in paying for mediocrity. But that does require a knowledge of the business. I mean, you don’t want to let — if you don’t understand a business, you know, you’re going to have a problem with both the manager and the consultant in terms of getting film-flammed on how you pay people.

21. 在股票中比在IPO中更容易找到便宜货

沃伦·巴菲特:第7个问题。

观众提问:大家好。我叫马丁·克拉维茨,我是来自澳大利亚悉尼的股东。(掌声)非常感谢你们在这里的盛情款待。我们有机会去打了奥马哈65个高尔夫球场中的几个,能来到世界上第二好的国家真是太棒了。(笑声)我的问题是关于两个IPO的。去年有位写了一本关于您的书的作者来到悉尼,显然您不喜欢IPO。我的问题是,有些确实很糟糕的企业试图蒙混过关,但也有好的。有一些政府私有化或权力下放、婴儿潮一代的人口结构变化,我们有一些朋友想要退出一些真正好的企业。我们作为投资者,以及伯克希尔·哈撒韦,能否应用您的一些原则来考虑投资其中一些?最后,您的答案在适用于伯克希尔·哈撒韦作为公司,与我们作为投资者方面会有所不同吗?谢谢您,先生。

沃伦·巴菲特:查理?

查理·芒格:嗯,第一个问题,是否完全有可能使用我们的思维模型在IPO中找到好的东西来购买,答案是肯定的。每年有数不清的IPO。在这些IPO中,我相信肯定有一些万无一失的机会,一个真正聪明的人能够发现并抓住它们。所以,欢迎你。但是……一般来说,购买IPO的普通投资者会遭受重创。所以,如果你足够有才华,当然,那会奏效。第二个问题,我忘了。

沃伦·巴菲特:关于政府发行(听不清)。

查理·芒格:关于政府分拆?

沃伦·巴菲特:再给他一次机会。他就在那儿。

查理·芒格:第二个问题是什么?

观众提问:只是问伯克希尔·哈撒韦的态度是否会与一般投资者不同?

沃伦·巴菲特:哦。

观众提问:谢谢。

查理·芒格:是的,因为IPO通常规模很小,所以对我们来说不适用,或者它们是高科技的,我们无法理解。所以,总的来说,如果沃伦在看它们,嗯,我不知道这事。(笑声)

沃伦·巴菲特:我早些时候提到过,市场中的拍卖机制有时会提供异常便宜的股票,因为有人可能会以可能只值其价值四分之一的价格出售一家公司0.5%或1%的股份,而在协商交易中,你不会得到这种机会。IPO的情况更接近于协商交易。我的意思是,在大多数情况下,卖家决定何时上市。而且他们选择的时间不一定对你有利。所以,我认为,在扫描一百只在拍卖市场交易的证券清单时,可能性要小得多。好吧,扫描一百个IPO,你找到便宜货的可能性比扫描一百家已经在拍卖市场交易的公司要小。它更像是一种协商销售。而在协商交易中,很难获得便宜货。

就拿奥马哈的房子来说吧,你知道,某人的邻居以8万美元卖掉了他们的房子,而他们的房子或多或少差不多,他们不会以5万美元卖掉它。这种情况不会发生。人们……这是一个太重要的资产,他们知道类似房产能卖到什么价格。这就是协商销售中的情况。另一方面,如果有一堆实体拥有奥马哈每栋房子的1%所有权,并且你有一个针对这些1%份额的拍卖市场,它们可能会以几乎任何价格出售。偶尔,它们会以疯狂的价格出售。所以,在我看来,你在拍卖市场中更有可能获得令人难以置信的便宜货。这是事物的本质。而IPO更接近于……有时在糟糕的市场中会有IPO,它们可能会非常便宜。但总的来说,那不是IPO出现的时候。它们出现在卖家认为市场已经准备好接受它们的时候。

而且它们是在信息充分的卖家认为这是一个上市的好时机时出现的。而且,在我看来,你在拍卖市场中会做出更好的购买。

原文

21. Easier to find bargains among stocks than IPOs

WARREN BUFFETT: Number 7.

AUDIENCE MEMBER: Good day. My name is Martin Krawitz. I’m a shareholder from Sydney, Australia. (Applause) And thank you so much for some of your wonderful hospitality here. We’ve had a chance to get on some of Omaha’s 65 golf courses, and it’s just great being in the second-best country in the world. (Laughter) My question to you, sir, is regarding two IPOs. We had one of the authors about a book on yourself visit us in Sydney last year, and apparently you dislike IPOs. My question is, there are some really poor businesses that try and get passed off, but there are some good ones. There’s some government privatizations, or decentralizations, the demographics of baby boomers, and we have some friends wanted to exit some really good businesses. Could we as investors, and Berkshire Hathaway, not apply some of your disciplines to look at investing in some of these? And finally, would your answer be different in its applicability to Berkshire Hathaway as a company, as opposed to us as investors? Thank you, sir.

WARREN BUFFETT: Charlie?

CHARLIE MUNGER: Well, the first question, is it entirely possible that you could use our mental models to find good things to buy among IPOs, the answer is sure. There are a zillion IPOs every year. And buried in those IPOs, I’m sure there are a few cinches that a really intelligent person could find and pounce on. So, welcome. On the — But the average person buying IPOs is going to get creamed. So if you’re talented enough, why sure, that will work. The second question, I forget.

WARREN BUFFETT: About the government offering (inaudible).

CHARLIE MUNGER: About government spin-offs?

WARREN BUFFETT: Give him the spotlight again. There he is.

CHARLIE MUNGER: What was the second question?

AUDIENCE MEMBER: It was just would the attitude of Berkshire Hathaway be different if it was opposed to investors?

WARREN BUFFETT: Oh.

AUDIENCE MEMBER: Thank you.

CHARLIE MUNGER: Yeah, because the IPOs are normally small enough, so that they won’t work for us, or they’re high tech, where we couldn’t understand them. And so, by and large, if Warren is looking at them, why, I don’t know about it. (Laughter)

WARREN BUFFETT: Yeah, I mentioned earlier how you — an auction market, prevailing in the stock market, will offer up extraordinary bargains sometimes, because somebody will sell a half a percent, or one percent of a company at a price that may be a quarter of what it’s worth, whereas in negotiated deals, you don’t get that. An IPO situation more closely approximates a negotiated deal. I mean, the seller decides when to come to market in most cases. And they don’t pick a time necessarily that’s good for you. So, it has — I think it’s way less likely that, in scanning a list of a hundred securities that are trading in the auction market, well, in the — a hundred IPOs, if you scan a hundred IPOs, you’re going to come up with something cheaper than scanning a hundred companies that are already trading in the auction market. It is more of a negotiated sale. And negotiated transactions are very hard to get bargains.

If you take the houses in Omaha, you know, somebody that lives next door to somebody who sold their house for 80,000 or — dollars, and their house is more or less comparable, they’re not going to sell it for 50. It just doesn’t happen. People are — it’s too important an asset, and they’re cognizant of what it brings — what is being brought for similar properties. That’s what happens in negotiated sales. Now if, on the other hand, there were some — a whole bunch of entities that owned one percent of each house in Omaha, and you had an auction market on those one percentage points, they might sell at damn near anything. And occasionally, they sell at crazy prices. So you’re way — in my view — you’re way more likely to get incredible bargains in the — in an auction market. It’s just the nature of things. And the IPO is closer — sometimes there will be IPOs in terrible markets, and they may come very cheap. But by and large, that is not when IPOs come. They come when the seller thinks that the market is ready for them.

And they come with an informed seller thinking it’s a pretty good time to go public. And, you know, you’ll make better buys, in my view, in an auction market.

22. 巴菲特和芒格不去全食超市购物

沃伦·巴菲特:第8个问题。

观众提问:下午好,巴菲特先生、芒格先生。我是来自旧金山的马克·斯滕德。我的问题是,如果你住在加州,我知道你一年中有一部分时间住在那,那么去全食超市购物几乎是必须的。那里卖很多有机食品。我想知道是否有人试图给你们吃有机食品,或者让你们买有机食品股票?

沃伦·巴菲特:我从没靠近过那个地方,但是——(笑声)——查理,我从不认为他是个健康狂,但作为加州人,他可能对此有些评论。

查理·芒格:不,我心目中好的购物场所是好市多。(笑声)好市多有这些大理石花纹非常漂亮的菲力牛排……(笑声)……最高等级的。而吃点全谷物什么的,再喝点胡萝卜汁,这个想法从来就没吸引过我。(笑声)

沃伦·巴菲特:关于去哪里吃饭,我们俩之间没什么好争的。(笑声)

原文

22. Buffett and Munger don’t shop at Whole Foods

WARREN BUFFETT: Number 8.

AUDIENCE MEMBER: Good afternoon Mr. Buffett, Mr. Munger. My name is Mark Stender (PH) from San Francisco. My question involves, if you live in California, which I understand you do some time of the year, it’s almost mandatory that you shop at Whole Foods Markets. They sell a lot of organic foods there. And I was wondering if anyone ever tried to feed you organic food, or organic food stock?

WARREN BUFFETT: I’ve never been near the place, but — (laughter) — Charlie, who I’ve never thought of as a health nut, but he may have some comment to make on this, being a Californian.

CHARLIE MUNGER: No, my idea of a good place to shop is Costco. (Laughter) Costco has these heavily marbled filet steaks in the — (laughter) — finest grade. And the idea of eating a little whole grain whatever and washing it down with some carrot juice has just never appealed to me. (Laughter)

WARREN BUFFETT: We don’t have a lot of arguments between the two of us about where to eat. (Laughter)

23. 美国企业“从未让投资者失望过”

沃伦·巴菲特:第9个问题。

观众提问:你好,谢谢。我是来自圣路易斯的谢尔曼·西尔伯。我是圣路易斯的一名生育医生。我们有点自认为是不孕不育治疗领域的伯克希尔·哈撒韦。我们真的不懂商业。我们是医生和科学家。所以,首先我想说,我真的很欣赏你们董事会里的人,并且希望继续保持这样。因为我们很了解品格,我很高兴我们的储蓄与您和代表公司的有品格的人在一起是安全的。(掌声)几周前,我有一个机会,我和富达麦哲伦基金的一位前经理交谈过,他管理着巨额资金,他从未真正见过您。我说,我可能有机会问沃伦·巴菲特和查理·芒格一个问题。那会是什么问题呢?我想知道一些关于商业方面我可以问的明智的问题。

他想了想说,如果他有和你们交谈的机会,最好的办法是给你们一个听起来像是一个简单的问题,因为你们可能会带来比我们通常听到的更深刻的见解。考虑到伊拉克战争、消费者债务增加、就业增长放缓、增长中的工作岗位薪酬下降、利率上升的前景,他认为未来五到十年将非常困难。考虑到所有这些负面因素,您对未来五到十年的投资前景有什么看法?

查理·芒格:这个问题对我来说太简单了。我觉得沃伦应该回答。(笑声)

沃伦·巴菲特:嗯,我想说的是,在历史上的任何一个时间点,包括股票最便宜的时候,你都能找到同样数量令人印象深刻的负面因素。我的意思是,你可以……你可以在1974年坐下来,当时股票便宜得令人咂舌,你可以写下各种各样的事情,这些事情会让你说,你知道,未来将会很糟糕。同样,在顶部,你知道,或者任何时候,你也可以写下一大堆非常看涨的因素。我们不……我们实际上根本不关注这类事情。我的意思是,我们有……你可以说我们的基本前提——而且我认为这是一个相当可靠的基本前提——是这个国家会做得很好,特别是,它会对企业有利。企业一直做得很好。你知道,道琼斯指数在20世纪的一百年里从66点涨到了10000多点。我们经历了两次世界大战、核弹、流感大流行,你说得出来的都有,还有冷战。

未来总是……总是……总是有问题,未来也总是有机会。在这个国家,随着时间的推移,机会战胜了问题。我认为这种情况将继续下去,除非出现大规模杀伤性武器,那是另一个问题。如果这方面真的发生任何剧烈变化,企业也不会有什么不同。所以我们不……我不……我不记得查理和我有过任何讨论,追溯到1959年,我们最终会得出结论,因为外部条件而放弃一个绝佳的商业机会——一个可以收购的企业。我们也没有仅仅因为认为世界将会美好而去购买任何我们认为平庸的东西。在我看来,让投资者在五年、十年或二十年的时期内失败的不会是美国经济。而是投资者自己。如果你看看20世纪的记录,你会说,在那段时间里,怎么可能有人错过了持有股权呢?

然而,你知道,在1929年到1932年期间,我们有各种各样的人被消灭了。我们遇到过各种各样糟糕的事情。但如果你只是直接持有股票,不加杠杆,你知道,你……你会获得相当不错的回报。所以,本质上,你提到的那些变量对我们没有影响。明天给我们看一个好企业,我们就会立刻上钩。查理?

查理·芒格:是的,我认为,但同样真实的是,在过去的三年里,我们两个都曾在不同时间说过,如果美国专业管理的资金在未来相当长的一段时期内获得相当温和的回报,与大约三年前它达到的非常高的回报相比,我们一点也不会感到惊讶。到目前为止,这已被证明是相当正确的。

沃伦·巴菲特:是的,我们的——

查理·芒格:某些阶段比其他阶段更容易。

沃伦·巴菲特:是的,几年前我们的预期比大多数人更温和。我们并没有说世界末日要来了或其他什么。我们只是说人们在某些领域已经疯了。任何人如果认为你可以坐在家里日内交易,并随着时间的推移获得两位数的回报,或者做任何事情,或者你认为你仅仅通过在401(k)里存点钱就理应得到那样的回报,那真是生活在傻瓜的天堂里。但这从来都不是对美国整体经济或美国企业整体的灾难性预测。它……人们时不时会在金融市场上产生疯狂的想法。我之前评论过这个,但他们就是相信一些事情……很难理解他们怎么会相信。在某种程度上,他们是听信了别人的话。但是美国企业,真的,作为一个整体从未让投资者失望过,但投资者自己却经常搞砸自己。

原文

23. American business “has never let investors down”

WARREN BUFFETT: Number 9.

AUDIENCE MEMBER: Hello, thank you. I’m Sherman Silber from St. Louis. I’m a fertility doctor in St. Louis. We kind of view ourselves as the Berkshire Hathaway of infertility treatment. We don’t know anything, really, about business. We’re doctors and scientists. And so, first I’d just like to say, I really appreciate the people that you have on your board, and would like to keep it that way. Because we do know a lot about character, and I’m happy to have our savings safe with you and the people of character that represent the company. (Applause) I just had an opportunity a couple of weeks ago, I was talking to one of the former managers of the Fidelity Magellan Fund, managed huge amounts of money, and he never really met you. And I was saying, I may have a chance to ask Warren Buffett and Charlie Munger a question. What would that question be? I wanted to have some idea of something intelligent I could ask business-wise.

And he thought if he had the opportunity to talk to you, the best thing is to give you what would sound like a softball question, because you could maybe bring more profoundness to this than we hear, usually. What — In view of the Iraq war, consumer debt that’s increasing, declining job growth, declining pay in the jobs that are growing, prospects of increased interest rates, he has this view that the next five to 10 years are going to be very difficult. What would your view be about this — the investment future — for the next five to 10 years, in view of all these negative factors going on?

CHARLIE MUNGER: That’s too soft for me. I think Warren should take that. (Laughter)

WARREN BUFFETT: Well, I would say that at any given point in history, including when stocks were their cheapest, you could find an equally impressive number of negative factors. I mean, you can — you could’ve sat down in 1974 when stocks were screaming bargains, and you could’ve written down all kinds of things that would’ve caused you to say, you know, the future is just going to be terrible. And similarly, at the top, you know, or anytime, you can write down a large list of things that would be quite on the bullish side. We don’t pay — we really don’t pay any attention to that sort of thing. I mean, we have — You might say that our underlying premise — and I think it’s a pretty sound underlying premise — is that this country will do very well, and in particularly, it will do well for business. Business has done very well. You know, the Dow went from 66 to 10,000-plus in the hundred years of the 20th century. And we had two world wars, and nuclear bombs, and flu epidemics, and you name it, Cold War.

There’s always — there are always — there’s always problems in the future, there are always opportunities in the future. And in this country the opportunities have won out over the problems over time. And I think they will continue to do so, absent weapons of mass destruction, which is another question. And business won’t make much difference if anything really drastic happens along that line. So we don’t — I don’t — I can’t remember any discussions Charlie and I have had, ever, going back to 1959, that where we would’ve come to the conclusion at the end of them that we would’ve passed on a great business opportunity — a business to buy — because of external conditions. Nor did we ever buy anything that we thought was mediocre simply because we thought the world was going to be wonderful. The — It won’t be the American economy, in my view, that does in investors over a five, or 10, or 20year period. It will be the investors themselves. If you look at the record of the 20th century, you’d say how can anybody have missed, you know, in owning equities during that time?

And yet, you know, we had all kinds of people wiped out, you know, in the ’29-’32 period. We had all kinds of things that were bad. But if you had just owned stocks right straight through, didn’t leverage them, you know, you would — you’d have gotten a perfectly decent return. So we are unaffected, in essence, by the variables you mentioned. Just show us a good business tomorrow, and we’ll jump at the hook. Charlie?

CHARLIE MUNGER: Yeah, I think, but it’s also true that both of us have said at various times over the last three years that we wouldn’t be at all surprised if professionally invested money in America had a pretty modest result over a fairly extended period in the future, compared to the very dramatically high returns that it had achieved up to about three years ago. And so far that’s been proved out to be pretty much right.

WARREN BUFFETT: Yeah, our —

CHARLIE MUNGER: Certain stretches are easier than other stretches.

WARREN BUFFETT: Yeah, our expectations were more modest than most people’s a few years ago. We didn’t say the world was coming to an end or anything. We just said that people have gone crazy in certain sectors. And that anybody that thought that you could, you know, sit at home and day trade, and make double-digit returns over time, or do anything, or that you were entitled to that, you know, by just sticking a little money in your 401(k) or something, was really living in a fool’s paradise. But that was never accompanied by any predictions of disaster for the American economy as a whole, or for American business as a whole. It’s — People get crazy notions from time to time in financial markets. I commented on this earlier, but they just believe things that there’s — it’s hard to understand how they can believe. Now, to some extent they get sold that by other people. But American business, really, has never let investors down as a group, but investors have done themselves in quite frequently.

24. “疯狂的”衍生品不像保险

沃伦·巴菲特:第10个问题。

观众提问:山姆·基德斯顿,来自马萨诸塞州剑桥市。我想请你们讨论一下你们在再保险业务中所做的,与通用再保险在其证券部门所做的之间的相似点和不同点,因为再保险通常是一种天气衍生品。我还想问你们,为什么你们如此放心地承保一种衍生品,而对承保另一种衍生品却如此不安?谢谢。

沃伦·巴菲特:是的,通用再保险在通用再保险证券中签订的衍生品合同,我认为与我们看到的保险业务关系不大。我的意思是,我们承保的是人们要么无法、要么不愿意自己承担风险的事件。在衍生品业务中,很多都属于某种形式的投机活动。安排越复杂,就越容易声称获得了巨额利润,而实际上巨大的损失可能随着时间的推移在等着你。它们是被创造出来的交易,没有太多的经济必要性。在很多情况下,它们只是为投机提供便利。保险处理的是承担人们在商业或个人生活中遭遇的、他们自己不想承担或无法承担的风险。这两者之间几乎没有联系。我认为,在进入这个业务时,他们凭空想出了很多理由。你知道,他们说两者都属于风险业务,他们的客户会要求它等等。但是当人们想要进入一个行业时,他们总是凭空想出理由。在我们看来,这毫无意义。

我真的看不出它们之间有什么联系。你呢,查理?

查理·芒格:它们截然不同。衍生品业务充满了这样的条款,说如果一方的信用被评级机构下调,他们就必须开始提供抵押品。这就像一个保证金账户。当你签署这样的文件时,你可能会彻底破产,陷入违约和灾难,别人会在困境中清算你的头寸,等等等等。所以有很多不负责任的机制。为了保护自己,他们通过所有这些关于提供抵押品的条款,给系统引入了巨大的不稳定性。似乎没有人意识到,为了试图让每一方都感到更安全,他们创造了一个多么灾难性的系统。这是一个疯狂的系统。而且在大多数情况下,你参与这个游戏并没有得到适当的报酬。因此,我们不参与其中。

沃伦·巴菲特:如果没有在当时筹集新资本的能力,谁知道他们是否能够做到——通用再保险,它曾被评级为AAA——现在仍然是,因为伯克希尔参与其中——但它曾被评级为AAA——在9/11之后很可能陷入真正可怕的财务困境,特别是如果他们当时完全确认了已经发生但尚未完全确认的负债。因为他们的资本将会缩水,他们持有的股票会更多,这又会进一步缩水。谁知道当时会跌到什么程度?此外,在我看来,他们的评级很可能会被大幅下调,而这很可能会触发他们衍生品活动中的某些条款,要求拿出大量现金。它不是为了持久而构建的。而现在是持久性的了。但我要说的是,这种威胁也存在于其他金融机构。

但我认为许多CEO——或者至少其中一些,我应该说——并没有真正完全理解这一点。当你面临巨额资金的追加保证金要求时,你知道,你只需要一天无法满足要求。这差点就发生了。如果你回顾1987年10月,有一笔大额电汇转账——有一段时间——没有到达芝加哥的清算所。那差点让整个系统停顿下来,我们当时非常接近关闭交易所。很多事情都会崩溃。钱最终到账了。但依赖他人数十亿美元资金流入的系统是危险的。我们在1991年的那个星期天在所罗门公司就遇到了这种情况。如果所罗门破产了,第二天你就会遇到持有名义金额1.2万亿美元(大概如此)衍生品的对手方,他们将与一个破产的对手打交道,而这个对手正在应对破产法庭。

你会遇到各种证券结算可能无法进行的情况。你会遇到各种混乱。相信我,当时的情况会非常严重,考虑到日本、英国和美国正在发生的事情,因为这些账户都是相互交织的。事实上,所罗门当时在德国经营着一家银行——这家银行吸收了大量个人存款,然后把所有这些钱都贷给了所罗门。所以它会有一笔来自破产公司的应收账款,同时欠着我不知道多少德国储户的钱。当时会出现各种各样的事情。谁知道这会对整个系统产生什么影响?你不需要在已经杠杆率很高的经济体系中添加更多这样的联系和压力。查理,还有什么想法吗?我们喜欢谈论灾难,所以别阻止我们。(笑)

原文

24. “Demented” derivatives aren’t like insurance

WARREN BUFFETT: Number 10.

AUDIENCE MEMBER: Sam Kidston, from Cambridge, Massachusetts. I’d like you to ask to discuss the similars and differences between what you do in your reinsurance operations, and what Gen Re did in its securities division, as it would seem that reinsurance is often a form of weather derivative. I would also like to ask you, why you are so comfortable writing what appears to be one type of derivative, and so uncomfortable writing another? Thank you.

WARREN BUFFETT: Yeah, the derivatives contracts that Gen Re wrote in Gen Re Securities, I would say bore very little relation to the insurance businesses we see. I mean, we are insuring against events that people either can’t or aren’t willing to take on the risk themselves. In the derivatives business, a lot of that was speculative activity of one sort or another. The more complex the arrangements were, the easier it was to claim that large profits were being made, when maybe large losses really awaited you over time. They were created transactions without much economic necessity. In a great many cases, they were just facilitating speculation. Insurance deals with taking on risks that people incur in their business or personal life, that they don’t want to bear themselves, or that they’re unable to bear themselves. There was very little connection between the business. I think that in going into the business, they dreamt up a lot of reasons for it. You know, they said they’re both in the risk business, and their clients were going to demand it and everything. But when people want to go into a business, they always dream up reasons. In our view, it made no sense whatsoever.

And I really see very little connection between them. Do you, Charlie?

CHARLIE MUNGER: They’re radically different. The derivatives business is chock full of clauses saying that if one party’s credit gets downgraded by a rating agency, they have to start posting collateral. And that’s just like a margin account. And when you sign pieces of paper like that, you can go absolutely broke, into default and catastrophe, and having other people liquidating your positions under distress conditions, et cetera, et cetera. So there’s a lot of irresponsible mechanics. In attempting to protect themselves, they’ve introduced this enormous instability into the system, through all these clauses about collateral posting. And nobody seems to recognize what a disaster of a system they’ve created in an attempt to make each party feel safer. It’s a demented system. And you don’t get properly paid in most cases for playing the game. And therefore, we’re not in it.

WARREN BUFFETT: Absent the ability to raise new capital at the time, and who knows whether that would’ve been — they’d been able to or not — Gen Re, which had been rated triple-A — it still is because Berkshire’s involved — but it had been rated triple-A — could well have run into really terrible financial difficulty post-September 11th, particularly if they’d fully recognized the liabilities that they’d already incurred, but not fully recognized, at that time. Because their capital would’ve shrunk, they would’ve had way more in equities, which would have shrunk further. And who knows how far, you know, at the time, how far it would have gone? Plus they would have had, in my view, they would have been downgraded quite significantly, and that might well have triggered things in their derivatives activities, which would have required coming up with loads of cash. It was not built to last. And it is now built to last. But I would say that that threat exists with other financial institutions as well.

But I think many of the CEOs — or some of them anyway, I should say — don’t really fully comprehend that. When you get margin calls for huge amounts of money, you know, it only has to be one day when you can’t meet it. That almost happened. If you go back to October of 1987, there was a large wire transfer that didn’t make it to the — for a while — it didn’t make it to the clearing house at the — in Chicago. And that came close to halting the whole system at the time, and we were very close to closing the exchange. And a lot of things would have unraveled. The money finally showed up. But it’s dangerous to have a system where people are depending on billions of dollars coming in from other people. Well, we had that on Salomon, on that Sunday in 1991. If Salomon had gone bankrupt, the next day you would have had people on the other side of 1.2 trillion of notional amount of — something like that — of derivatives, who would have had a contract with a party where they would have been dealing with a bankruptcy court.

You would have had all kinds of security settlements that wouldn’t necessarily have settled. You would have all kinds of confusion. And believe me, it would have been huge at that time, between what was going on in Japan, what was going on in the U.K., and what was going on in the United States, because the accounts were all intermingled. As a matter of fact, Salomon was a — was banking — was running a bank in Germany where — which took on large amounts of deposits from individuals, and just loaned it all to Salomon. So it would have had a receivable from a bankrupt company and owed money to I don’t know how many German depositors. There are all kinds of things that would have come out at that time. And who knows what the effect would be on the system? You don’t need to put more and more of those kind of linkages and strains on an economic system that already is pretty damn leveraged. Charlie, got any further thoughts? We love talking about disasters, so don’t stop us. (Laughs)

25. 所罗门和罗伯特·麦克斯韦尔,“弹跳的捷克人”

查理·芒格:在这些看似理性的地方发生的事情简直令人惊讶。所罗门至少和其他领先的投资银行一样自律、体面和理性。然而,在我们愉快的合作时期快要结束时,所罗门却在乞求从[罗伯特]麦克斯韦尔那里获得新的投资银行业务。他的绰号是“弹跳的捷克人”。(笑声)当然,没过多久,他就在大规模挪用养老基金和巨大崩溃后自杀了。现在,你会想,如果一个人的绰号是“弹跳的捷克人”,你就不会疯狂地寻求他的投资银行业务。但所有主要的投资银行都在这样做。

沃伦·巴菲特:是的,我现在记不太清了,但实际上,在他被发现漂浮在海上的那天早上或那天,我认为在所罗门,我们向德国或瑞士的某人转了一笔钱,我们本应在当天下午收到一些钱回来。基本情况是这样——我可能记错了一些细节——但汇出去的钱汇出去了。但应该收到的钱却没有收到。然后我们去英国试图从他的儿子们那里收回这笔钱,但我们在某种程度上被拒绝了。我的意思是,坦率地说,在这样一笔交易中,我们得到了应得的报应。但对于相关的投资银行家来说,他当年的收入将在很大程度上取决于他是否与麦克斯韦尔多做了一两笔交易。你知道,最终,这占了上风。当员工的收入依赖于把可疑的人带进门时,很难控制他们。

他们非常在意这一点,而你有一个很大的系统,却没有完全察觉到。查理之前提到过,一个承销客户出现了,所罗门接受了它,它声称用钱做了一些了不起的事情,结果却是一个巨大的骗局。嗯,这很难阻止。有几十个人跑来跑去,都在想着他们年底的奖金会有多大。你知道,他们不倾向于对他们与谁做生意进行道德检查。

查理·芒格:那是一次很棒的经历。沃伦、我和卢·辛普森都是一家公司的董事,我们是迄今为止最大的股东。我们都说过我们不应该和这个人做生意。这是一笔非常危险的交易。他们告诉我们,这已经得到了承销委员会的批准。当然,这决定了结果。而且——

沃伦·巴菲特:在我们看来,这个人身上有一个霓虹灯招牌,上面写着“骗子”。(笑)

查理·芒格:而且他在使劲挥舞着它,是啊。(巴菲特笑)但这已经经过了承销委员会。那……交易完成了,但财务上尚未完成。我的意思是,他们进行了承销,但财务结算还没有完成。

沃伦·巴菲特:是的,他们在去银行的路上抓住了他。(笑)

查理·芒格:你说得对,他们就在悬崖边上拉了回来,避免了这个巨大的欺诈……当然他们搞得灰头土脸。这句话让我想起了过去一位杰出的律师,他说:“我是我灵魂的舵手,”他说,“或者我命运的主宰,”他说,“见鬼,我连桨都不划一下。”我的意思是,我们在这儿——(笑)——我们三个都在董事会里,你知道,最大的股东,我们甚至不能阻止一笔愚蠢的小承销。

沃伦·巴菲特:不过,他确实进监狱了,对吧?

查理·芒格:是的。

沃伦·巴菲特:顺便说一下,他声称是伯克希尔·哈撒韦的大股东。并且赚了所有这些钱。我去查了股东名单,诚然,他可能以券商名义持有。但他声称数量很大。尽管我们……我在任何地方都找不到任何记录。但他确实从某家会计师事务所得到了一些小小的支持……

查理·芒格:是的。

沃伦·巴菲特:……为他作证。不过,后来证明并没有一路支持到底。(笑)

原文

25. Salomon and Robert Maxwell, “The Bouncing Czech”

CHARLIE MUNGER: It’s simply amazing what goes in these seemingly rational places. Salomon was at least as disciplined, and honorable, and rational as the other leading investment banks. And yet, toward the end of our pleasant period, Salomon was begging for new investment banking business from [Robert] Maxwell. And his nickname was “The Bouncing Czech.” (Laughter) Now, and of course it wasn’t very much after that that he committed suicide after massive embezzlements of pension funds, and a huge collapse. Now, you’d think if a guy’s nickname was “The Bouncing Czech,” you wouldn’t be madly seeking his investment banking business. But all the leading investment banks were.

WARREN BUFFETT: Yeah, I’m fuzzy it on now, but actually the morning, or the day he was discovered to be bobbing around in the ocean, the — I think at Salomon, we had transferred a bunch of money to somebody over in Germany or Switzerland, and we were supposed to get some more money back that afternoon. This is basically correct — I may be a little bit off on the details — but the money that got sent, got sent. But the money was to be received, did not get received. And then we went over to England and tried to collect it from his sons, and we got stiff-armed in one way or another. I mean, we got what we deserved, frankly, in a transaction like that. But to the investment banker involved, his earnings that year was — were going to be affected in a significant way by whether he wrote a ticket or two more with Maxwell. And, you know, in the end, that carried the day. And it’s very hard to control people when their income depends on bringing in dubious people into the door.

They care enormously about it, and you’ve got this big system that doesn’t quite pick up on it. And Charlie’s mentioned before, you know, one of the underwriting clients that came forth, that Salomon took on, that professed to be doing wonderful things with money, and it turned out to be a huge fraud. Well, it’s tough to stop. You’ve got dozens and dozens of people running around out there all thinking about how big their bonus is going to be at the end of the year. And, you know, they are not inclined to run morality checks on who they do business with.

CHARLIE MUNGER: That was a wonderful experience. Warren and I, and Lou Simpson are all directors of a company, and we are by far the biggest shareholder. And we all said we should not be doing business with this guy. This is a very dangerous transaction. And they told us it had been approved by the underwriting committee. And of course that settled matters. And —

WARREN BUFFETT: This guy had a neon sign that sign that said “Crook” on him, as far as we were concerned.

CHARLIE MUNGER: And he was waving it vigorously, yeah. (Buffett laughs) But it had been through the underwriting committee. They — the transaction closed, but not financially. I mean, they had the underwriting, but they hadn’t had the financial closing.

WARREN BUFFETT: Yeah, they caught him on the way to the bank. (Laughs)

CHARLIE MUNGER: You’re right, they pulled back just from the edge of the precipice, from this big, fraudulent — and of course they got egg all over their faces. That phrase reminds me of one of the leading lawyers of yore, and he said, “Captain of my soul,” he says, “Or captain of my fate,” he says, “Hell, I don’t even pull an oar.” I mean, here we are — (laughs) — with all three of us on the board, you know, the biggest shareholder, and we can’t even stop one stupid little underwriting.

WARREN BUFFETT: He did go to jail, though, I think, didn’t he?

CHARLIE MUNGER: Yes.

WARREN BUFFETT: He claimed, incidentally, to be a huge shareholder of Berkshire Hathaway. And had made all this money. And I went to the shareholder’s list, and admittedly he could have it in a street name someplace. But it was a big quantity, he claimed. Though we — I couldn’t find any record in any place. But he did have some kind of a little from an accounting firm that —

CHARLIE MUNGER: Yeah.

WARREN BUFFETT: — was backing him up. Didn’t back him up all the way, though, it turned out. (Laughs)

26. 对冲基金是一种收费高昂的时尚

沃伦·巴菲特:请第11位提问。

观众提问:下午好,我是来自墨西哥墨西哥城的曼努埃尔·费尔南德斯。我想感谢你们关于如何成为好伙伴的宝贵课程,以及你们免费向世界输出的一些好想法和原则。我简单的问题是,您认为个人投资者将其部分资本投资于对冲基金或对冲基金的基金是否有意义,就像伯克希尔对Value Capital进行的6亿美元投资一样?

沃伦·巴菲特:是的,我想说,那些现在投资对冲基金的人,总的来说,将会感到失望。你不会仅仅因为管理着一个叫对冲基金的东西,或者私人股本,或者杠杆收购基金,就变得更聪明。但你们确实定期获得了推销这些东西的能力。我的意思是,华尔街有时尚,华尔街会卖它能卖的东西,记住这一点。你知道,这可能和上面那位先生引用的一样好。而对冲基金现在正处于时尚之中。它的特点不是赚更多钱的能力。它的特点是收取异常高的费用。请相信我,如果世界上有6000亿美元的资金,支付2%的管理费,再加上一定比例的利润分成,而那些亏钱的就消失,赚钱的继续一段时间,然后把钱拿走,那么总的来说,对投资者来说,这不会是一个愉快的经历。

显然,外面有一些聪明、诚实的人在管理基金,他们会做得相当好。但是,如果你买下整个市场,在我看来,你将会得到一个糟糕的结果。查理?

查理·芒格:是的,你为什么要投资一个基本思维过程大致如下的人呢:“如果在一层高额费用之上再加一层费用对投资者有利,那么再加第三层费用岂不更好?”(笑声)你为什么要投资一个提出这种提议的人呢?

沃伦·巴菲特:这个……只是收取2%管理费,再加上利润分成的想法,反映了……你知道,这可能就是市场能承受的水平,科利斯·P·亨廷顿风格,但这也反映了一种对待人的态度,我们倾向于把这些视为合伙人、投资者——我只是认为这在根本上是一种不公平的安排。而且我不喜欢……一般来说,我认为与提出不公平安排的人打交道是一个错误。你知道,实际上他们可能一开始就收取了标准费用的四倍。然后在此基础上,他们说我们还想要一部分利润。我猜测在很多这些情况下,他们自己并没有把所有资金都投入到基金里。也许他们在外面还有一大笔钱。查理和我都在60年代、50年代(对我而言)和70年代(对他而言)管理过合伙制企业,这些通常会被归类为对冲基金。它们的薪酬安排有些类似,尽管不像现在这样。

我们做过一些……它们有一些相似之处,但我认为我们对于试图加入我们的人的态度,与现在的管理人有所不同。正如查理所说,那种基金中的基金,我的意思是,一层一层地堆积成本,这实在令人难以置信。这并不会使他们购买的这些股票背后的公司变得更好。我的意思是,它……请相信我,一个人并不会仅仅因为走进一个门上写着“对冲基金”的办公室就变成了天才。我的意思是,他们可能非常擅长的是市场营销。事实上,如果他们擅长市场营销,他们就不需要擅长其他任何事情了。

原文

26. Hedge funds are a fad with huge fees

WARREN BUFFETT: Number 11, please.

AUDIENCE MEMBER: Good afternoon, I’m Manuel Fernandez, from Mexico City, Mexico. And I want to thank you for your valuable lessons on how to be good partners, you — and for exporting some good ideas and principles to the world for free. My simple question is, do you think it makes sense for individual investors to invest a part of their capital in hedge funds, or a fund of hedge funds, somewhat like the $600 million investment Berkshire made in Value Capital?

WARREN BUFFETT: Yeah, I would say that people that are now investing in hedge funds, in aggregate, are going to be disappointed. You don’t get smarter because you’re running something called a hedge fund, or something called private equity, or something, you know, called anything — an LBO fund. But what you do gain periodically is the ability to merchandise those things. I mean, there are fads in Wall Street, and Wall Street will sell what it can sell, just remember that. You know, that may be as good as what the fellow quoted up in the upper levels there. And the hedge fund right now is in the midst of a fad. It’s distinguished not by the ability to make more money. It’s distinguished by the extraordinary amount of fees that are collected. And believe me, if the world on $600 billion of money, is paying 2 percent fees, and a percentage of the profits, and the losers go out of existence, and the winners continue for a while, and take money off the table, it is not going to be a great experience, in aggregate, for investors.

Obviously, there are a few smart, honest people out there running funds, and they can — they will do quite well. But if you buy them across the board, in my view, you’re going to get a bad result. Charlie?

CHARLIE MUNGER: Yeah, why would you want to invest with a guy whose basic thought process runs something like this, “If a second layer of fees on top of a first layer of substantial fees is good for an investor, then a third layer of fees must be better yet?” (Laughter) Why would you invest with somebody with a proposition like that?

WARREN BUFFETT: It — just the idea of taking two percent, you know, plus percentages on top of that, that reflects — you know, it may be what the traffic can bear, you know, Collis P. Huntington style, but that reflects an attitude toward people that we tend to regard as partners, investors — I just think it’s a basically unfair type of arrangement. And I don’t like getting in — in general, I think it’s a mistake to get in with people who propose unfair arrangements. You know, in effect they’re getting — probably getting four times standard fees to begin with. And then on top of that, they say we want part of the action. And I would guess in many of those cases, that they don’t have all of their own money in the fund themselves. Maybe they have a substantial sum outside. Charlie and I both run — ran — partnerships in the ’60s, and ‘50s with me, and into the ’70s with him, that would generally be classified as hedge funds. They had the compensation arrangement somewhat similar, although not like they are now.

And we did some — They had some similarities, but I don’t think we had quite the attitude toward the people who were trying to — that were asking to join us — that the present managers have. It’s — As Charlie said, the fund-to-funds type stuff, I mean, it’s really sort of unbelievable just piling on layer after layer on costs. It doesn’t make the companies that are underlying these stocks they buy any better. I mean, it — And believe me, people don’t become a genius just because you walk into some office, and it says “hedge funds” on the door. I mean they are — what they may be very good at is marketing. In fact, if they’re good at marketing, they don’t have to be good at anything else.

27. 基本原则和“不寻常的常识”

沃伦·巴菲特:第12个问题。

观众提问:我叫阿图罗·布鲁伦伯格,来自华盛顿特区。我六月份将从哈佛学院毕业,并开始从事价值投资职业,所以我真心希望我们关于本世纪对价值投资者而言将与上个世纪一样好的想法是对的。您从我这个年纪,甚至更年轻的时候就开始做这个了。所以我想知道,在变化的商业和金融环境中,哪些习惯对您不断学习和改进投资决策的能力贡献最大?

沃伦·巴菲特:我想说,至少就我而言,就基本原则而言,我并没有一直在学习。你总会对特定技巧多了解一点,或者我们了解到,你知道,随着时间的推移,我对一些行业了解更多了,因此,也许我拓宽了我可以运作的领域,尽管更多的资金又把它缩小了,不幸的是。但我比20年或40年前更了解企业了。我并没有真正改变原则。最近的变化……基本原则仍然是本·格雷厄姆的。它们在很大程度上受到了查理和菲利普·费雪的影响,体现在寻找更好的企业方面。但它们……我并没有因此抛弃格雷厄姆的任何东西。而且我真的没有学到任何新的基本原则。但随着时间的推移,我可能对企业的运作方式有了更多的了解。

实际上没有什么……我的意思是,你应该建立一个投资框架,在我看来,这个框架直接来自《聪明的投资者》,以及菲利普·费雪,实际上更多来自《聪明的投资者》。然后我认为你应该尽可能多地学习那些你相信如果你努力研究,你就有能力理解的行业和企业。有了这个武器库,你会做得很好,如果你有适合这个行业的气质的话。查理?

查理·芒格:是的,嗯,当然,我观察了沃伦几十年,他学到了很多东西,即使在过去的二三十年里。所以这是一个不断学习的游戏。他可以贬低这些使他能够挑选出中国最大的石油公司之类的小花招。但仅凭他很久以前就知道的那些基本原则,并不能让他像最近那样做出这么好的投资决策。这是一个终生的游戏,如果你不持续学习,其他人就会超过你。

沃伦·巴菲特:不过,我想说,气质仍然是最重要的,不是吗,查理?

查理·芒格:是的,当然。

沃伦·巴菲特:是啊,是啊。

查理·芒格:但仅有气质是不够的。

沃伦·巴菲特:不,仅有气质是不够的。

查理·芒格:你必须拥有适合的气质、正确的核心理念。然后你必须带着极大的好奇心长期坚持下去。

沃伦·巴菲特:但你不必拥有令人炫目的洞察力,或者高智商,例如,去看中石油之类的——

查理·芒格:不。

沃伦·巴菲特:你知道,我的意思是,当你遇到一家每天生产250万桶石油的公司时,这占世界石油产量的3.5%或3%。你知道,他们基于美国价格,使用WTI(西德克萨斯中质原油)作为基准价格,并且在一个营销和精炼占很大比重的国家,税率为30%。他们说将向你支付45%的股息。没有异常高的杠杆。如果你以远低于同类石油公司售价一半(或三分之一)的价格购买这样的东西,那并不是什么高深的技巧。我的意思是,你必须阅读一些……你必须愿意阅读报告。但我喜欢这样做。但你不能说这需要任何高深的洞察力或什么,查理?

查理·芒格:嗯,当你买入那批股票时,几乎其他人都没在买入。所以——

沃伦·巴菲特:谢天谢地。

查理·芒格:这种洞察力不可能那么常见。不,我认为这需要一定量的,一位奥马哈老朋友称之为的“不寻常的常识”。他过去常说:“没有所谓的常识。当人们说常识时,他们指的是不寻常的常识。”我认为,其中一部分是能够排除愚蠢,这与识别智慧不同。如果你只是把整类整类的东西扔到一边,这样你的大脑就不会被它们塞满,那么你就能更好地挑选出少数几件明智的事情去做。

沃伦·巴菲特:是的,我们不考虑很多愚蠢的事情。你知道,我们很快就把它们排除了。事实上,人们对我们感到恼火,因为他们会打电话给我们,当他们说到第一句话的中间时,我们就直接告诉他们“算了吧”。你知道,我们不……我们能预见到这一点。你知道,实际上,大脑就是这样工作的。大约30年前或更久,《纽约客》杂志上有一篇很棒的文章。那时正值费舍尔-斯帕斯基国际象棋比赛期间。文章探讨了人类是否能在国际象棋上战胜计算机。你知道,这些计算机每秒进行数十万次计算。他们说:“人类的大脑,当你真正关注的只是未来,你知道,未来各种走法的结果时,人类的大脑如何能与一台以难以置信的速度思考的计算机抗衡呢?”当然,他们对此进行了一些研究。

而一个大脑,像——实际上,所有的大脑都是这样,但有些比其他的好得多——但像费舍尔或斯帕斯基,本质上是在不假思索的情况下排除了大约99.99%的可能性。所以并不是说他们能在速度上超越计算机,而是他们拥有这种你可以称之为“归类”或“排除”的能力,本质上,他们直接从无数可能性中,直接锁定到那些真正有成功机会的少数几种可能性。而排除废话,我的意思是,只要意识到,你知道,有人开始给你打电话说:“我有一个很棒、很妙的主意。”不要花10分钟,你知道,一旦你在第一句话就知道这不是一个很棒、很妙的主意。不要客气,把这个过程走完。查理和我就很擅长这个。我们可以挂得很快,对吧?(笑声)

查理·芒格:嗯,就是这样。你要做的就是像瓦西里·斯梅斯洛夫当年是世界冠军时对待国际象棋那样,在投资中做同样的事情。(笑声)

原文

27. Basic principles and “uncommon sense”

WARREN BUFFETT: Number 12.

AUDIENCE MEMBER: My name’s Arturo Brulenborg (PH). I’m from Washington, D.C. I’ll be graduating from Harvard College in June and beginning a career in value investing, so I sure hope we’re all right

30. 给年轻人的建议:远离信用卡债务,与比你优秀的人为伍

沃伦·巴菲特:好的,第三个问题。

观众:你好,巴菲特先生,芒格先生。我叫贾斯汀·方,14岁,来自加州。这是我连续第四次参加年会。我在一本书里读到,您更喜欢跟年轻人谈论人生和财务理念,因为我们还有时间去实践。您能跟我们分享一些理念吗?谢谢。

沃伦·巴菲特:我没听清最后一部分。

查理·芒格:我也没听清。好像是关于分享理念。你想重复一遍吗?

观众:您能分享您更喜欢跟年轻人谈论的人生和财务理念吗?

查理·芒格:分享——他想知道您的人生理念和财务理念,那些对年轻人有用的。

沃伦·巴菲特:(笑)——嗯,这个问题相当宽泛。但财务理念,我们在报告中已经讲得很清楚了。查理可能更擅长讲人生理念。确实,我相信花时间跟年轻人做演讲或回答问题。我一年至少做十几场。我认为,年轻人显然更容易接受改变,或者养成对人生有用的习惯。我认为人们——直到年纪大了才会意识到——他们低估了习惯的重要性,以及到了45岁或50岁改变习惯有多困难,还有年轻时养成正确习惯有多重要。查理,你有什么想说的吗?

查理·芒格:嗯,所有那些老生常谈的道理才是真正管用的。意思是,你要避免做真正愚蠢的事,比如冲过火车道口——(笑声)——尝试可卡因——(笑声)——冒险染上艾滋病或其他不幸的疾病。有很多常见的事情会毁掉人。你要离这些远远的。然后,你要培养良好的品格和良好的心智习惯,你要从自己的每一个错误中学习。这很明显,不是吗?(笑声)

沃伦·巴菲特:是的,即使我们发行了很多信用卡和各种各样的东西,我们也要说,如果我要给年轻人一条普遍的建议,那就是不要负债。如果你在游戏中稍微领先一点,游戏会容易得多;如果你落后了,就很难。本·富兰克林很久以前就用更好的语言说过这个道理,查理可以复述。但这确实有本质区别。我每天都会收到处于各种财务困境中的人的信。通常与健康有关,这很悲惨。但更多时候,它与债务有关。他们落后了,永远追不上。而且,这可能让你惊讶,但我经常给这些人回信——他们都是非常正派的人,只是犯了错误——我告诉他们最好的出路就是破产。他们追不上了。他们应该从头开始,余生再也不碰信用卡。但如果他们早点得到这个建议会更好。但花得比挣得多非常诱人。这是可以理解的,但这不是个好主意。

查理·芒格:当然,你特别要避免邪恶或严重非理性的人,尤其是如果他们是有魅力的异性。那会——(笑声)

沃伦·巴菲特:查理更了解这个——

查理·芒格:那会导致很多麻烦。

沃伦·巴菲特:专家。嗯,你知道——和比你优秀的人为伍更好。我发现这些年很容易做到。(笑)但如果你选择伙伴,挑选那些行为比你稍好的人,你就会朝那个方向靠拢。同样,如果你和一群坏人混在一起,随着时间的推移,你很可能发现自己的行为也会变差。但就像查理说的,本·富兰克林几百年前给出的老生常谈的建议,确实管用。我们说过,看看你喜欢与之交往的人。他们有什么品质是你可以拥有的,如果你愿意的话?看看你讨厌的人。你身上有什么他们那样的品质?你能摆脱它们吗?你在年轻的时候可以做到这一切。随着年龄增长会越来越难。这并不复杂。

查理·芒格:我最后的建议是,如果这让你在同龄人中暂时不受欢迎,那就随他们去吧。(笑声和掌声)

沃伦·巴菲特:还有一个更适合我和查理的忠告,我读到一位103岁的女士,有人问她:“你喜欢103岁什么?”她说:“没有同辈压力。”(笑声)

原文

30. Advice to young people: avoid credit card debt and hang out with people better than you

WARREN BUFFETT: OK, number 3.

AUDIENCE MEMBER: Hello, Mr. Buffett, and Mr. Munger. My name is Justin Fong. I am 14 years old, from California. This is my fourth consecutive meeting attendance. I read in a book that you prefer talking to young people about life and financial concepts because we still have time to implement them. Can you please share some of the concepts with us? Thank you.

WARREN BUFFETT: I didn’t catch the last part.

CHARLIE MUNGER: I didn’t. It’s something about sharing concepts. You want to repeat it?

AUDIENCE MEMBER: Can you please share the life and financial concepts that you prefer talking to young people about?

CHARLIE MUNGER: Share — he wants to know your life concepts, and financial concepts, that are useful to young people.

WARREN BUFFETT: (Laughs) — well, that’s a fairly broad question. But I think the financial concepts, you know, we’ve obviously spelled out in the reports. Charlie’s probably better on the life concepts than I am. It is true, that I do believe in spending the time that I spend giving talks, or answering questions, doing it with young people. I do, I’m sure, well over a dozen a year. And I just think that, obviously, young people are more receptive to change, or to actually at even forming habits that are going to be useful in life. And I think that people underestimate — until they get older — they underestimate just how important habits are, and how difficult they are to change when you’re 45 or 50, and how important it is that you form the right ones when you’re young. But Charlie, what do you have to say on that?

CHARLIE MUNGER: Well, all the trite stuff is what works. I mean, you avoid doing the really dumb things, like, racing moving trains to the crossing — (laughter) — experimenting with cocaine — (laughter) — risking getting AIDS or other unfortunate ailments. There are just a lot of standard things that take people down. And you just give those a wide berth. And then you want to develop a good character, and good mental habits, and you want to learn from your mistakes, every single one, as you go along. It’s pretty obvious, isn’t it? (Laughter)

WARREN BUFFETT: Yeah, we would say even though we issue lots of credit cards and everything, we’d say, probably, if I had one piece of advice to give to young people, you know, across the board, it would be just to don’t get in debt. It — The game plays a lot easier if you’re a little bit ahead of the game than if you’re behind the game. And Ben Franklin said that long ago in better terms, which Charlie can recite. But there’s a real difference. I get letters every day from people that are in all kinds of financial trouble. And often it’s health related, which is tragic. But very often it’s — it relates to debt. I mean, they get behind the game, and they’re never going to catch up. And often — it may surprise you — but often, I write these people — they’re very decent people, they’ve just made mistakes — and I just tell them the best course is bankruptcy. I mean, they are not going to catch up.

And they should start all over again, and they should never look at a credit card the rest of their life. And — but it would have been better if they’d gotten that advice a little earlier. But it’s very tempting to spend more than you earn. I mean, I — you know, it’s very understandable. But it’s not a good idea.

CHARLIE MUNGER: And of course you particularly want to avoid evil, or seriously irrational people, particularly if they are attractive members of the opposite sex. That can — (Laughter)

WARREN BUFFETT: Charlie knows more about this —

CHARLIE MUNGER: It can lead to a lot of trouble.

WARREN BUFFETT: The expert. The — yeah, the — you know — It’s better to hang out with people better than you. I found that very easy to do over the years. (Laughs) But if you’re picking associates, pick out those whose behavior is somewhat better than yours, and you’ll drift in that direction. And similarly if you hang out with a bad bunch, you’re very likely to find your own behavior worse over time. But all — like Charlie says, the trite advice which Ben Franklin was handing out a few hundred years ago, really works. You know, just — we’ve said it, but look at the people you like to associate with. You know, what qualities do they have that you can have if you want to? Look at the people that you can’t stand to be around. What qualities do you have that they have? Can you get rid of them? You can do all of that a young age. It gets harder as you go along. It’s not very complicated.

CHARLIE MUNGER: And my final word of advice would be, if this gives you a little temporary unpopularity in your peer group, the hell with them. (Laughter and applause)

WARREN BUFFETT: And as advice a little more applicable to me and Charlie, I was reading about a woman that was 103, and they said, “What do you like about being 103?” And she says, “No peer pressure.” (Laughter)

31. 巴菲特:主要大宗商品市场没有被操纵

沃伦·巴菲特:我们进入第四个问题。

观众:下午好。我叫迈克·麦高恩,来自加州帕萨迪纳。您刚才所说的一切似乎都适用于贵金属,特别是白银——

沃伦·巴菲特:适用于什么?抱歉我没听清。

观众:贵金属。

沃伦·巴菲特:哦,当然。

观众:特别是白银。我记得伯克希尔·哈撒韦买入了1.295亿盎司白银。当时您说供需基本面良好,您看到通胀卷土重来,还有很多其他原因。我假设您仍然持有至少9000万盎司。问题在于定价机制。显然,COMEX,或者至少负责COMEX白银价格的某些管理人员,处于负债状态。纽约的银行和金融机构持有超过4亿盎司的空头头寸。看起来他们并不希望价格有任何变动。那么,考虑到伯克希尔拥有所有这些白银,您是否认为白银价格会在某个时候在自由市场上交易,或者您会考虑股票而不是实物金属?否则,我们差不多到了约翰·梅纳德·凯恩斯所说的那个点:“市场可以非理性的时间比你保持偿付能力的时间更长。”

沃伦·巴菲特:我们完全不会评论我们目前在白银上的仓位。我们可能持有更多、相同、更少或没有。所以我们不会评论。我们曾经评论过一次,因为英格兰银行要求我们评论。既然那是英格兰银行唯一一次和我说话,我感到很荣幸。(笑声)但我想说,我非常不同意你认为市场以某种方式被操纵或类似的想法。我发现,大多数写黄金和白银的人——或者说许多写黄金和白银的人——往往有各种理论,其中一些是阴谋论,总是有人认为远期销售在做这个或那个来影响市场,或者有人做空。答案是,地上有大量的白银。至于与几年前相比,从供需角度来说是多了还是少了,我不太确定。很多事情要搞清楚中国的情况很困难。但在我看来,白银、铜、黄金或任何我想到的以实际数量交易的大宗商品市场,都没有缺陷。查理?

查理·芒格:是的,我认为还应该指出,你是在向在这个领域并没有特别突出表现的人征求意见。(笑声)

沃伦·巴菲特:他指的是我。(笑声)有充分的理由。

原文

31. Buffett: Major commodity markets aren’t rigged

WARREN BUFFETT: We’ll go to number 4.

AUDIENCE MEMBER: Good afternoon. My name is Mike McGowan. I’m from Pasadena, California. Everything you just said seems to apply to precious metals, specifically silver —

WARREN BUFFETT: Applies to what? I’m sorry I missed that.

AUDIENCE MEMBER: Precious metals.

WARREN BUFFETT: Oh, sure.

AUDIENCE MEMBER: Specifically, silver. As I recall, Berkshire Hathaway bought 129 1/2 million ounces of silver. And at the time, you said supply/demand fundamentals were good, you saw inflation kicking back, and lots of other reasons. I’m assuming you still own at least 90 million ounces of that. The problem would be the pricing mechanism. Apparently the COMEX, or at least certain of the managers of the silver price on the COMEX, are in debt. The New York banks and financial institutions are short 400-plus million ounces. And it doesn’t look as if they really want the price to go anywhere. So given that Berkshire has all of this silver, do you see the price of silver actually trading in a free market at some point, or would you look at shares instead of the physical metal? And otherwise, we’re kind of at the point, I guess, where John Maynard Keynes said, “The market can remain irrational a lot longer than we can remain solvent.”

WARREN BUFFETT: The — we have no comment at all to make on our present position in silver, if any, we may — we could own more, we could own the same, we could own less, we could own none. So — and we won’t comment. We commented one time because the Bank of England asked us to comment. And since it was the only time the Bank of England had ever talked to me, I felt quite flattered. (Laughter) The — But I would say this. I would disagree very much with your thoughts that the market is in some way rigged, or something of the sort. The — there’s — I find that most of the people that write — or many of the people that write — on gold and silver tend to have various theories, some of which are conspiratorial, and there’s always, you know, the selling forwards is doing this and that to the market, or that somebody’s short. You know, the answer is that there’s plenty of silver above ground.

Whether there’s more or less than there was a few years ago, in terms of the supply-demand since then, I’m not a hundred percent sure. It’s tough to figure out what goes on in China in a lot of things. But I — there’s nothing flawed, in my view, about the market for silver, or copper, or gold, or really any commodity that I can think of that trades in real quantity. Charlie?

CHARLIE MUNGER: Yeah, I think it also should be pointed out that you’re asking for the opinions of people who have not particularly distinguished themselves in this arena. (Laughter)

WARREN BUFFETT: He was pointing at me. (Laughter) With good reason.

32. 巴菲特不认为富国银行是衍生品“大玩家”

沃伦·巴菲特:我们进入第五个问题。

观众:下午好。我是特拉维斯·基思,来自得克萨斯州达拉斯。美国货币监理署的银行衍生品季度报告显示,富国银行拥有美国银行中最大的衍生品投资组合之一。尽管您对衍生品发表了引人注目的批评,伯克希尔去年还是增持了富国银行的仓位。您觉得富国银行的衍生品组合哪些地方不那么令人反感,您在评估富国银行衍生品组合风险时审查了哪些披露信息?

沃伦·巴菲特:我手头没有他们的报告,但不用看,我愿意打赌摩根大通的衍生品组合比富国银行大得多。我不认为富国银行是主要参与者,我可能错了。现在,所有大银行都有各种衍生品头寸。但我不认为富国银行是衍生品游戏中的大玩家。而且,衍生品头寸规模没有完美的衡量标准。我是说,你听到所有这些巨大的数字被抛来抛去,听起来很惊人,但它们往往会以非常戏剧性的方式夸大事情,涉及几万亿这个或那个。但你知道,你可以谈论一种衍生品十亿美元的名义金额,它可能比另一种五千万美元的头寸风险更小。但我真的不认为你会发现富国银行,尤其是与摩根大通、花旗银行等相比,是一个真正的大型衍生品玩家。查理和我,至少我——而且我想查理会同意——我认为富国银行是一家管理极其出色的银行。我们在股票期权费用化问题上存在严重分歧。经营该行的迪克·科瓦切维奇和我有完全不同的看法。他在最近几年的年报中写过这个问题。尽管我非常欣赏管理层——我认为他做得很好——但尽管我欣赏管理层,我投票——我们的伯克希尔股票——投了反对票,支持期权费用化。我注意到,刚刚过去的这次会议上,57%的股东投票支持期权费用化。但即使我不同意他在那个特定会计问题上的观点,富国银行的业绩绝对出色。迪克是一位出色的商人。我认为在承担风险或管理他必然承担的风险方面,我会把他排在银行经理人的顶尖位置。查理?

查理·芒格:我没什么要补充的。

原文

32. Buffett doesn’t see Wells Fargo as a “big player” in derivatives

WARREN BUFFETT: We’ll go to number 5.

AUDIENCE MEMBER: Good afternoon, Travis Keith (PH), from Dallas, Texas. The OCC’s quarterly report on bank derivatives shows that Wells Fargo has one of the largest derivatives portfolios of any U.S. bank. In spite of your high-profile criticism of derivatives, Berkshire added to its position in Wells Fargo last year. What about Wells Fargo’s derivatives portfolio did you find less objectionable, and what disclosure did you examine in considering the risks of Wells Fargo’s derivatives portfolio?

WARREN BUFFETT: I don’t have their report here, but without looking at it, I would be willing to bet that JPMorgan Chase has a derivatives portfolio that’s far, far greater than Wells. I do not think of Wells, and I may be wrong, I do not think of Wells as being a big player. Now, all the big banks have various derivative positions. But I do not — I don’t think of Wells as being a big player in the derivative game. And I — you can’t — There is no perfect measurement of the size of a derivative position. I mean, you hear all these huge numbers thrown around, and they sound great, but they tend to exaggerate things in a huge — in a very dramatic way, in terms of trillions of this or that. But so — You know, there can be — you could talk about a billion dollar notional amount of one kind of derivative, and it could have less danger in it than a $50 million position of — in some other type.

But I really don’t think you’ll find that Wells, particularly compared to a JPMorgan Chase, or a Citibank, or something of the sort, is a really big derivatives player. And Charlie and I — at least I — and think Charlie’ll agree — Wells, I think, is an extraordinarily well-managed bank. I disagree with them violently on expensing of stock options. I mean, Dick Kovacevich, who runs that, and I would have entirely different opinion. He’s written about it in the last couple of annual reports. And much as I — and I really admire the management. I think he’s done a great job — but much as I admire the management, I voted the other — our Berkshire stock — the other way, and for expensing options. And I noticed that 57 percent of the stock at this meeting just the other day voted to expense options. But even though I disagree with him on that particular accounting point, Wells has a — an absolutely terrific record. Dick is a terrific businessperson. And I think in terms of taking risk, or handling the risk that he necessarily takes, I think that I would rank him very way up there in terms of bank managers. Charlie?

CHARLIE MUNGER: I’ve got nothing to add to that.

33. 杠杆是投资者最大的危险

沃伦·巴菲特:好的,我们再来回答第六个问题。

观众:非常感谢,芒格先生和巴菲特先生。我的问题是关于——我叫迈克尔·斯托夫斯基,来自纽约。我的问题是关于金融机构和潜在的倒闭风险。伯克希尔是如何保护的,个人投资者如何保护自己免受潜在的银行倒闭、券商倒闭等风险的影响?

沃伦·巴菲特:嗯,我认为作为大银行的储户,或者将证券存放在大型券商的客户,我真的认为你不必太担心。我们国家有一个“太大而不能倒”的原则,适用于大型金融机构倒闭中所谓的无辜方。这不适用于股权持有人,也不应该适用。但我不会担心把我的证券——我的个人证券——或者伯克希尔的证券——存放在大型证券商那里。我不担心我在大银行的账户,所以——

查理·芒格:但你说的是现金账户?

沃伦·巴菲特:是的。

查理·芒格:嗯。

沃伦·巴菲特:对,现金账户。

查理·芒格:不是保证金。

沃伦·巴菲特:是的。但是,如果你持有这类公司的股票,或者就后果而言,最大的事情是——实际上,一个聪明的、在如何看待投资方面相当自律的人可能陷入困境的唯一途径就是通过杠杆。如果在某种普遍金融灾难的最糟糕时刻,别人可以拔掉你的插头,你就会破产。查理和我都有朋友经历过这种事。但如果没有杠杆,也没有在估值方面发疯,随着时间的推移,这个世界不会在证券上伤害你。你不会遭受那些金融灾难——它们不必毁掉你。如果在这样的时期你还有更多钱,你就买入。我认为伯克希尔在任何金融灾难中都处于极其强势的地位。我认为我们肯定是最后一个站着的人,而且还会更强。虽然我们不像殡仪馆那样到处寻找瘟疫或类似的东西,但最终我们可能会做得非常好。过去确实发生过几次这样的情况,我们有现金,在世界恐慌时有勇气,在那段时期我们做得相当不错。在过去三四十年里,我们从未被周围发生的事情伤害过。查理?

查理·芒格:嗯,我认为这完全正确。

原文

33. Leverage is the biggest danger to investors

WARREN BUFFETT: OK, we’re going to take one more from number 6.

AUDIENCE MEMBER: Thank you very much, Mr. Munger and Mr. Buffett. My question regards — well, I’m Michael Stofski (PH) from New York. My question regards financial institutions and the potential of collapses. And how is Berkshire protected, and how can the individual investor protect themselves against potential bank failures, stock brokerage failures, and things like that?

WARREN BUFFETT: Well, I think as a depositor with large banks, or as somebody that leaves their securities with large brokerage firms, I really don’t think you to worry very much. We have a “too big to fail” doctrine operating in this country, relative to what you might call the innocent parties in big financial institution failures. We don’t have it in respect to the equity holders, nor should we have it. But I would not — I don’t worry about leaving my securities — my personal securities — or for that matter, Berkshire securities — with the large securities firms. I don’t worry about my bank accounts at big banks, so —

CHARLIE MUNGER: But you’re talking cash accounts?

WARREN BUFFETT: Yeah.

CHARLIE MUNGER: Yeah.

WARREN BUFFETT: Yeah, cash accounts.

CHARLIE MUNGER: Not margin.

WARREN BUFFETT: Yeah. And the — but if you, in terms of owning the equities of companies like that, or in terms of the fallout, the big thing that will — Really, the only way a smart person that’s reasonably disciplined in how they look at investments can get in trouble is through leverage. I mean, if somebody else can pull the plug on you during the worst moment of some kind of general financial disaster, you go broke. And Charlie and I both have friends that have — where that’s happened to them. But absent leverage, and absent just kind of going crazy in terms of valuation on things, the world won’t hurt you over time in securities. And, I mean, you won’t be subject to the financial cataclysms that — they don’t need to do you in. If you have any more money during periods like that, you buy. Berkshire, I think, is in an extraordinarily strong position in respect to any kind of a financial cataclysm. I think we would be definitely the last man standing, and then some.

And while we don’t go around, you know, like undertakers looking for a plague or anything like that, you know, we would probably do very, very well in the end. And that’s happened a couple of times, actually, in the past, where we’ve had cash, and we’ve had courage when the world was panicking, and it’s — we’ve done reasonably well during that period. And we’ve never gotten hurt by what was happening in the world around us, at least in the last 30 or 40 years. Charlie?

CHARLIE MUNGER: Well, I think that’s plainly right.

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