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2017年股东大会

上午场

1. 欢迎与介绍

沃伦·巴菲特:谢谢,早上好。这是查理。我是沃伦。(笑声)你们能区分我们,因为他能听,而我能看。这就是为什么我们——(笑声)——合作得这么好。我们各有所长。欢迎你们来到——我们这里有很多外地来的朋友,欢迎你们来到奥马哈。这是一个很棒的——(掌声)谢谢。这是一个很棒的城��。查理在加州住了大约70年,但他身上还有很多奥马哈的影子。我们俩都出生在离你们现在所在的这栋大楼两英里以内的地方。查理——正如他[在会前影片中]提到他高中时的浪漫战绩——查理毕业于中心高中,离这里大约一英里。那是一所公立学校。我的父亲、我的第一任妻子、我的三个孩子和两个孙子都毕业于同一所学校。

事实上,我的孙子们说他们的老师和我父亲的是同一批——(笑声)但——这是一个很棒的���市。希望你们在这里期间能多看看。稍后我们将开始问答环节——希望问答环节会持续到中午左右,然后我们会休息大约一小时。我们在一点重新开始。然后继续问答环节到3:30。之后休息大约15分钟。然后召开伯克希尔股东大会——我们有三个提案需要讨论,所以可能持续长达一小时。在开始之前,我想介绍几个人,首先是Carrie Sova,她已经跟我们七年了。能不能给Carrie打个光?我想她——Carrie,你在吗?(掌声)Carrie。站起来,Carrie,来吧。(笑声和掌声)Carrie负责整场活动。

她大约七年前来到我们这里,几年前我说:“不如你来替我操办股东大会吧?”她全权负责。她有两个小孩。她还要与几十甚至上百个参展商合作。你可以想象,考虑到我们所做的一切和你们这么多人前来,包括酒店、航空公司、租车等等,她处理得游刃有余,就像她能同时抛接三个球一样。她非常了不起,我要感谢她为我们安排了这场活动。——(掌声)我还想欢迎并请你们欢迎我们的董事。他们稍后将被投票表决,所以我会按字母顺序介绍。他们就在前排。当介绍到他们时,请把聚光灯打在他们身上。

按字母顺序,有Howard Buffett、Steve Burke、Sue Decker、Bill Gates、Sandy Gottesman、Charlotte Guyman、我身边的Charlie Munger、Tom Murphy、Ron Olson、Walter Scott,以及Meryl Witmer。好的。(掌声)我还要介绍一个人,但稍等一下。

2. 第一季度收益

沃伦·巴菲特:我们的收益报告昨天发布了。正如我们经常解释的,任何时期实现的投资收益或亏损实际上毫无意义。我是说,它们——如果我们想,我们可以实现很多收益。如果我们想,也可以实现很多亏损。但我们真的不考虑时机问题,只考虑买卖标的的内在价值。我们不——我们不提供收益预测。截至3月31日,我们有超过900亿美元的未实现收益。所以如果我们想把任何你能想到的数字算作收益的一部分,我们都能做到。因此在第一季度——我会说,如果其他条件相同,今年我们有一个非常非常轻微的偏好——其实每年都是如此,但今年稍微更明显一点——我们宁愿实现亏损而非收益,因为如果两只证券估值相当,会涉及税务影响。

而今年这一点可能稍微更突出一点,因为我们的收益按35%征税,这意味着我们也能享受亏损带来的税务抵扣,同样是35%。我会说,这个税率有可能会降低,这意味着今年之后亏损对我们的税务价值会比今年更少。这不是什么大事,只是一个非常轻微的偏好。随着年底接近,如果——我不做任何预测——但假设有一项税法法案生效,导致收益减少,那么在推迟收益、加速亏损方面,这个因素可能会变得更重要。所以在第一季度,保险承保业务是波动因素。更多的细节在我们的10-Q报告中,你们可以在网上查到。

如果你们真的有兴趣评估我们的收益或业务,你们应该去看10-Q报告,因为正如我们每季度指出的,摘要报告并没有涵盖估值的主要要点。我只想提一下与保险业务相关的两个因素,这是我喜欢的。在头四个月——不是头三个月——而是头四个月,GEICO的保单持有人净增70万,这是我能记得的最高数字。过去可能有过更高的数字,但我没有逐一核对。但我记得去年这个数字大概是30万。这对GEICO来说是一个美好的时期,因为我们的几个主要竞争对手决定——它们公开表示过——事实上,有一家前几天还重申了——尽管它们现在改变了政策——但它们有意减少了新业务,因为新业务在第一年会带来显著亏损。这仅仅是获取新业务的成本。

此外,奇怪的是,第一年业务的赔付率往往比续保业务高出近10个百分点。所以不仅要有获取成本,实际赔付率也更高。因此,当你写出大量新业务时,那部分业务当年会亏损。我们写了很多新业务,而至少有两家竞争对手宣布它们会暂时减少新业务,因为它们不想承担第一年的亏损代价。当然,这对我们来说是量身定做的机会,所以我们全力踩下油门,尽可能多地写出好业务。但这也有成本。第二个因素——虽然不是损益表上的因素——但第一季度的一个重要事件是我们的浮存金增加了。在幻灯片上,我相信显示同比增加了160亿。其中140亿来自今年第一季度,所以浮存金增加了140亿美元。

多年来我一直告诉你们很难再增加浮存金,我现在还会说同样的话。但拥有140亿或更多是件好事,这也是为什么如果你看我们的10-Q报告,会发现我们的现金及现金等价物(包括国库券)现在已超过900亿美元。所以我觉得第一季度情况很好,尽管我们的营业收入略有下降。一个季度说明不了什么。我的意思是,长期来看,真正重要的是我们是否在增加所拥有业务的价值。我始终对当前数据感兴趣,但我也总是在憧憬未来的数据。

3. 向先锋集团杰克·博格尔致敬

沃伦·巴菲特:今天还有一个人我想介绍给你们,我非常确定他在这里。我还没看到他,但我知道他会来。我相信他今天来了。那就是杰克·博格尔,我在年报中提到过他。杰克·博格尔为美国投资者所做的贡献可能比这个国家的任何人都多。(掌声)杰克,你能站起来吗?他在那里。(掌声)杰克·博格尔,很多年前,他不是唯一一个谈论指数基金的人,但——没有他,这一切就不会发生。我是说,保罗·萨缪尔森谈论过它。本·格雷厄姆甚至也谈论过。但事实是,这不符合华尔街投资行业的利益。实际上,发展指数基金并不符合他们的利益,因为它大幅降低了费用。

正如我们在报告里讨论过的,以及其他人评论过的,指数基金总体上为股东带来的结果优于华尔街专业人士的整体表现。其中一个原因是它们显著降低了成本。所以当杰克开始时,很少有人——当然华尔街没有为他喝彩,他受到了一些嘲笑和大量攻击。而现在,指数基金的规模已达数万亿,指数基金的投资费用只有几个基点,但其他地方的费用仍有数百个基点。我估计,杰克至少为投资者节省了——让钱留在投资者口袋里,同时并没有损害他们整体的业绩——总业绩——他为投资者的口袋里放进了几百亿、几百亿美元。这些数字随着时间的推移将达到几千亿、几千亿美元。所以,周一是杰克88岁生日,我只想说生日快乐,杰克,并代表美国投资者感谢你。

(掌声)杰克,我有一个好消息告诉你。你周一就88岁了,再过两年你就有资格在伯克希尔担任高管职位了。(笑声)坚持住,伙计。(笑声)

4. 问答环节开始

沃伦·巴菲特:好的。这边是专业记者团,那边是专业分析师团,中间是专业股东。我们会轮换提问,从分析师开始。有些在场的人我——我们开始吧。今天下午我们会一直进行。如果我们完成了54个问题,也就是每位记者6个、每位分析师6个,外加18个来自观众的问题,那么之后我们就只从观众中提问。我不清楚外厅的情况如何。但我们会至少去一个外厅。让我们从《财富》杂志的Carol Loomis开始,她可能是时代公司历史上服务时间最长的员工,已经有60年了。Carol,请开始。(掌声)

5. 卢米斯要求提出与伯克希尔相关的问题

卡萝尔·卢米斯:谢谢。代表我们所有记者表示感谢。我知道有很多很多人在场外给我们发了问题,但可能得不到回答。我只想说,让一个问题得到回答是非常困难的。我能建议的一点是,遵循沃伦在年报中的想法,他希望每个离开会场的人比来的时候对伯克希尔更了解。做到这一点的一个方法是,让你的问题尽可能直接与伯克希尔相关,或者与年度信件相关。即使这样,你的问题也很难得到回答。我们三个人总共只有18个问题,但我鼓励你们明年提交问题时朝伯克希尔相关的方向思考。

6. 富国银行未能迅速采取行动阻止不良行为

卡萝尔·卢米斯:现在,我的第一个问题。关于富国银行,这是伯克希尔最大的股权持仓——年底价值280亿美元。这个问题来自一位不愿透露姓名的股东。“在去年富国银行被销售行为丑闻席卷之后,公司的独立董事委托进行了一项调查,并聘请了一家大型律师事务所协助执行。调查结果很严厉,已经被发布在所谓的‘富国银行销售行为报告’中。你可以在网上找到。它的结论是,公司问题的一个主要部分是,我引用,‘富国银行的分散化公司结构给了社区银行高级领导层过多的自主权’,引用结束。巴菲特先生,您如何确保伯克希尔不会面临同样的风险,考虑到其高度分散化的结构以及给予运营公司高级领导层非常大的自主权?”

沃伦·巴菲特:是的,伯克希尔可能比任何规模相近的公司都更分散化运营。我们非常依赖行为准则而不是大量的规则。这就是为什么每次股东大会上你都会看到所罗门的描述。这也是为什么我给经理们写的信很少,但每两年给他们发一封,基本内容是:我们拥有所有需要的钱。我们想要更多,但这并不是必需。但我们拥有的声誉并没有多余一盎司,伯克希尔的声誉掌握在他们手中。查理和我相信,如果你建立了正确的文化,而这种文化在某种程度上会自我选择你获得的董事和经理,那么你在行为方面会得到比拥有一千页指南更好的结果。无论如何都会有问题。我们大约有36.7万名员工。

现在,如果你有一个拥有36.7万户家庭的小镇,大约相当于奥马哈都会区的规模,当我们今天在这里谈话时,人们正在做一些错事。毫无疑问。真正的问题在于,经理们——[音频中断]——是否更好——是否在担心并思考发现和纠正任何不良行为,以及如果他们未能做到,信息是否传到了奥马哈,我们是否对此采取了行动。在富国银行,你知道,有三个非常重大的错误,但有一个错误远远凌驾于其他所有错误之上。任何企业都会有激励制度——几乎任何企业。激励制度本身没有错,但你必须非常小心你激励的是什么。你不能激励不良行为。如果是这样,你最好有一个识别它的系统。显然,在富国银行,有一个围绕交叉销售和每位客户服务数量概念建立的激励制度。公司在每个季度的投资者演示中都会强调每位客户的服务数量。所以,这是组织的焦点——一个主要焦点。

毫无疑问,人们根据这个数字获得报酬、评级和晋升——至少部分基于这个数字。结果证明,这激励了错误的行为。我们也犯过类似的错误。我的意思是,任何公司在设计制度时都会犯一些错误。但这是一个错误。你最终会发现的。我待会会讲我们如何发现。但最大的错误是——我不知道,显然不知道所有事实,即信息是如何在富国银行内部传递的。但在某个时刻,如果有重大��题,CEO会得到风声。那时——那是关键,因为CEO必须采取行动。

你们看到的所罗门事件发生是因为——我想是4月28日,所罗门的CEO、总裁、总法律顾问坐在一个房间里,一个名叫John Meriwether的人向他们描述了一些不良做法、可怕的做法,这些做法是由一个为他们工作的名叫Paul Mozer的人进行的。Paul Mozer在欺骗美国财政部,这是非常愚蠢的行为。他部分出于恶意这样做,因为他不喜欢财政部,财政部也不喜欢他。所以他提交了虚假的美国国债投标等等。所以在4月28日左右,CEO和所有这些人知道他们遇到了严重问题,他们必须向纽约联邦储备委员会——纽约联邦储备银行报告。CEO John Gutfreund说他会的,然后他没有去做。毫无疑问,他只是推迟了,因为这是一件令人不愉快的事情。

然后在5月15日,又举行了一次国债拍卖,Paul Mozer再次提交了一堆虚假投标。此时一切都完了,因为高层管理层事先知道,而现在一个纵火狂又出去点了一把火。他在他们被告知他是纵火狂之后又点火了。一切从此走下坡路。当CEO知道时,就必须阻止。然后他们实际上犯了第三个错误,但同样,与第二个错误相比微不足道。他们犯了第三个错误,当他们完全低估了事情曝光后的影响,因为——有一笔1.85亿美元的罚款。在银行业务中,人们因为抵押贷款操作等各种事情被罚款数十亿甚至上百亿美元。大银行的总罚款额,我不知道是300亿、400亿还是多少。所以,他们根据罚款金额来衡量问题的严重程度。

他们认为1.85亿美元的罚款表明违规行为不如涉及20亿美元的行为那么严重,他们完全错了。但主要问题是他们知道后没有采取行动。有一个糟糕的系统已经够糟了,但他们没有采取行动。在伯克希尔,我了解子公司任何不当行为的主要信息来源是举报热线。我们每年收到大约4000次举报——或者通过热线传来的——大约4000次。大部分是无关紧要的。比如旁边的人有口臭之类的。但有一些是严重问题,我们的内部审计负责人Becki Amick会查看所有这些问题。很多人匿名提交,可能大部分是这样。其中一些她会转发给公司,可能大部分是这样。但任何看起来严重的问题,我会知道,这已经导致采取行动——不止一次。

我们花真金白银调查了其中一些。有时我们会派特别调查员。就像我说的,它揭露了一些我们母公司绝不会容忍的做法。我认为这是一个好系统。我不认为它是完美的。我不知道——我确信富国银行有内部审计,也有举报热线。我不知道具体事实,但我敢打赌,有很多通过举报热线传来的信息,我不知道他们用什么系统把它们传给正确的人。我也不知道谁在任何时候做了什么。但那是——如果他们收到了举报——我确信他们收到了——却忽视了,或者只是把它们传回给下面的人,那是一个巨大的、巨大的错误。查理?你跟踪了这个案例。你有什么想法?

查理·芒格:好吧,算我持怀疑态度,当一些律师事务所认为他们知道如何解决像这样的问题时。如果你在一个有大量人因为激励制度很可能导致大量不当行为的行业,你当然需要一个大型合规部门。每家大型券商股票经纪公司都有一个庞大的合规部门。如果我们有一个,我们也会有一个庞大的合规部门,对吧,沃伦?

沃伦·巴菲特:绝对。

查理·芒格:绝对,但这并不意味着每个人都应该用越来越多合规来解决他们的问题。我认为多年来我们通过更谨慎地选择谁拥有权力,并建立信任文化,减少了麻烦。我认为我们遇到的麻烦更少,而不是更多。

沃伦·巴菲特:但我们偶尔还是会有麻烦。

查理·芒格:是的,当然。总有一天我们会措手不及。

沃伦·巴菲特:查理说一盎司的预防——他说当本·富兰克林,他崇拜的人,说“一盎司的预防胜过一磅的治疗”时,他还说得轻了。一盎司的预防胜过一吨的治疗。我会说,一磅的及时治疗胜过一吨的延迟治疗。问题不会消失。John Gutfreund最初称那个问题——他称它为交通罚单。他告诉所罗门的员工这是一张交通罚单。你知道,这几乎毁了一家企业。另一位CEO,他描述他遇到的问题是一个脚误。你知道,这给机构造成了难以置信的损害。所以你必须迅速行动。坦率地说,我不知道比举报热线和匿名信件更好的系统。我收到匿名信。在过去六七年间,我大概收到了三四封,导致了重大变革。非常偶尔会有署名信。

几乎总是匿名的,但这没关系,因为如果某��提醒我们注意一些错误的事情,显然不会有人遭到报复。但我要告诉你们,当我们坐在这里时,有人——不少人——可能在伯克希尔做错事,通常非常有限。比如偷点小钱之类的。但当它涉及到像富国银行那样的销售行为时,你可以看到它会造成什么样的损害。

7. 无人驾驶车辆将损害BNSF和GEICO

沃伦·巴菲特:现在我们将转向分析师Jonny Brandt。

乔纳森·布兰特:你好,沃伦。你好,查理。谢谢邀请。你已经讨论过无人驾驶汽车对GEICO业务的风险。但我觉得无人驾驶卡车可能缩小铁路的成本优势,即使机车上的乘务员数量最终从两人减少到零。自动驾驶技术对伯灵顿北方更有利还是更有威胁?

沃伦·巴菲特:哦,我会说无人驾驶卡车对伯灵顿北部来说更多是威胁而不是机会——(笑)。我会说,如果无人驾驶汽车变得普遍,那只是因为它们更安全。这意味着与汽车相关的损失的整体经济成本下降了,这会降低GEICO的保费收入。所以我会说这两个——无人驾驶车辆——如果它们扩展到卡车,会损害我们,也会损害我们的汽车保险业务。我个人观点是,它们肯定会来。我认为它们可能还有很长的路要走,但这取决于。坦率地说,可能取决于在测试场景之外的早期引入阶段的体验。如果它们让世界更安全,那将是一件非常好的事情,但对汽车保险公司来说不是好事。同样,如果他们学会如何更安全地驾驶卡车——卡车行业现在往往驾驶员短缺——显然会改善它们相对于铁路的地位。

查理?

查理·芒格:嗯,我认为这非常清楚。(笑声)

沃伦·巴菲特:终于得到了认可。这么多年了。(笑声)

8. 从一位偏好“女孩和葡萄”的人那里购买喜诗糖果

沃伦·巴菲特:好的。一号站。股东。

观众成员:你好,沃伦和查理。我叫Bryan Martin,来自伊利诺伊州斯普林菲尔德。在HBO纪录片《成为沃伦·巴菲特》中,你有一个很好的比喻,把投资比作击打棒球并知道你的甜蜜点。泰德·威廉姆斯知道他的甜蜜点是正中的投球。当你们两人看待潜在投资时,什么属性让一家公司成为你甜蜜点的投球,你会挥棒投资?

沃伦·巴菲特:嗯,我不确定我能完全按照你想要的术语来定义它,但我们看到时差不多就知道了。它往往是一个业务,由于某种原因,我们可以展望五年、十年或二十年,并判断它目前拥有的竞争优势会在那段时间内持续。它会有一个值得信赖的经理,不仅适合伯克希尔文化,而且渴望加入伯克希尔文化。然后就是价格问题。但主要——你知道,当我们购买一家企业时,本质上,我们现在投入大量资金,是基于我们对该企业未来将带来的回报的判断。预测的确定性越高,我们就越放心。你可以回到第一个——那不是我们购买的第一家优秀企业,但它是一个分水岭事件——一家相对较小的公司,喜诗糖果。

1972年我们看喜诗糖果时的问题是,人们是否仍然愿意比其他糖果更喜欢食用和赠送这种糖果?这不是人们会为最低价购买糖果的问题。我们有一位非常喜欢的经理。我们花2500万美元(扣除现金后)购买了一家当时税前利润约400万美元的企业。现在我们必须从它那里提取了近20亿美元的税前利润。但这仅仅是因为我们觉得人们不一定购买低价的糖果。我的意思是,如果你在情人节对你的妻子或女朋友——我希望他们是同一个人——(笑声)说,“这是给你的��盒糖果,亲爱的。我选了最低价的。”你知道,当你这么说时,效果就不那么好了。

我们对喜诗糖果做出了判断,认为它是特别的——可能在2017年不是这样——但我们肯定认为在1982年和1992年它会是特别的。幸运的是,我们对了。我们正在寻找更多的喜诗糖果,只是要大得多。查理?

查理·芒格:是的,但同样真实的是,那时我们又年轻又无知。而且——

沃伦·巴菲特:现在我们又老又无知。是的。(笑声)

查理·芒格:是的,这也是真的。事实是,以稍高一点的价格购买喜诗糖果会非常明智。你知道,如果他们开价更高,我们就不会买了,所以我们因为比实际更聪明而得到了很多赞誉。

沃伦·巴菲特:是的,更准确地说,如果它再贵500万美元,我就不会买。查理会愿意买,所以,是的。幸运的是,我们没有到必须那样决定的地步。但他会推进,而我可能会退缩。幸好来了一个人——实际上卖家是——他是See夫人的孙子,对吧,查理?他是Larry See的儿子。我错了吗?还是Larry See的兄弟。但他对生意不感兴趣。他对——实际上对女孩和葡萄更感兴趣。他差点改变主意。嗯,他确实改变了卖出的主意。我当时不在场,但Rick Guerin告诉我查理进去做了一个小时的演讲,讲的是拥有糖果公司不如拥有女孩和葡萄的好处。(笑声)这是真的,伙计们。

然后那个人卖给了我们,所以——(笑声)——我在那种紧急情况下就拉出查理。(笑声)

查理·芒格:我们很幸运,早期养成了购买糟糕但非常便宜的企业的习惯。这给了我们很多经验,试图修复那些无法修复、走向灭亡的企业。那种早期经验非常糟糕,修复无法修复的东西,所以之后我们非常善于避免它。所以,我认为我们早期的愚蠢帮助了我们。

沃伦·巴菲特:是的,是的。我们学会了不能把猪耳朵变成丝质钱包。

查理·芒格:不,我们学会了——

沃伦·巴菲特:所以,之后我们出去寻找丝绸了。

查理·芒格:但你必须长时间尝试并失败,让鼻子被磨蹭才能真正理解。

9. “护城河外会有掠夺者”

沃伦·巴菲特:好的,Becky?Becky Quick。

贝基·奎克:这个问题来自俄克拉荷马州塔尔萨的一位名叫Mark Blakley的股东,他说:“伯克希尔一些核心持股的新闻比平时多。富国银行的激励和新账户丑闻,美国运通失去好市多关系并在高端卡领域追赶,联合航空的客服问题,可口可乐和苏打水消费放缓。花多少时间审查伯克希尔的持股?如果伯克希尔继续持有这些股票,是否可以假设投资逻辑仍然成立?”

沃伦·巴菲特:嗯,我们花很多时间思考——这些都是非常大的持股。如果你把美国运通、可口可乐和富国银行加起来,你知道,加起来高达数百亿美元。这些是我们非常喜欢的业务。它们有不同的特点。就——你提到了联合航空,实际上我们是所有四大航空公司中最大的股东——我们是四大航空公司中最大的股东。那更像是基于整个行业的思考。但所有企业都有问题。有些还有非常大的优势。我个人——你提到了美国运通。如果你读美国运通的第一季度报告,谈到他们的白金卡,白金卡表现非常好。全球收益都很好。你知道,我认为英国账单增长了大约17%,日本、墨西哥的本币增长约15%,美国也非常好。所有这些业务都有竞争。

如果我们认为——我们购买美国运通、富国银行、联合航空、可口可乐时,并不是认为它们永远不会出问题或没有竞争。我们购买它们的原因是我们认为它们有非常强大的优势。我们喜欢其中许多公司的财务政策。我们喜欢它们的定位。我们购买了很多企业。我们确实会看它们是否有持久的竞争优势。我们认识到,如果你有一家非常好的企业,你会有很多竞争对手试图夺走它。然后你对你的特定公司、产品和管理层抵御竞争的能力做出判断。竞争不会消失,但我们认为——我不会具体点名——但这些公司通常定位很好。我基本上比喻过——如果你有一个很棒的企业,即使像喜诗糖果这样的小企业,你基本上有一个经济城堡。在资本主义中,人们会试图夺走你的城堡。

所以,你希望有一条护城河围绕它,以各种方式保护它。然后你希望城堡里有一个非常善于抵御掠夺者的骑士。但掠夺者总是会出现。它们永远不会消失。如果你看看——我认为可口可乐是1886年。美国运通是18——我不知道——51或52年——从快递业务开始。富国银行是——我不知道它们是什么时候开始的。顺便说一句,美国运通也是由[Henry] Wells和[William] Fargo创立的。所以这些公司面临过很多挑战。它们还会有更多挑战。我们拥有的公司也面临过挑战。我们的保险业务面临过挑战。但是,你知道,我们从1968年花800万美元收购国家 indemnity 开始。幸运的是,我们有像GEICO的Tony Nicely这样的人。我们有Ajit Jain,他增加了数百亿美元的价值。

我们还有一些你可能不知道的小公司,但它们为我们做得非常出色。所以保险业总有竞争,但总有事情可做,一个真正聪明的管理层,有一个体面的分销系统,各种优势,可以抵御掠夺者。所以——有一个具体问题,“花多少时间审查持股?”我会说,我每天都在做。我确信查理每天都做。查理?

查理·芒格:嗯,我也没什么可补充的了。(笑声)

沃伦·巴菲特:如果他不参与,我们就扣他工资。(笑声)

10. “我们认为我们会做得很好”——关于AIG再保险交易

沃伦·巴菲特:好的,Jay Gelb。

杰伊·格尔布:这个问题是关于伯克希尔与AIG的追溯性再保险交易,这是同类交易中规模最大的。基于AIG准备金不足的记录以及伯克希尔投资浮存金的机会,你对这份覆盖最高200亿美元AIG准备金、对应100亿美元保费的合同最终为伯克希尔带来利润的信心程度如何?

沃伦·巴菲特:嗯,在每次做交易的时候,我都认为它是明智的。然后有时——(笑)——随着时间推移我发现并非如此。这个交易,Jay知道,但可能很多人不熟悉,AIG将250亿超额部分的80%的负债转移给了我们。换句话说,他们必须先支付前250亿美元。然后对于接下来的250亿美元,我们要支付他们支付金额的80%,上限为200亿美元(250亿的80%)。我们为此获得了102亿美元的报酬。这适用于他们在2015年12月31日之前承保或赚取的许多业务类别的损失。Ajit Jain,他为伯克希尔赚的钱比我多得多,但他在评估这类交易。我们自己讨论了很多。我只是觉得这很有趣。我尤其对他们将给我们的102亿美元感兴趣。

我们得出结论,我们认为我们会做得很好,现在得到102亿美元,最高赔付200亿美元,在这个大业务上从今天到审判日之间。AIG有很好的理由做这件事,因为它们的准备金一直受到批评。这基本上——可能——应该,我想——终结了关于它们在那项业务上准备金不足的质疑。我们得到了102亿美元。问题是我们支付资金的速度以及支付多少。Ajit在思考方面做了99%的工作。我只做1%。我们预测我们会发生什么。我们知道无论我们的预测是什么,都会是错的,但我们努力保守。我们做了相当多这样的交易。这是最大的。第二大的是几年前从伦敦劳合社分拆出来的一个实体。我们在一个涉及超过10亿美元保费的交易上错了。我的意思是,明显错了。

还有其他几个可能取决于你对资金收益的假设,结果可能好也可能不好。但它们还行。不过它们可能没有我们想象的那么好。但总体而言,我们在这方面做得还行。当我们坐着超过900亿美元的现金时,就没那么行了。所以我们在第一季度收入的额外102亿美元目前只给我们带来微薄的收益。微薄收益不符合让这笔交易有吸引力的公式。所以我们确实必须假设我们会找到这笔钱的用途,但这笔钱会和我们在一起相当长一段时间。我认为我们的计算是保守的。它们与AIG的计算不完全相同。我的意思是,我们有自己的支付估算等等。我认为实际上,从AIG的角度看,这是一笔相当不错的交易。因为它们用102亿美元消除了200亿美元的潜在损失。

我认为它们让投资界相信,它们不太可能在2015年之前出现未因这笔交易而计入的不利发展。查理?

查理·芒格:嗯,我认为这本质上是一种危险的活动。但——这也是它的吸引力之一。我不认为世界上有比Ajit和沃伦更擅长这类交易的两个人。而且没有其他人有我们这样的经验。让我参与更多这类业务,我愿意接受一点额外的担忧。

沃伦·巴菲特:还有一点我应该提到,实际上我们是世界上唯一能签署这种合同且让对手方满意的保险机构。我的意思是,当别人把102亿美元交给你,说“我指望你最终偿还200亿美元,即使是50年后”,很少有人愿意把102亿美元交给别人。所以——对手方有限。我的意思是,没有多少人能处理这种规模的交易。但是——

查理·芒格:“非常少”是个好说法。他的意思是“一个”。(笑声)

沃伦·巴菲特:是的。

11. “正确的生活就是学习、学习、再学习”

沃伦·巴菲特:好的。我们去2号站。

观众成员:您好,巴菲特先生,芒格先生。我叫Grant Gibson(音译),来自科罗拉多州丹佛市。这是我连续第五年来这里。谢谢您的款待。

沃伦·巴菲特:谢谢你来。

观众成员:非常感谢。恕我直言,巴菲特先生,这个问题是问芒格先生的。(笑声)在您数千次谈判和商业交易中,您能向观众描述哪一次在您脑海中最为突出,最值得注意,或者特别有意义?

查理·芒格:嗯,我不认为我有最偏爱的。但可能对我们作为学习经验最有益的是喜诗糖果。就是品牌的力量,源源不断、不断增长的资金流,而且无需费力。(笑声)

观众成员:听起来不错。(笑声)

查理·芒格:确实如此。我不确定如果我们没有买喜诗,我们会不会买可口可乐。我认为正确的生活就是一直学习、学习、再学习。我认为伯克希尔从这些投资决策中通过长期学习获得了巨大收益。每次你任命一个没有大型资本配置经验的新人,就像掷骰子。我认为我们做了这么久要好得多。但是——决策交融在一起,一个贯穿始终的特点是持续学习。如果我们没有持续学习,你们甚至不会在这里。你们可能还活着,但不会在这里。(笑声)

沃伦·巴菲特:没有什么比身处糟糕业务的痛苦更能让你欣赏好业务了——(笑)。

查理·芒格:嗯,没有什么比进入一个真正好的业务更愉快和有学习意义的了。我有一个朋友说:“钓鱼的第一条规则是在有鱼的地方钓鱼。第二条规则是永远不要忘记第一条规则。”(笑声)我们已经擅长在有鱼的地方钓鱼了。

沃伦·巴菲特:是的,这只是比喻。

查理·芒格:有太多其他——

沃伦·巴菲特:有一次我和查理去钓鱼。他没钓到——

查理·芒格:水里有太多其他人的船了。(笑声)但鱼还在那里。

沃伦·巴菲特:是的,1966年我们在巴尔的摩买了一家百货公司。没有什么比经历这种决策更让人学习了:你是否要在某个尚未发展成熟到足以支撑它的区域开一家新店,但你的竞争对手可能先搬过去。然后你面临是否要跳进去的决策。如果你跳进去,那就会破坏局面。现在你有两家店,而一家店甚至都不怎么合理。如何玩这些游戏——商业游戏——通过尝试你能学到很多。而真正学到的是哪些要避免。我的意思是,你只要避开一堆糟糕的业务,你就有了一个非常好的开始,因为我们试过所有类型的。

查理·芒格:但你真能学到,因为这种体验很像吃墨鱼汉堡。它真的让你集中注意力。(笑声)

沃伦·巴菲特:嗯,我们就不展开了。(笑声)

12. IBM、谷歌和亚马逊的错误

沃伦·巴菲特:Andrew Ross Sorkin。

安德鲁·罗斯·索金:早上好,沃伦。这个问题来自一位长期股东,他昨晚在希尔顿酒店大堂拦住我提出了这个问题。“沃伦,多年来你一直远离科技公司,说它们太难预测,没有护城河。然后当你投资IBM时,你似乎改变了关于科技的看法,最近投资苹果时又再次改变。”“但周五你说IBM没有达到你的预期,卖掉了三分之一仓位。你对IBM和苹果的看法不同吗?你从投资科技公司中学到了什么?”

沃伦·巴菲特:嗯,我确实认为它们不同。但是,你知道,显然,当我六年前开始买入IBM时,我认为它会比过去六年的实际表现更好。而苹果——我认为它们处于完全不同的业务领域。我认为苹果更像是一家消费品企业,从护城河分析、消费者行为等角度来看。它显然是一款内置各种技术的产品。但就预测未来客户行为而言,与IBM的客户相比,这是一种不同的分析。这并不意味着它是正确的。我们会随着时间的推移发现。但这是两种不同类型的决策。第一个我错了,我们会发现第二个是对是错。

但我不认为它们是苹果对苹果,也不完全是橘子对苹果,而是介于两者之间。查理?

查理·芒格:嗯,我们避开了科技股,因为我们觉得我们在这方面没有优势,而其他人有。我认为不参与别人更擅长的游戏是个好主意。但是,你知道吗,如果你问我,回顾过去,我们在科技领域最大的错误是什么,我认为我们足够聪明地理解了谷歌。那些广告在早期比任何其他东西都有效得多。所以我会说我们在那里让你们失望了。我们足够聪明去做却没有做。我们一直这样。

沃伦·巴菲特:是的。我们很早就以GEICO的身份成为它们的客户,例如。而且我们看到——我不确定——这些数字已经过时了,但我记得,你知道,我们每次点击支付它们10或11美元之类的。任何时候你每次点击支付某人10或11美元,而你没有任何成本,你知道,这是一个好生意,除非有人会夺走它。所以我们近距离看到了它的影响。顺便说一句,如果你们今晚在酒店房间里没事干,就一直点击Progressive之类的。然后——(笑声)别真这么做。(笑声)这念头只是从我脑子里闪过。

——(笑声)但是,你知道,那是——你从未见过一个企业——几乎从未见过一个企业——像这样,那里——我认为对于LASIK手术之类的,你知道,每次点击60或70美元,没有任何增量成本。所以——我认识那些人。我的意思是,他们确实设计了招股说明书。他们来见我。在最初那次之后一点,当他们上市时,甚至在伯克希尔之后一点。所以我有足够多的方式来问问题或教育自己。但我搞砸了——(笑)——

查理·芒格:我们也搞砸了沃尔玛。当它完全稳赚时,我们足够聪明地看懂了却没有做。

沃伦·巴菲特:是的,看懂——执行才是关键。所以——(笑)不管怎样,我们会——我可能在IBM上犯了两个错误。我的意思是,你知道,它们——在我看来,在不同项目中预测赢家,或者多少价格竞争会进入云计算服务之类的,更难。我前几天说过一句话,这真的很了不起,我问查理他是否能想到类似的情况——一个人几乎同时在两个完全不同行业中建造了一个非凡的经济机器,就像——

查理·芒格:从零开始。

沃伦·巴菲特:从零开始,有大量资本和其他一切的竞争对手。在零售业和云计算方面都做到了,就像杰夫·贝佐斯所作的那样,我的意思是,我——像梅隆家族投资了很多不同行业等等。但他实际上同时是两家从零开始的企业的CEO,如果——你知道,安迪·格鲁夫在英特尔曾说过,“想想如果你有一枚银弹,你可以用它除掉一个竞争对手,你会选谁?”嗯,我认为在云计算和零售领域,有很多人会把那枚银弹瞄准杰夫。他在《华盛顿邮报》也做得——这是一个不同的游戏——但他,你知道,像任何人一样出色地处理了那个局面。

所以这是一个非凡的商业成就,他实际上参与了执行,不仅仅是资助,两个可能最让竞争对手害怕的企业,几乎你能找到的任何企业。那么,查理,你还有什么想法?

查理·芒格:嗯,我们有点像梅隆家族,老派的人,做得还不错。杰夫·贝佐斯是一个不同的物种。(笑声)

沃伦·巴菲特:顺便说一句,我们完全错过了。我们从未拥有过一股亚马逊股票。(笑)

13. 巴菲特为投资竞争激烈的航空业辩护

沃伦·巴菲特:好的,Gregg Warren。

格雷格·沃伦:沃伦,我的问题也涉及一些最近的股票购买。与铁路不同,铁路由于已经建立的、几乎无法复制的铁路网络和通行权而享有巨大的进入壁垒,航空业似乎几乎没有或根本没有任何优势。即使经历了过去15年的整合,航空业的进入壁垒很少,退出壁垒却很高。该行业还面临低转换成本和激烈的价格竞争,且严重暴露于燃油成本,油价上涨难以转嫁,油价下跌导致更多价格竞争。相比之下,铁路客户选择有限,购买力受限,燃油附加条款让该行业能够缓解燃油价格波动。尽管自从航空股购买宣布以来,您多次指出这两个行业非常不同,不应与伯克希尔十年前进入铁路行业的举措相比较,您能否详细说明,是什么让您确信这次航空公司有所不同,以至于伯克希尔在四大航空公司投资近100亿美元?

因为在我看来,UPS(您有小额持股)和联邦快递都有更宽的经济护城河,建立在更可识别和持久的竞争优势上,对于长期投资者来说是更好的选择。

沃伦·巴菲特:是的,关于航空公司的决定与参与铁路业务没有任何关联。我是说,你可以把它们归类为运输业务之类的,但没有关联,和我们拥有GEICO或其他任何业务一样没有关联。你找不到比这更难的行业了,自从奥维尔[莱特]上天,我说,如果有人真的考虑投资者,他们应该让威尔伯[莱特]把他打下来,为所有人节省一百年的钱。你可以在网上输入“航空公司”和“破产”,你会看到大约一百家航空公司——大致那个范围——在最近几十年破产了。实际上,查理和我在USAir担任了几年董事。人们写到在USAir我们有糟糕的经历。那是我做过的最愚蠢的事情之一。还有很多——

查理·芒格:你也从中赚了不少钱。

沃伦·巴菲特:是的,我们从中赚了很多钱。(笑)

查理·芒格:这是不应得的。

2017年股东大会

第2/7部分

沃伦·巴菲特: 但我们从中赚了不少钱,因为有一小段时期人们对全美航空热情高涨。在我们离开董事会并卖出持仓后,全美航空在随后一段时间里两次破产。我的意思是,你列举了所有——不是全部——但你列举了许多导致糟糕经济状况的因素。我告诉你,如果运力——你知道,这是一个竞争极其激烈的行业。问题在于它是否是一个自杀式竞争的行业,过去它曾经就是。我的意思是,当几乎每一家主要航空公司,以及几十家甚至几十家小型航空公司都破产时,你最终应该意识到,也许你选错了行业。一段时间以来,该行业的运力利用率一直维持在80%或更高——即可用座位英里数——你可以看到未来的交付量等等。

因此,如果你做出——我认为可以这样说——未来5年或10年,它们的运力利用率将高于导致所有航空公司破产的历史水平。现在的问题是,即使运力利用率在80%以上,它们是否会在定价上做出自杀性的行为,这还有待观察。实际上,目前它们投入资本的回报率相当高。我认为如果你实际查一下,比联邦快递或UPS都要高。但这并不意味着——明天早上,如果你运营其中一家航空公司,而另一家降价,你也会降价,而且正如你所说,当燃油价格下跌时,价格下调的灵活性比价格上涨时上调价格的灵活性更大。所以这个行业,你知道——未来10年该行业是否会比过去100年有更多的定价理性,这绝非易事。但条件已经改善。它们的劳动稳定性比以前更好了,因为它们基本上都经历过破产。

而且在我看来,它们都将进行某种行业模式的集体谈判。它们将在某种程度上面临飞行员的短缺。但这不像购买喜诗糖果。查理?

查理·芒格: 不,但投资世界变得更加艰难,竞争更激烈,财富更多,整个国家对金融的绝对痴迷程度也更高。在过去,我们摘取了许多低垂的果实,那真是太容易了。而且我们有巨大的安全边际。现在我们是在一个不太有利的大环境下运作。也许我们只有微小的统计优势,而在过去那就像是桶里射鱼。但这没关系。在你变得富得流油之后,事情变得稍微困难一点也没关系。(笑声)

沃伦·巴菲特: 是的。查理在这一点上比我更富有哲理。(笑声)

查理·芒格: 嗯,我无法让低垂的果实回来,沃伦。你只能继续向更高的枝头伸手。

沃伦·巴菲特: 格雷格,我不——我认为五年或十年后的收入乘客英里数很可能会更高。如果航空公司——如果航空公司五年或十年后的价值只等于现在的股权价值,我们会获得相当合理的回报率,因为它们会以相当低的市盈率回购大量股票。所以如果公司在年底价值相同,但流通股更少,随着时间的推移我们会赚到不错的钱。所有四大航空公司都在以——

查理·芒格: 你要记住,铁路行业几十年来一直是个糟糕的行业,然后它们变好了。

沃伦·巴菲特: 是的,我们喜欢——我喜欢这个头寸。显然,通过买入所有四家,这意味着很难区分谁会做得最好——至少在我看来——很难区分谁会做得最好。我确实认为,如果你看五年或十年后的收入乘客英里数,这个数字很可能会更高。而且会有低成本竞争者进入。你知道,精神航空和捷蓝航空之类的。但我的猜测是,我们拥有的四家公司都会有更高的收入。问题在于它们的运营比率。它们的流通股将大幅减少。所以即使它们只值今天的价值,我们也能赚不少钱。但这绝非易事,远非如此。

原文

WARREN BUFFETT: But we made a lot of money out of it, because there was one little brief period when people got all enthused about USAir. And after we left as directors and after we sold our position, USAir managed to go bankrupt twice in the subsequent period. I mean, you’ve named all of the — not all of them — but you’ve named a number of factors that just make for terrible economics. And I will tell you that if capacity — you know, it’s a fiercely competitive industry. The question is whether it’s a suicidally competitive industry, which it used to be. I mean, when you get virtually every one of the major carriers, and dozens and dozens and dozens of minor carriers going bankrupt, you know, it ought to come upon you, finally, that maybe you’re in the wrong industry. It has been operating for some time now at 80 percent or better of capacity — being available seat miles — and you can see what deliveries are going to be and that sort of thing.

So if you make — I think it’s fair to say that they will operate at higher degrees of capacity over the next five or 10 years than the historical rates, which caused all of them to go broke. Now the question is whether, even when they’re doing it in the 80s, they will do suicidal things in terms of pricing, remains to be seen. They actually, at present, are earning quite high returns on invested capital. I think higher than either FedEx or UPS, if you actually check that out. But that doesn’t mean — tomorrow morning, you know, if you’re running one of those airlines and the other guy cuts his prices, you cut your prices, and as you say, there’s more flexibility when fuel goes down to bring down prices than there is to raise prices when prices go up. So the industry, you know — it is no cinch that the industry will have some more pricing sensibility in the next 10 years than they had in the last hundred years. But the conditions have improved for that. They’ve got more labor stability than they had before, because they’re basically all going to — they’ve been through bankruptcy.

And they’re all going to sort of have an industry pattern bargaining, it looks to me like. They’re going to have a shortage of pilots to some degree. But it’s not like buying See’s Candy. Charlie?

CHARLIE MUNGER: No, but the investment world has gotten tougher with more competition, more affluence, and more absolute obsession with finance throughout the whole country. And we picked up a lot of low-hanging fruit in the old days, where it was very, very easy. And we had huge margins of safety. Now we operate with a less advantageous general climate. And maybe we have small statistical advantages, where in the old days it was like shooting fish in a barrel. But that’s all right. It’s OK if it gets a little harder after you get filthy rich. (Laughter)

WARREN BUFFETT: Yeah. Charlie’s more philosophical than I am on that point. (Laughter)

CHARLIE MUNGER: Well, I can’t bring back the low-hanging fruit, Warren. You’re just going to have to keep reaching for the higher branches.

WARREN BUFFETT: Gregg, the — I don’t — I think the odds are very high that there are more revenue passenger miles five years from now or 10 years from now. If the airlines — if the airline companies are only worth, five or 10 years from now, what they’re worth now, in terms of equity, we’ll get a pretty reasonable rate of return, because they’re going to buy in a lot of stock at fairly low multiples. So if the company’s worth the same amount at the end of the year and there’s fewer shares of stock outstanding, over time we make decent money. And all four of the major airlines are buying in stock at a —

CHARLIE MUNGER: You’ve got to remember that the railroads were a terrible business for decades and decades and decades and then they got good.

WARREN BUFFETT: Yeah, it — we like — I like the position. Obviously, by buying all four, it means that it’s very hard to distinguish who will do the — at least in my mind — it’s hard to distinguish who will do the best. I do think the odds are quite high that, if you take revenue passenger miles flown five or 10 years from now, it will be a higher number. And that will be — There’ll be low-cost people who come in. And, you know, the Spirits of the world and JetBlues, whatever it may be. But the — my guess is that all four of the companies we have will have higher revenues. The question is what their operating ratio is. They will have fewer shares outstanding by a significant margin. So even if they’re worth just what they’re worth today, we could make a fair amount of money. But it is no cinch, by a long shot.


14. 可口可乐与巴菲特获得”黑星球奖”

沃伦·巴菲特: 好的,3号站。

观众: 大家早上好。我叫萨维拉·艾连斯,来自德国。我是Ethecon伦理与经济基金会的董事会成员。我很高兴能在这里提问。也许您不像我这样高兴听到这个问题。

沃伦·巴菲特:(笑)我们会尽量保持愉快。谢谢你的到来。(笑声)

观众: 谢谢。巴菲特先生,几年前我看了一部电影,您在片中宣称美元纸币上的印字”我们信仰上帝”并不真正代表您的哲学。在您看来,只有现金才算数。您的信条是”我信任美元”。您显然认为——

沃伦·巴菲特: 我想我实际上从未说过那样的话。但是——

观众: 嗯,我可以给您看那部电影。(笑)那会证明的。

沃伦·巴菲特: 哦,好的——给我发个片段。我——

观众: 也许那只是开玩笑。但玩笑背后总有真相。那么——当时您笑得非常开心。您作为地球上最富有的人之一——难道不是一个幽默、友善、年长的绅士吗?无论那些设计美元纸币的人动机如何,他们肯定想表达的是,有比这张印刷纸的价值更高的东西。遗憾的是,您一生中多次表现出您有不同的看法。您积累了数十亿美元——(掌声)——展现了非凡的聪明才智和技巧,您比许多其他人更懂得如何利用资本主义固有的规则来为自己谋利。但您有没有想过,您如此热切收集的美元纸币背后,附着着多少麻烦与牺牲、奴役与对地球母亲的破坏,甚至疾病与死亡?(嘘声)以可口可乐为例。

(嘘声)来自德国的Ethecon伦理与经济基金会已将”黑星球奖”授予董事会成员以及大股东沃伦·巴菲特和赫伯特·艾伦——因为你们对这些集团赚取如此多利润的一切负有共同责任,不是吗?其中,可口可乐剥夺了人们——

沃伦·巴菲特: 嗯,我——

观众: ——他们的饮用水——

沃伦·巴菲特: ——在某个时候,是的,我——

观众: ——在世界上干旱易发的地区。

沃伦·巴菲特: 嗯,你在提问吗?

观众: 而且许多(听不清)污染了这些地区的地下水。

沃伦·巴菲特: 我不想打断你,但你在——(掌声)——发表演讲还是在提问?

观众: 嗯,我现在就提问。

沃伦·巴菲特: 好的。

观众: 如果环境的破坏、对健康饮用水权的垄断以及对工人的无耻剥削继续下去,您会放弃您的可口可乐股票吗?

查理·芒格: 嗯,这更像是一篇演讲而不是一个问题。

沃伦·巴菲特: 是的。(掌声)我不认为你之前引用的那句话——我曾说过一两次,上面应该写着”我们信任美联储”,因为是他们印钞。如果他们印了太多钱,货币可能会贬值。但据我所知,我从未说过你最初说的那种话。我要说的是,我一生都在吃我喜欢吃的东西。而可口可乐——这瓶12盎司的可口可乐,我每天大约喝五瓶。(笑声)其中大约含有1.2盎司的糖。如果你看看人们——不同的人——从哪里获取糖和热量,他们从各种各样的东西中获取。我碰巧相信我喜欢用这个来获取1.2盎司的糖。这很令人享受。自1886年以来,人们一直觉得它很令人愉悦。我想说的是,如果你根据某篇最新出版物告诉你的对你最有利的标准来选择每一餐,我向你提供这个选择。

我说:“那就去做吧。“但如果你告诉我,如果我一生只吃西兰花和芦笋以及我爱丽丝阿姨想让我吃的一切,我就能多活一年——我甚至不认为会这样——或者我可以一生都吃我喜欢吃的东西,包括巧克力圣代、可口可乐、牛排和土豆煎饼,你知道,我宁愿以我喜欢的方式度过一生,而不是用其他方式饮食多活一年。(掌声)而且我确实认为这个选择应该由我来做,你知道吗?如果有人决定糖是有害的,你知道,也许你会鼓励政府禁止糖。但可口可乐中的糖,和早上放在我的葡萄坚果麦片或其他东西上的糖没什么不同。所以我认为可口可乐在很长很长时间以来,对美国——对世界——都是一个非常非常积极的因素。你可以看看这家公司的成就清单。

(掌声)我真的不希望任何人告诉我不能喝它。查理?

查理·芒格: 嗯,我解决我的可口可乐问题的方法是喝健怡可乐。我大口喝这东西,就像别人大口喝我不知道什么一样。我喝的和你喝那些可口可乐的时间一样长——我和沃伦一起吃早餐时,他喝可口可乐吃坚果。(笑声)

沃伦·巴菲特: 而且相当不错。(笑声)

查理·芒格: 如果你继续那样做,沃伦,你可能活不到一百岁。

沃伦·巴菲特: 嗯——(笑声)——我认为长寿也与对生活感到快乐有关。这不是——

查理·芒格: 绝对正确。(掌声)

原文

14. Coca-Cola and Buffett get “Black Planet Award”

WARREN BUFFETT: OK, station 3.

AUDIENCE MEMBER: Good morning, everybody. My name is Savilla Aliance (PH). I’m from Germany. And I’m member of board of Ethecon Foundation Ethics and Economy. I’m very happy that I can put my question here. And maybe you are not as happy as I am to listen to it.

WARREN BUFFETT: (Laughs) Well, we’ll try to stay happy. Thank you for coming. (Laughter)

AUDIENCE MEMBER: Thank you. Mr. Buffett, a few years ago, I saw a movie in which you proclaimed that the print on the dollar bill — “In God We Trust” — does not really express your philosophy. In your opinion, only cash counts. And your credo is, “in the dollar I trust.” You obviously thought —

WARREN BUFFETT: I don’t think I’ve ever said that actually. But —

AUDIENCE MEMBER: Well, I can show you the movie. (Laughs) That will prove.

WARREN BUFFETT: Oh, well, I — send me a clip. I —

AUDIENCE MEMBER: Well, maybe it was just joking. But always behind a joke there is also a truth. So — well, you laughed heartily at that moment. You, as one of the most richest men in — of all times on this Earth, are you not a goodhumored, friendly, elderly gentleman? Whatever motivated those who designed the dollar notes, they certainly wanted to say that there is something higher than the value of this printed paper. Regrettably, you have shown many times in your life that you see this differently. You have accumulated billions of dollars — (applause) — showed extraordinary cleverness and skill, and you knew — you knew better to pick up than many others who, like you, used the rules which are inherent to capitalism for their own intentions. But have you ever given a thought to what troubles and sacrifices, slavery and destruction of Mother Earth, and even diseases and deaths stick to the dollar bills which you gather so eagerly? (Booing) Let’s take Coca-Cola.

(Booing) Ethecon Foundation Ethics and Economy from Germany has awarded the Black Planet Award to the members of the board of directors as well as to the large shareholders, Warren Buffett and Allen — and Herbert Allen —because you are co-responsible for all of what makes these group make so much money, isn’t it? Among other things, Coca-Cola deprives people —

WARREN BUFFETT: Well, I —

AUDIENCE MEMBER: — of their drinking water —

WARREN BUFFETT: — at some point, yeah, I —

AUDIENCE MEMBER: — in drought-prone areas of the world.

WARREN BUFFETT: Well, are you asking a question?

AUDIENCE MEMBER: And many (inaudible) contaminate the groundwater in these areas.

WARREN BUFFETT: I don’t want to interrupt you, but are you — (applause) — making a speech or asking a question?

AUDIENCE MEMBER: Well, I put my question right now.

WARREN BUFFETT: OK, good.

AUDIENCE MEMBER: Will you give up your Coca-Cola shares if the destruction of the environment, the monopolization of the right to healthy drinking water, and the shameless exploitation of the workers continue?

CHARLIE MUNGER: Well, that’s more of a speech than a question.

WARREN BUFFETT: Yeah. (Applause) I don’t think that quote you had earlier — I have — I’ve said once or twice that it should say “In the Federal Reserve We Trust” because they print the money. And if they print too much of it, it could decline in value. But I’ve never — to my knowledge, I’ve never said anything like you originally said. And I would say this. I think I’ve been eating things I like to eat all my life. And Coca-Cola — this Coca-Cola’s 12 ounces, I drink about five a day. (Laughter) It has about 1.2 ounces of sugar in it. And if you look at what people — different people — get their sugar and calories from, they get them from all kinds of things. I happen to believe that I like to get 1.2 ounces with this. And it’s enjoyable. Since 1886, people have found it pleasant. And I would say that if you pick every meal in terms of what somebody in some recent publication has told you is the very best for you, I offer you that.

I say, “Go to it.” But if you told me that I would live one year longer. And I don’t even think that — that I would live one year longer if I’d eaten nothing but broccoli and asparagus and everything my Aunt Alice wanted me to eat all my life or I could eat everything I enjoyed eating, including chocolate sundaes, and Coca-Cola, and steak, and hash browns, you know, I would rather eat what — in a way I enjoy for my whole life than — and — than, you know eat some other way and live another year. (Applause) And I do think that choice should be mine, you know? If somebody decides sugar is harmful, you know, there — maybe you’d encourage the government to ban sugar. But sugar in CocaCola is not different than eating sugar, you know, put on my Grape-Nuts in the morning or whatever else I’m having. So I think Coca-Cola’s been a very, very positive factor in America for — and the world — for a long, long time. And you can look at a list of achievements of the company.

(Applause) And I really don’t want anybody telling me I can’t drink it. Charlie?

CHARLIE MUNGER: Well, I’ve solved my Coca-Cola problem by drinking Diet Coke. And I swill the stuff like other people swill I don’t know what. And I’ve been doing it for just as long as you’ve been taking all those Coca-Colas that — I’ve had breakfast with Warren when he has Coca-Colas and nuts. (Laughter)

WARREN BUFFETT: And pretty damn good too. (Laughter)

CHARLIE MUNGER: If you keep doing that, Warren, you may not make a hundred.

WARREN BUFFETT: Well — (laughter) — I think there’s something in longevity to feeling happy about your life, too. It’s not —

CHARLIE MUNGER: Absolutely. (Applause)


15. 内在价值预测取决于利率

沃伦·巴菲特: 好的,卡罗尔?

卡罗尔·卢米斯: 这个问题来自奥地利的弗朗茨·特拉姆伯格。它涉及内在价值——既不是公司的账面价值也不是其股票市场价值,而是其估计的真实价值。问题是:“伯克希尔在过去10年中的内在价值复合增长率是多少?以及,请附上您的解释,您认为未来10年内内在价值的复合增长率会是多少?”

沃伦·巴菲特: 是的。内在价值,你知道,只能通过回顾来计算——或者收益。但内在价值的纯粹定义是从现在到审判日之间产生的现金,按当时合适的利率折现。这在30到40年期间变化极大。如果你选择10年,回到2007年5月,你知道,我们遇到了一些不愉快的事情。但我们已经——我想说的是,我们可能已经以大约10%的比率复合增长。我认为这很难实现,实际上几乎不可能实现,如果我们继续在这种利率环境下的话。这是首要的——如果你让我回答这个问题,如果我在给出答案之前只能问你一个关于未来的统计数据,我不会问你GDP增长。我不会问谁将担任总统。

我会——无数事情——我会问你在未来20年的平均利率是多少,10年期或其他任何你想要的。如果你假设我们目前的利率结构可能是未来10年或20年的平均水平,那么我想说很难达到10%。另一方面,如果我在利率的各种可能性中进行选择,我会说这个比率可能——可能有些理想化。而且很可能——可能是可行的。如果你说:“嗯,我们不可能长期维持这些利率,“我会请你看看日本,你知道,25年前我们看不出他们的利率怎么可能维持下去。而我们今天仍然看到同样的情况。所以我确实认为预测利率走势根本不容易。不幸的是,预测这一点是给出一个好的答案所必需的。我想说的是,在伯克希尔获得糟糕结果的可能性可能和你找到的任何东西一样低。

获得轰动性结果的可能性也和你找到的任何东西一样低。所以如果我——我最可能的猜测是在10%左右,但这假设未来10年或20年的利率比过去七年略高——不是大幅提高,而是略高。查理?

查理·芒格: 嗯,毫无疑问,以我们目前的规模,未来的回报率百分比将不如我们过去那么辉煌。我们一直在说这个。而现在我们正在证明这一点。(笑声)

沃伦·巴菲特: 你想以这个基调结束吗,查理?或者你愿意——(笑声)

查理·芒格: 嗯,我确实认为沃伦在一件事上是对的。我认为我们拥有的业务组合平均而言具有比标普500指数更好的投资价值。所以我认为你们股东没有太糟糕的问题。

沃伦·巴菲特: 我想说的是,我们可能——嗯,我确定——我们确实——我们确实比整个标普500公司更以股东为导向。我的意思是,你知道,这家公司的文化是,决策的做出就像私人所有者会做的那样。坦率地说,这是我们拥有的许多公司没有的奢侈。我的意思是,它们如今有时面临压力去做一些事情。我问我遇到的每家上市公司的CEO的一个问题是:“如果你完全拥有这家公司,你会做哪些不同的事情?“而答案,你知道,通常是这样那样,还有其他几件事。如果你问我们,答案就是,你知道,我们正在做如果完全拥有所有股票我们会做的事情。我认为随着时间的推移,这是一个小小的加分项。还有什么吗,查理?(掌声)

查理·芒格: 我认为我们还有一个优势。很多其他人试图变得聪明。而我们只是试图保持理性。——(笑声和掌声)——这是一个巨大的优势。试图变得聪明是危险的,特别是在赌博的时候。

原文

15. Intrinsic value projections depend on interest rates

WARREN BUFFETT: OK, Carol?

CAROL LOOMIS: This question is from Franz Tramberger (PH) of Austria. And it concerns intrinsic value, which is neither — Warren may rather — he may amend this, my definition here, but — which is neither a company’s accounting value nor its stock market value, but is rather its estimated real value. So the question is, “At what rate has Berkshire compounded intrinsic value over the last 10 years? And at what rate, including your explanation for it please, do you think intrinsic value can be compounded over the next 10 years?”

WARREN BUFFETT: Yeah. Intrinsic value, you know, can only be calculated — or gains — you know, in retrospect. But the intrinsic value pure definition would be the cash to be generated between now and Judgment Day, discounted at an interest rate that seems appropriate at the time. And that’s varied enormously over a 30 or 40-year period. If you pick out 10 years, and you’re back to May of 2007, you know, we had some unpleasant things coming up. But we’ve — I would say that we’ve probably compounded it at about 10 percent. And I think that’s going to be tough to achieve, in fact almost impossible to achieve, if we continued in this interest rate environment. That’s the number one — if you asked me to give the answer to the question, if I could only pick one statistic to ask you about the future before I gave the answer, I would not ask you about GDP growth. I would not ask you about who was going to be president.

I would — a million things — I would ask you what the interest rate is going to be over the next 20 years on average, the 10-year or whatever you wanted to do. And if you assume our present interest rate structure is likely to be the average over 10 or 20 years, then I would say it’d be very difficult to get to 10 percent. On the other hand, if I were to pick with a whole range of probabilities on interest rates, I would say that that rate might be — it might be somewhat aspirational. And it might well — it might be doable. And if you would say, “Well, we can’t continue these interest rates for a long time,” I would ask you to look at Japan, you know, where 25 years ago, we couldn’t see how their interest rates could be sustained. And we’re still looking at the same thing. So I do not think it’s easy to predict the course of interest rates at all. And unfortunately, predicting that is embedded in giving a good answer to you. I would say the chances of getting a terrible result in Berkshire are probably as low as about anything you can find.

Chance of getting a sensational result are also about as low as anything you can find. So if I — I would — I — My best guess would be in the 10 percent range, but that assumes somewhat higher interest rates — not dramatically higher — but somewhat higher interest rates in the next 10 or 20 years than we’ve experienced in the last seven years. Charlie?

CHARLIE MUNGER: Well, there’s no question about the fact that the future, with our present size is, in terms of percentages of rates of return, is going to be less glorious than our past. And we keep saying that. And now we’re proving it. (Laughter)

WARREN BUFFETT: Do you want to end on that note, Charlie? Or would you care to — (Laughter)

CHARLIE MUNGER: Well, I do think Warren’s right about one thing. I think we have a collection of businesses that on average has better investment values than, say, the S&P average. So I don’t think you shareholders have a terrible problem.

WARREN BUFFETT: And I would say we probably — well, I’m certain — we have — we do have more of a shareholder orientation than the S&P 500 as a whole. I mean, for — you know, the — This company has a culture where decisions are made for — as an owner, as a private owner would make them. And frankly, that’s a luxury we have that many companies don’t have. I mean, they’re under pressures today, sometimes, to do things. One of the questions I ask the CEO of every public company that I meet is, “What would you be doing differently if you owned it all yourself?” And the answer, you know, is usually this, that, and a couple of other things. If you would ask us, the answer is, you know, we’re doing exactly what we would do if we owned them all — all the stock ourselves. And I think that’s a small plus over time. Anything further, Charlie? (Applause)

CHARLIE MUNGER: I think we have one other advantage. A lot of other people are trying to be brilliant. And we’re just trying to stay rational. And — (laughter and applause) — it’s a big advantage. Trying to be brilliant is dangerous, particularly when you’re gambling.


16. 企业税减税受益因行业而异

沃伦·巴菲特: 好的,乔纳森?

乔纳森·勃兰特: 如果企业税率大幅降低,伯克希尔将因其巨大的递延税负债而获得一次性账面价值提升,并且未来收益也应该会更高,至少在理论上是这样。减税的好处有多少会通过例如降低电费或铁路运费等方式传递给伯克希尔的客户?又有多少会归于伯克希尔的股东?

沃伦·巴菲特: 是的,问题是,就我们的公用事业业务而言,所有减税的好处都归于客户。而且应该如此,因为我们被允许获得股权回报——一般来说——我的意思是,我稍微简化了一些。但我们被允许获得按税后基础计算的股权回报。而公用事业委员会,如果税收提高,大概会给我们更高的费率来补偿这一点。如果税率降低,他们会说:“你没有权利仅仅因为税率降低了就赚更多的钱。“所以忘掉公用事业部分的递延税。适用于我们证券未实现收益的递延税,我们将获得全部好处。因为我提到我们有超过900亿的未实现收益。如果这些税率朝任何方向改变,我们的所有者将一分一毫地参与其中。然后进入其他业务。你提到了铁路,但它可以是我们所有其他业务。

在某种程度上,如果税率降低,不同行业的程度不同,取决于参与者的数量和竞争条件,其中一些几乎肯定会被竞争掉。而另一些则可能不会被竞争掉。这就是——你知道,经济学家对此可以争论很多。但我在很多案例中看到过实际情况。例如,在英国,税率大幅下降。在我的一生中我们也经历过。我们有52%的企业税率。你知道,我们有过很多不同的数字。所以我看到过行为——经济行为——是如何运作的。我想说的是,任何较低税率的一部分肯定会被竞争掉。而几乎可以肯定,有一部分会使股东受益。这种情况如何发展,非常具体于行业和公司。查理?

嗯,我们——一分一毫,我的意思是,有900或950亿,如果税率下降10%,那95亿是真实的——下降10个百分点——那95亿是真实的。另一方面,如果税率上升,就像从28%上升到35%,它们也可以从我们这里拿走。

查理·芒格: 嗯,我认为在一个方面我们是独特的。如果事情变得一团糟然后后来好转,我们很可能比大多数其他人做得更好。我们不希望那样。我们不希望我们的公司必须经历苦难。我们担心如果国家经历这样的煎熬会发生什么。但如果真正的逆境来临,我们最终很可能做得更好。我们善于应对这类事情。

沃伦·巴菲特: 是的,偶尔会有——

查理·芒格: 很多——事实上,我们相当擅长这个。(笑声)

沃伦·巴菲特: 美国经济偶尔会出现小问题。这与谁当总统或类似的事情关系不大。那些人可能因不同的事情被指责或获得赞誉。但这只是——市场系统的本质就是偶尔会朝一个方向或另一个方向失控。一直以来都是这样,你知道,将来也会一直是这样。这不是——没有——这不是一个规则的、正弦波式的图形或类似的东西。但肯定时不时会发生。到那时我们很可能会有相当多的资金和信贷。我们当然——我们不受影响。当世界其他地方恐惧时,我们知道美国会好起来的。我们在心理上不会有任何困难去行动。然后问题是我们有多少资源?我们也不会仅仅因为我们看到很多机会就让公司承担任何风险。

我们会抓住所有我们能处理的机会。而且不会失眠一晚。(有人在观众中喊叫)我没太听清。但是——

原文

16. Who benefits from corporate tax cut varies by industry

WARREN BUFFETT: OK, Jonathan?

JONATHAN BRANDT: If corporate tax rates are reduced meaningfully, Berkshire will enjoy a one-time boost to book value because of its sizable deferred tax liability, and its go-forward earnings should be higher, too, at least in theory. How much of the reduced tax rate will be passed along to Berkshire’s customers through, for instance, lower electricity rates or lower railroad shipping rates? And how much will go to Berkshire shareholders?

WARREN BUFFETT: Yeah, the question is, in the case of our utility businesses, all benefit of lower tax rates goes to customers. And it should be, because we are allowed a return on equity — in general — I mean, I’m simplifying a little bit. But the — We’re allowed a return on equity that’s computed on an after-tax basis. And the utility commissions would, if taxes were raised, would presumably give us higher rates to compensate for that. And if taxes are lowered, they would say, “You’re not entitled to make more money just because tax rates — on equity — because tax rates have been lowered.” So forget about the utility portion of the deferred taxes. The deferred taxes that are applicable to our unrealized gains in securities, we would get all the benefit of. Because I mentioned we had 90 billion-plus of unrealized gains. And if the rates were changed on those in either direction, our owners, dollar for dollar, will participate in that. And then you get into the other businesses. You mentioned the railroad, but it can be all of our other businesses.

To some extent, if tax rates are lowered, to different degrees in different industries, depending on the number of players, the competitive conditions, some of it may — some if it almost certainly gets competed away. And some of it would likely not be competed away. And that’s — you know, economists can argue about that a lot. But I’ve seen it in action in a lot of cases. You got a big decline in rates, for example, in the U.K. And we’ve had them over my lifetime. We had 52 percent corporate rates. You know, we’ve had a lot of different numbers. So I have seen how behavior — economic behavior — works. And I would say that it’s certain that some of any lower rate would be competed away. And it’s virtually certain that some would enure to the benefit of the shareholders. And it’s very industry and company specific in how that plays out. Charlie?

Well, we — dollar for dollar, I mean, there’s 90 or 95 billion, if the rate were to drop 10 percent, that 9 1/2 billion is — by 10 percentage points — that 9 1/2 billion’s real. On the other hand, if it goes up as it did — went up from 28 to 35 percent, they can take it away from us, too.

CHARLIE MUNGER: Well, I think it’s true that we’re peculiar in one way. If things go to hell in a handbasket and then get better later, we’re likely to do better than most others. And we don’t wish for that. And we don’t want our company to have to suffer through it. And we fear what might happen if the country went through the ringer like that. But if that real adversity comes, we’re likely to do better in the end. We’re good at navigating through that kind of stuff.

WARREN BUFFETT: Yeah, and occasionally, there will be —

CHARLIE MUNGER: A lot — in fact, we’re quite good at it. (Laughter)

WARREN BUFFETT: There will be occasional hiccups in the American economy. Doesn’t have much to do with who’s president or anything like that. Those people may get blamed or given credit for different things. But it’s just — it is the nature of market systems to occasionally go haywire in one direction or another. And it’s been ever thus, you know, and it’ll be ever thus. It’s not — it does not have a — there’s not a — it’s not a — on a regular sine wave-type picture or anything of the sort. But it’s certain to happen from time to time. And we will probably have a fair amount of money and credit at that time. And we certainly — We’re not affected. When the rest of the world is fearful, we know America’s going to come out fine. And we will not have a trouble — any trouble — psychologically, acting at all. And then the question is how much do we have in the way of resources? We’ll also never put the company in any kind of risk just because we see a lot of opportunities.

We’ll grab all the ones we can that we can handle. And not lose a day of sleep. (Someone shouts in the audience) I didn’t quite get that. But —


17. 巴菲特为何高价卖出二手凯迪拉克

沃伦·巴菲特: 无论如何,我们现在去4号站。刚才喊叫的那个人——你在4号站吗?

观众: 是的,布鲁斯·赫兹医生,来自伊利诺伊州格伦维尤。我想感谢您允许我参加。我感到既荣幸又受到祝福。我的问题是给巴菲特先生的,您一直建议我们购买会增值的股票。然而几年前,您以巨额利润出售了您的二手凯迪拉克。(笑声)您怎么证明出售一项折旧资产获得可观的利润是合理的?谢谢。

沃伦·巴菲特: 是的,嗯——(笑声)——实际上我把它捐给了”女孩公司”。是她们卖掉的。这挺有趣的——(掌声)——一个非常好的人以十几万美元买下了它。我没有——女孩公司拿到了钱。他后来——实际上,他和家人一起来了。他开车走了,没有车牌。他要开回纽约。在伊利诺伊州被警察拦下了——(笑声)——他说:“嗯”——他开始解释他如何捐钱给女孩公司,然后开车回去。他带着一个看起来不错的家庭。警察相当怀疑。但幸运的是,作为交易的一部分,我在仪表盘上签了名——所以他们看了看。然后他们只是说:“嗯,他有没有给你什么股票建议?“然后放他走了。(笑声)我不记得曾经以利润出售过二手车。

但我们——我认为我没有出售过任何个人物品。嗯,我有一套房子在卖。

查理·芒格: 你没有任何个人物品。(笑声)

沃伦·巴菲特: 是的。不,我——任何你看到带数字的东西——

查理·芒格: 你是胖版圣雄甘地——(笑声)——圣雄甘地。

沃伦·巴菲特: 买车的那个家伙非常好。而且,你知道,他的支票兑现了。所以我们没问题。(笑声)

原文

17. Why Buffett sold his used Cadillac for a profit

WARREN BUFFETT: In any event, we will now go to station 4. And if the person yelling — are we up there in station — are you on station 4?

AUDIENCE MEMBER: Yes, Dr. Bruce Hertz from Glenview, Illinois. I wanted to thank you for allowing me to attend. I feel both honored and blessed. My question for Mr. Buffett is, you’ve always advised us to purchase equities that appreciate in value. Yet a few years ago you sold your used Cadillac at a tremendous profit. (Laughter) How can you justify selling a depreciating asset for a significant profit? Thank you.

WARREN BUFFETT: Yeah, well — (laughter) — actually I gave it to Girls Inc. And they sold it. And it was kind of an interesting — (Applause) A very nice guy bought it for a hundred and some thousand dollars. And I did not — and Girls Inc. got the money. And he got in the — he came later, actually, with his family. And he drove it away without any plates. He was driving back to New York. And he got picked up by the police — (laughter) — in Illinois. And he said, “Well” — he started giving this explanation about how he’d given this money to Girls Inc. and was driving the car back. And he had this nice looking family with him. And the cops were quite skeptical. But fortunately, I’d signed the dashboard for him as part of the deal when he — and so they looked at that. And then they just said, “Well, did he give you any stock tips?” And they let him go. (Laughter) I can’t recall ever selling a used car at a profit.

But we — I don’t think I’ve sold any personal possession. Well, I’ve got a house for sale.

CHARLIE MUNGER: You don’t have any personal possessions. (Laughter)

WARREN BUFFETT: Yeah. No, I — anything you see with a figure attached like that —

CHARLIE MUNGER: You’re a fatter version of Mahatmas Gandhi — (laughter) — Mahatma Gandhi.

WARREN BUFFETT: The guy was a very nice guy that bought it. And, you know, his check cleared. So we were fine. (Laughter)


18. 巴菲特为何希望妻子在他去世后持有指数基金

沃伦·巴菲特: 贝基?

贝基·奎克: 我想问一个可以续接卡罗尔刚才问题的问题。查理在那段回答中说,他认为伯克希尔的业务整体表现会好于标普500指数。来自阿拉巴马州伯明翰的克拉克·卡梅伦,持有281股伯克希尔B股,他写道:“您为什么建议您的妻子在您去世后投资指数基金而不是伯克希尔·哈撒韦?我相信芒格曾告诫他的后代要’不要蠢到卖掉’。”

沃伦·巴菲特: 是的。(笑声)她不会卖掉任何伯克希尔股票去买指数基金。我所有的伯克希尔股票,每一股,都将捐给慈善事业。所以——我甚至不认为自己拥有伯克希尔,你知道,基本上——(掌声)——它已经承诺出去了。到目前为止,大约40%已经分配完毕。所以问题是,一个不是投资专业人士的人,我希望在遗产清算时她已经相当年长了。什么是最好的投资——意思是一种与任何担忧都无关,并且更少有人会来说”你为什么不卖掉这个做点别的?“之类事情的投资。她将拥有比她需要的更多的钱。那么最重要的就是让钱不成问题。如果她持有标普指数——几乎没有任何方式——除非发生大规模杀伤性武器事件——几乎没有任何方式她会——她会拥有她可能使用的所有钱。

她会有一些流动性资金,这样如果股票在某段时间大幅下跌——他们关闭交易所一段时间,诸如此类——她仍然会觉得她有足够的钱。目标不是最大化。她得到的金额是翻倍还是三倍或者类似的事情根本不重要。重要的是她余生永远不会为钱担忧。我在奥马哈有一位凯蒂姨妈,查理很了解她,我为她丈夫工作过,查理也是。她一生工作非常努力。她住在她花了——我想,我不知道——8000美元买的房子里,在45街和希科里街,住了一辈子。因为她持有伯克希尔股票,她最终——她活到97岁——最终有了,你知道,几亿美元。(笑声)她每四五个月给我写一封信。她说:“亲爱的沃伦,你知道,我不想打扰你。但我会不会没钱了?”

——(笑声)——我会回信给她。我说:“亲爱的凯蒂,这是个好问题,因为如果你活986年,你会没钱。”——(笑声)——然后大约四五个月后,她又给我写同样的信。我见过,如果你有足够的钱,它绝对不应该成为你生活中的减分项。如果你有很多钱,会有人带着各种建议来找你,有时是好意,有时不那么好意。所以如果你拥有某种确定会带来回报的东西——你知道,如果全是伯克希尔,他们会说:“嗯,如果沃伦今天还活着,你知道,他会告诉你做这个。“我只是不想让任何人经历这些。而标普指数将是一个——我认为实际上我建议的是——非常高比例的人应该做类似的事情。

我不认为——我认为如果他们持有一只股票,他们可能不会有那么多的内心平静。他们的邻居、朋友和亲戚会试图让他们做些别的事情——就像我说的,有时是好意,有时是别有用意。所以我认为这是一个能获得良好结果并且可能坚持下去的政策。查理?

查理·芒格: 嗯,正如贝基所说,芒格一家是不同的。我希望他们持有伯克希尔。

沃伦·巴菲特: 嗯,我也希望持有伯克希尔。(笑声)

查理·芒格: 不,但我的意思是我不喜欢——我承认标普指数算法非常难以击败这个事实的逻辑。你知道,多元化的大公司组合。对大多数人来说几乎是不可能的。但是,你知道,它——我只是对伯克希尔更放心。

沃伦·巴菲特: 嗯,这是家族生意。

查理·芒格: 是的。

沃伦·巴菲特: 是的。但只是——我见过太多人,尤其是随着年龄增长,容易受影响,不得不听那些找来的人的各种论点。

查理·芒格: 嗯,如果你要保护你的继承人免受他人愚蠢的影响,你可能有一些好办法。但我对这个话题不太感兴趣。

沃伦·巴菲特: 好的。(笑声)

原文

18. Why Buffett wants his wife to own an index fund after he dies

WARREN BUFFETT: Becky?

BECKY QUICK: I’d like to ask a question that can serve as a follow-up to the question that Carol had asked. And Charlie, in that response, said that he thinks that Berkshire’s businesses on the whole will do better than the S&P 500. Clark Cameron (PH) from Birmingham, Alabama, who owns 281 shares of Berkshire B, writes in and asks, “Why have you advised your wife to invest in index funds after your death rather than Berkshire Hathaway? I believe Munger has counseled his offspring to quote, ‘Not be so dumb as to sell.’”

WARREN BUFFETT: Yeah. (Laughter) She won’t be selling any Berkshire to buy the index funds. All of my Berkshire, every single share, will go to philanthropy. So the — I don’t even regard myself as owning Berkshire, you know, basically — (applause) — it’s committed. And so far, about 40 percent has already been distributed. So the question is, somebody who is not an investment professional will be, I hope, reasonably elderly by the time that the estate gets settled. And what is the best investment, meaning one that there would be less worry of any kind connected with and less people coming around and saying, “Why don’t you sell this and do something else?” and all those things. She’s going to have more money than she needs. And the big thing, then, you want is money not to be a problem. And there will be no way that if she holds the S&P — or virtually no way, absent something happening with weapons of mass destruction — but virtually no way that she won’t — she’ll have all the money that she possibly can use.

She’ll have a little liquid money so that if stocks are down tremendously at some point, there’s — they close the stock exchange for a while, anything like that — she’ll still feel that she’s got plenty of money. And the object is not to maximize. It doesn’t make any difference whether the amount she gets doubles or triples or anything of the sort. The important thing is that she never worries about money the rest of her life. And I had an Aunt Katie here in Omaha, who Charlie knew well, and worked for her husband, as did I. And she worked very hard all her life. And had lived in a house she’d paid, I think, I don’t know, $8,000 for at 45th and Hickory all her life. And because she was in Berkshire, she ended up — she lived to 97 — she ended up with, you know, a few hundred million. (Laughter) And she would write me a letter every four or five months. And she said, “Dear Warren, you know, I hate to bother you. But am I going to run out of money?”

And — (laughter) — I would write her back. And I’d say, “Dear Katie, it’s a good question because, if you live 986 years, you’re going to run out of money.” And — (laughter) — then about four or five months later, she’d write me the same letter again. And I have seen there’s no way in the world, if you’ve got plenty of money, that it should become a minus in your life. And there will be people, if you’ve got a lot of money, that come around with various suggestions for you, sometimes well-meaning, sometimes not so wellmeaning. So if you’ve got something as certain to deliver — you know, it was all in Berkshire, they’d say, “Well, if Warren was alive today, you know, he would be telling you to do this.” I just don’t want anybody to go through that. And the S&P will be a — I think actually what I’m suggesting is what — a very high percentage of people should do something like that.

And I don’t think they will have as — I think there’s a chance they won’t have as much peace of mind if they own one stock. And they’ve got neighbors and friends and relatives that are trying to do some — like I say, sometimes well-intentioned, sometimes otherwise, to do something else. And so I think it’s a policy that’ll get a good result and is likely to stick. Charlie?

CHARLIE MUNGER: Well, as Becky said, the Mungers are different. I want them to hold the Berkshire.

WARREN BUFFETT: Well, I want to hold the Berkshire, too. (Laughter)

CHARLIE MUNGER: No, but I mean I don’t like the — I recognize the logic of the fact that that S&P algorithm is very hard to beat. You know, diversified portfolio of big companies. It’s all but impossible for most people. But, you know, it’s — I’m just more comfortable with the Berkshire.

WARREN BUFFETT: Well, it’s the family business.

CHARLIE MUNGER: Yeah.

WARREN BUFFETT: Yeah. But it — I’ve just — I’ve seen too many people as they get older, particularly, being susceptible and just having to listen to the arguments of people coming along.

CHARLIE MUNGER: Well, if you’re going to protect your heirs from the stupidity of others, you may have some good system. But I’m not much interested in that subject.

WARREN BUFFETT: OK. (Laughter)


19. 伯克希尔可能已向失败的联合利华交易投入150亿美元

沃伦·巴菲特: 好的。杰伊?

杰伊·格尔布: 据报道,伯克希尔与3G和卡夫亨氏合作,试图以1430亿美元收购联合利华。伯克希尔愿意在这笔交易中投资多少?这是否意味着伯克希尔的下一笔大型收购很可能与3G合作?

沃伦·巴菲特: 是的,嗯,卡夫,我——你必须区分两种情况。卡夫亨氏是一家广泛持股的公司,我们和3G作为控制集团,拥有略高于50%的股份。但最初设想——不能确定这就是会发生的情况——如果能够达成友好协议,我们本会额外投资150亿,3G也会额外投资150亿。所以如果交易达成,如果卡夫亨氏的独立董事批准了交易,那么很可能我们会投资150亿。但这也需要独立董事的批准。现在,卡夫亨氏在推进这个要约时,想确保除了将产生的债务之外,还有足够的股权资本来完成交易。所以,非正式地,我们基本上承诺了150亿。它只在联合利华同意友好交易的基础上获得批准。最初,我们认为他们至少可能对这种交易感兴趣。

当我们发现情况并非如此时,我们撤回了要约。所以很可能本会是额外150亿美元的投资。

原文

19. Berkshire probably would have put $15B into failed Unilever deal

WARREN BUFFETT: OK. Jay?

JAY GELB: Berkshire reportedly partnered with 3G and Kraft Heinz’s attempt to acquire Unilever for $143 billion. How much was Berkshire willing to invest in this deal? And does this mean Berkshire’s next large acquisition is likely to be in partnership with 3G?

WARREN BUFFETT: Yeah, well, Kraft, I — you’d have to distinguish between two situations. Kraft Heinz was a widely-owned company in which we and 3G act as a control group and have a little over 50 percent of the stock. But as originally contemplated — no certainty that this exactly is what would have happened — we would have invested an additional 15 billion and 3G would have invested an additional 15 billion if a friendly agreement could have been reached. So if the deal had been made, if the independent directors of Kraft Heinz had approved the transaction, the likely — well, then the likelihood is that we would have invested 15 billion. But it would’ve required the approval of the independent directors as well. Now Kraft Heinz, in going forward with making that offer, wanted to be sure that there would be enough equity capital, in addition to the debt that would be incurred, to make the deal. And so, informally, we had basically committed the 15 billion. It only was approved on the basis that it be a friendly deal with Unilever. And initially, we thought they would be at least possibly interested in such a deal.

And when we found out otherwise, we withdrew the offer. So it would have been 15 billion of additional money, in all probability.


20. 投机在中国和美国都是不可避免的

沃伦·巴菲特: 好的,5号站?

观众: 尊敬的巴菲特先生和芒格先生,我是来自中国的田杜华。我的公司(听不清)控股正在亚洲传播价值投资理念。我的业务伙伴Ken Chi、Cho Quy Ying和我致力于唤醒一亿中国人回归理性的投资方式。世界上最难的事情是改变人们的价值观或信仰体系。我们想唤醒投资者从市场投机转变为市场投资。这不是改变投机者的价值观或信仰体系。请问巴菲特先生,您能否给我们建议,我们应该如何传播您的价值投资理念?或者有什么鼓励的话?谢谢。

沃伦·巴菲特: 是的,在任何体系中——凯恩斯在1936年就写过这个——我想是在《通论》中,或者35年。我认为是第12章。那是关于投资的精彩一章。他谈到了投资和投机,以及人们投机的倾向和它的危险。说得非常精辟,总是存在投机的可能性,我的意思是,市场上总是有一些投机,显然,也总有一些价值投资者等等。但是当投机变得猖獗,当你得到我猜查理会称之为”社会证明”的东西——即最近有效——人们可能会对市场投机变得非常兴奋。我们在这个市场上会时不时地遇到这种情况。没有什么比看到你认为智商比你低30分的邻居通过买股票变得比你更富有时更令人痛苦的了。无论是互联网股票还是其他什么。人们会屈服于它。

他们在这个经济体中也会像在其他地方一样屈服。还有一点与你的问题相关。我想说的是,在市场发展的早期——我认为它们可能比已经存在了几百年的市场更有投机倾向,因为市场具有赌场特征,对人们有很大的吸引力,特别是当他们看到,就像我说的,周围的人在致富。那些以前没有经历过周期的人可能比经历过疯狂投机结果的人更容易投机。所以,你知道,基本上在这个国家,本·格雷厄姆在1949年我读的那本书中,就在宣扬投资。那本书至今仍然卖得很好。但如果市场火热,新股发行表现良好,使用杠杆的人表现良好,很多人会被吸引,不仅是投机,还有我称之为赌博的东西。恐怕在美国也会如此。

我认为中国作为一个更新的市场,有广泛的参与,在这方面可能会经历一些相当极端的经验。我们在这个国家也会有一些。查理?

查理·芒格: 嗯,我当然同意这一点。(笑声)中国人会有更多麻烦。他们非常聪明。他们有很多活动,当然他们会更投机。这是一个愚蠢的想法。就你在做的工作而言,你在天使一边。但祝你好运。(笑声)

沃伦·巴菲特: 嗯,这实际上会给投资者提供更多机会——(笑)——如果他们能保持清醒——如果你有疯狂的投机的话。我的意思是,我们——查理刚才提到,如果我们进入非常艰难的时期,伯克希尔肯定会表现得相当好,因为它不会——我们不会——我们不会恐惧。而恐惧的传播方式,除非你见过几个例子,否则你无法相信。2008年9月初,有3500万人将他们的钱放在货币市场基金中,总额达3.5万亿美元。他们中没有人担心当他们去兑现货币市场基金时那一美元不会是一美元。三周后,他们都吓坏了,三天内1750亿流出。所以公众的反应方式在市场上可能非常极端。这实际上为投资者提供了机会。人们永远不会——人们喜欢行动,喜欢赌博。如果他们觉得有容易赚的钱,很多人会蜂拥而至。

一段时间内,这会自我实现,创造新的皈依者,直到清算日到来。他们——继续宣扬投资,如果市场大幅波动,你会不断地在这里和那里增加一些人,他们认识到市场是用来利用的,而不是用来指导你发生了什么。好的。安德鲁?还有什么吗,查理?

查理·芒格: 我们已经宣扬了很多,沃伦,但效果不大。

沃伦·巴菲特: 没错。从我们的角度来看,这可能是好事。

原文

20. Speculation is inevitable in China and the U.S.

WARREN BUFFETT: OK, station 5?

AUDIENCE MEMBER: Dear Honorable Mr. Buffett and Mr. Munger, I’m Tian Du Hua (PH) from China. My company (Inaudible) Holdings is spreading value investing philosophy in Asia. My business partner Ken Chi (PH), Cho Quy Ying (PH), and I are committed to awake 100 million Chinese people to return to rational way of investing. The hardest thing in this world is to change people’s values or belief system. And we should like to awake investors to change from speculate in the market to investing in the market. It’s not changing the speculator’s values or belief system. May I ask you, Mr. Buffett, can you kindly advise us what we should do to spread your value investing philosophy? Or is there any word of encouragement? Thank you.

WARREN BUFFETT: Yeah, the — when — in any system — Keynes wrote about this in 1936 — I think it was, in “The General Theory,” or ‘35. I think it’s Chapter 12. It’s — great chapter on investing. And he talked about investment and speculation and the propensity of people to speculate and the dangers of it. And worded eloquently, there’s always the possibility of, I mean, there’s always some speculation, obviously, and there’s always some value investors and all that sort of thing in the market. But there’s — When speculation gets rampant, and when you’re getting what I guess Charlie would call “social proof” — that it’s worked recently — people can get very excited about speculating in markets. And we will have it from time to time in this market. There’s nothing more agonizing than to see your neighbor who you think has an IQ about 30 points below you getting richer than you are by buying stocks. And whether it’s internet stocks or whatever. And it — and people succumb to it.

And they’ll succumb in this economy just as elsewhere. There’s also a point which gets to your question. I would say that early on in the development of markets — there is probably a — there’s some tendency for them, I think, to be more speculative than markets that have been around for a couple hundred years because the — it has a — invest — Markets have a casino characteristic that has a lot of appeal to people, particularly when they see, like I say, people getting rich around them. And those that haven’t been through cycles before are probably a little more prone to speculate than people who have experienced the outcome of wild speculation. So I — you know, basically in this country, Ben Graham was, in the book I read in 1949, was preaching investment. And that book continues to sell very well. But if the market gets hot, new issues are doing well and people on leverage are doing well, a lot of people will be attracted to, not only speculation, but what I would call gambling. And I’m afraid that that will be true in the United States.

And I think that China, being a newer market, essentially, in which there’s widespread participation, is likely to have some pretty extreme experiences in that respect. We will have some in this country, too. Charlie?

CHARLIE MUNGER: Well, I certainly agree with that. (Laughter) The Chinese will have more trouble. They’re very bright people. They have a lot of action and, sure they’re going to be more speculative. And it’s a dumb idea. And to the extent you’re working on it, why, you’re on the side of the angels. But lots of luck. (Laughter)

WARREN BUFFETT: Well, it will offer the investor more opportunities actually — (laughs) — if they can keep their wits about them — if you have wild speculation. I mean, we — Charlie just mentioned earlier, you know, that if we get into periods that are very tough, Berkshire certainly will do reasonably well because it won’t — we won’t be — we won’t get fearful. And fear spreads like you cannot believe until you’ve seen a few examples of it. At the start of September 2008, you had 35 million people with their money in money market funds with $3 1/2 trillion in them. And none of them were afraid that that dollar wasn’t going to be a dollar when they went to cash in their money market fund. And three weeks later, they were all terrified, and 175 billion flowed out in three days. And so the way the public can react is really extreme in markets. And that actually offers opportunities for investors. You’ll never — people like action and they like to gamble. And if they think there’s easy money to be made, a lot of them, you’ll get a rush to it.

And for a while it will be self-fulfilling and create new converts until the day of reckoning comes. They’ll — Just keep preaching investing, and if the market swings around a lot, you’ll keep adding a few people here and there to a group that recognizes that markets are there to be taken advantage of, rather than to instruct you as to what is going on. OK. Andrew? Anything more on that, Charlie?

CHARLIE MUNGER: We’ve done a lot of preaching, Warren, without much effect.

WARREN BUFFETT: Right. And that’s probably good, from our standpoint.


21. 我们不会因税法变化而做任何不同的事

沃伦·巴菲特: 好的。安德鲁?

安德鲁·罗斯·索金: 谢谢,沃伦。这个问题来自瑞安·普林斯。“唐纳德·特朗普总统和他的顾问们一直在谈论提出一项重大的投资税收抵免,以激励长期企业固定资本投资。“伯克希尔旗下BNSF铁路公司拥有庞大的基础设施投资组合,需要大规模的常规日常维护投资。“从投资资本回报率和时间安排的角度来看,投资税收抵免会对BNSF的资本投资决策产生什么影响?同样重要的是,鉴于当前的经济和就业状况,这种税收抵免是否会沦为对原本强制性的维护性资本投资的补贴,还是成为刺激投资的适当激励?”

沃伦·巴菲特: 是的,嗯,这完全取决于它如何措辞——你知道,因为——我们国家有过投资税收抵免,也有过奖金折旧。这是它的另一种形式。我们——我们确实获得额外的首年折旧。这不会太影响我们的计算。你知道,实际上——至少在伯克希尔层面,我从未因为投资税收抵免或加速折旧而指示任何人做任何不同的事情。在运营公司层面可能会做一些计算。在像风电和太阳能项目这样的事情上肯定如此。它们目前依赖于税法。也许有一天它们不再依赖,但如果没有税法的一些补贴,它们就不会被完成。但我想说的是,如果你改变折旧时间表,你知道,双倍折旧——三倍折旧——我们会在铁路上做我们需要做的事情,使其更安全、更高效,即使只有普通折旧。我怀疑是否会有显著差异。

显然,如果你要买一批飞机,而法律将在12月31日改变,数学上等到1月1日或这个12月31日做更好,你会做那种计算。但我不记得,这么多年来,我曾向我们的经理们发出任何信息说:“让我们这样做,因为税法正在改变或可能改变”之类的。正如我之前提到的,如果你认为资本利得税率会在某个时间点改变,那会有一点变化。显然,如果税率要降低,你会提前实现亏损,可能推迟收益一点点。这就是为什么,实际上,如果参议院和众议院的税务委员会正在研究什么,如果主席们说,“如果我们做出任何改变,我们可能会使用这个生效日期”之类的,那可能会有用。

我认为他们过去做过几次。我们不是——大的税收驱动项目是——在风电和太阳能领域。这是一个具体的政策,因为政府决定他们想推动人们——或者社会决定——他们想推动人们走向这些形式的发电。而市场系统不会自动做到这一点。也许有一天市场系统会自己做到。我们不会做出大的改变。而且这本身就非常投机,即使只是关于法律会是什么。但除此之外,如果法律变得不那么投机,看起来真的有什么东西要通过了,它一点也不会对我们产生大的影响。查理?

查理·芒格: 没什么要补充的。我们不会因为一些小的税收调整而改变伯克希尔——在铁路——的任何事情。

沃伦·巴菲特: 是的,如果我们需要修理一座桥,我们会修理桥,你知道。如果我们需要经常进行大量的轨道维护等等。我只是不认为[BNSF的]马特[罗斯]和我自从我们拥有铁路以来曾经谈论过这个,但是——

原文

21. We don’t do anything differently due to tax law changes

WARREN BUFFETT: OK. Andrew?

ANDREW ROSS SORKIN: Thank you, Warren. This question comes from Ryan Prince (PH). “President Donald Trump and his advisors have talked about proposing a substantial investment tax credit to provide incentives for long-term corporate fixed capital investment. “In BNSF, Berkshire owns a sprawling infrastructure portfolio requiring regular routine maintenance investment of substantial scale. “What impact would an investment tax credit have on BNSF’s capital investment decisionmaking, from a return on investment capital perspective, as well as in terms of timing? “And just as importantly, given the current economy and employment picture, would such a tax credit amount to a subsidization of otherwise mandatory maintenance capital investment or a proper incentive to stimulate investment?”

WARREN BUFFETT: Yeah, well, it would all depend on how it was worded — you know, because — we’ve had investment tax credits in this country, and we’ve had bonus depreciation. It’s another form of it. We — and we do get extra first-year depreciation. That does not enter into our calculation very much. You know, in fact — certainly at the Berkshire level, I’ve never instructed anybody to do anything different because of investment tax credits or accelerated depreciation. There may be some calculations done down at the operating company level. It’s certainly true in something like wind projects and solar projects. They are dependent on the tax law, currently. There may come a time when they aren’t, but they wouldn’t have been done without some subsidization through the tax law. But I would say, if you change the depreciation schedules and, you know, double depreciation — triple depreciation, for — that — we’re going to do what we need to do at the railroad to make it safer and more efficient if we just had ordinary depreciation. And I doubt if there’d be any dramatic differences.

Obviously, if you were going to, say, buy a bunch of planes and the law was going to change on December 31st, and the math made it better to wait till January 1st or do it this December 31st, you make that kind of calculation. But I can’t recall, in all the years, that I’ve ever sent out anything to our managers saying, “Let’s do this because the tax law is being changed or might be changed,” or something of the sort. As I mentioned earlier, it changes just a little bit if you think there’s going to be a change in capital gains rates at a given time. Obviously if it’s going to — the rate’s going to be lowered, you would take losses ahead of time and defer gains, maybe, a little. And that’s why it’s useful, actually, if the tax committees in the Senate and the House are working on something, it might be useful if the chairmans would say that, “If we do make any changes, we’re likely to use this effective date,” or something of the sort.

And I think they’ve done that a few times in the past. We are not, the big tax-driven item — is — in wind and solar. And that is a specific policy, because the government has decided they want to move people — or society has decided — they want to move people toward those forms of electric generation. And the market system wouldn’t do it. And there may come a time when the market system will do it all by itself. We won’t make big changes. And it’s so speculative anyway, in terms of even what the law would be. But beyond that, if it becomes less speculative as the law and it really looks like something is going through, it doesn’t change us big time at all. Charlie?

CHARLIE MUNGER: Nothing to add. We’re not going to change anything at the Berkshire — at the railroad — for some little tax jiggle.

WARREN BUFFETT: Yeah, if we need a bridge repaired, we’re going to repair the bridge, you know. And if need — we need a lot of track maintenance all the time and that sort of thing. And it just, I don’t think [BNSF’s] Matt [Rose] and I have ever had a talk about it since we’ve owned the railroad, but —


22. BNSF的煤炭运输收入将下降

沃伦·巴菲特: 格雷格?

格雷格·沃伦: 沃伦,我的问题也与伯灵顿北方铁路有关。尽管现任政府认为他们可以重振煤炭行业,但市场力量继续导致该行业的衰落。虽然美国90%的煤炭消费是由发电驱动的,但天然气更便宜、燃烧更清洁,可再生能源发电随着风能和太阳能规模化并成为更便宜的替代品,已经重塑了部分市场。这给伯灵顿北方铁路带来了问题,煤炭运输去年仅占该铁路运量和收入的18%,低于前十年这两项指标平均24%的水平。虽然部分原因是过去几个冬天煤炭库存的大量积累,这些库存似乎终于开始消化,但您对煤炭对BNSF长期贡献的预期是什么?我知道该铁路目前处理一些通过加拿大太平洋海岸港口出口的货物,但那里会有足够的增长来抵消国内需求吗?或者BNSF是否需要更多地依赖多式联运等细分市场来弥补煤炭运量的下降?

沃伦·巴菲特: 是的,答案是煤炭——煤炭会随着时间的推移而下降。我认为这没什么疑问。任何特定年份的具体情况与天然气的价格非常重要相关。我的意思是,现在有——需求比去年有所上升——相当多——因为天然气价格在3.15或3.20美元,公用事业公司在许多情况下用煤发电比用天然气便宜得多。而在2美元时,则全部会是天然气。但随着时间的推移,煤炭——在我看来——作为铁路收入的一部分,几乎肯定会下降。下降的速度,你知道,你不能——发电厂不是一夜之间建成的。所以你无法预测速度。如果天然气足够便宜,你会看到大规模转回天然气。所以煤炭是——煤炭作为收入的一部分,将大幅下降。

你知道,当然在10年内这将相当显著,具体每年谁知道呢。我们正在寻找除了煤炭之外的其他增长来源。如果你依赖煤炭,你就有问题。查理?

查理·芒格: 嗯——如果你看极长期,我认为所有碳氢化合物都会被使用,包括所有的煤。所以我认为,最终,这些碳氢化合物是人类的巨大资源,我认为我们没有好的替代品。我从不介意把它们留给下一代。我不喜欢很快用完它们。所以,我在这件事上经常独行其道。人们认为所有这些碳氢化合物都会被搁置,整个世界都会改变。我认为我们迟早会用尽每一滴碳氢化合物。我们会把它们用作化工原料。我认为所有这些事情都非常难以预测。我一点也不确定——我最终预计天然气会相当短缺。

沃伦·巴菲特: 储能的变化会带来很大的不同。几年内,我们将从风能在爱荷华州产生与我们的客户使用的几乎一样多的电力——或者实际上一样多。但风只有大约35%的时间在吹,或者类似的情况。有时风太大。但储能,你知道,24小时全天候,是一个真正的问题,即使我们有能力,就像我说的,在爱荷华州在不久的将来基本上产生自给自足的量。煤炭——今年我们在BNSF上的煤炭运输量上升了相当多。但去年它们非常低,正如你所说,库存增加然后有所下降。它们仍然偏高。但在我看来——查理对此有更长期的看法——在我看来,我们10年或20年后运输的煤炭会比现在少得多。另一方面,我认为在其他长途运输方面有一些不错的前景。

我的意思是,这是长途运输大宗商品的相当便宜的方式。铁路就是。我认为这是一个好生意,但它的煤炭部分将会减少。

原文

22. Coal shipment revenues will drop for BNSF

WARREN BUFFETT: Gregg?

GREGG WARREN: Warren, my question also relates to Burlington Northern. Despite the current administration’s belief that they can bring the coal industry back, market forces continue to lead

2017年年度股东大会

第3部分,共7部分

查理·芒格:是的。我们努力为世界树立一个好榜样。我认为,如果伯克希尔没有一点教学精神,我们就不会举办这样大型的股东大会。我多年来一直在密切关注这一点。我认为这正是我们试图做的,就是树立一个恰当的榜样。保持理智。保持诚实。是的。(掌声)所以我为伯克希尔感到自豪,而且我们卖掉可口可乐的话,我也不太担心。(笑声)

原文

CHARLIE MUNGER: Yeah. We’re trying to be a good example for the world. I don’t think we’d be having these big shareholders meetings if there weren’t a little bit of teaching ethos in Berkshire. And I’ve watched it closely for a long time. I’d argue that that’s what we’re trying to do, is set a proper example. Stay sane. Be honest. Yeah. (Applause) So I’m proud of Berkshire, and I don’t worry too much if we sell Coca-Cola. (Laughter)

沃伦·巴菲特:我——我想说,你知道,GEICO是一家经营得非常出色的公司,即使它是上市公司,也会经营得非常出色。但它已经从汽车保险市场2%多一点的份额增长到了12%。部分原因——尽管真正关键的是GEICO和托尼·奈斯利——但部分原因在于,当其他——至少是我们的两家竞争对手——而且是大型竞争对手——表示,如果它们不降低对新业务的兴趣,它们就无法实现利润目标时——那是八到十个月前的事了——我认为我们加大投入的商业决策是更好的商业决策。但我认为,如果GEICO是一家上市公司,它做出这个决定会比它是伯克希尔的一部分时更困难。因为我们只考虑GEICO在五年或十年后会在哪里,如果这需要获取新业务——我们想要新业务成本,这会在短期损害我们的盈利。而其他人有不同压力。

我不是在争论他们如何表现,因为他们的利益相关方与GEICO在伯克希尔、以及伯克希尔对其股东的情况不同。我认为在那个情况下,我们的体系更优越。但这并不是因为我们工作更努力。查理和我几乎什么都不做。(笑声)

原文

WARREN BUFFETT: We — I would say, you know, GEICO is an extraordinarily well-run company and it would be extraordinarily well-run if it were public. But it has gone from 2-and-a-fraction percent of the auto insurance market to 12 percent. And part of the reason, a small part — the real key is GEICO and Tony Nicely — but part of the reason is that when other — at least two of our competitors — and big competitors — said that they would not meet their profit objectives if they didn’t lighten up their interest in new business, eight or 10 months ago, I think our business decision to step on the gas is a better business decision. But I think that GEICO, as a public company, would have more trouble making that decision than they do when they’re part of GEICO [Berkshire]. Because we are thinking about nothing but where GEICO’s going to be in five or 10 years, and if that requires having new— we want new business cost to penalize our earnings in the shortterm. And other people have different pressures.

I’m not arguing about how the —how they behave, because they have a different constituency than GEICO has with Berkshire and what Berkshire has with its shareholders, in turn. And I think in that case, our system’s superior. But it’s not because we work harder. Charlie and I don’t do hardly anything. (Laughter)

25. 结构性结算利率

沃伦·巴菲特:乔纳森?

乔纳森·布兰特:您能谈谈您的定期年金赔付业务吗?这些合同的加权平均利率是4.1%,在当前的利率环境下听起来并不是特别有吸引力。这些负债的久期是否足够长,使其成为有吸引力的资金成本?或者这些合同主要是在利率较高时执行的?

沃伦·巴菲特:嗯,这些合同——主要被称为结构性结算。当一个年轻人遭遇严重车祸或其他什么——可能是在法院或真正关心受害方利益的家人敦促下——他们可能会将一大笔赔偿金(可能针对保险公司),比如100万美元或200万美元,转换为受害方余生中的定期付款。我们为其他保险公司发行这些。实际上,有时法院会指示——或强烈暗示——伯克希尔应该是发行这些的一方,因为你谈论的是某人30、40或50年后的生活。而法院、律师或家人希望非常、非常确定做出承诺的人届时仍然存在并能履行承诺。伯克希尔在这方面有优势。我们——回答你的问题,强尼——我们寻求更长期限的情况。我们一直如此。

我们必须对死亡率做出假设,还必须——然后决定我们以什么利率来做。4.1%显然是多年许多合同的混合平均利率。我们每周可能承保3000万,2000万到3000万这样的业务,寻找长期限的。所以,如果取15年左右的平均值,我们就会得出这样的数字。我们随时根据利率调整。这样做时,我们假设我们赚的钱会超过这些结构性结算中包含的成本。这是一项业务——我认为我们现在有六七十亿美元了。我们会继续做。顺便说一句,这六七十亿美元中,很可能有很大一部分我们还没有支付任何款项。可能其他人负责早期的支付。它们肯定集中在远期的期限。所以这是一项我们十年或二十年后还会从事的业务。

我们有一些天然优势,因为人们比信任其他公司更信任我们来支付这些款项。考验在于,随着时间的推移,我们是否能获得高于支付给受害方的回报。这是我们愿意下的赌注。但如果利率长期维持在目前水平——假设我们将资金保留在固定收益工具中——我们会——我们会有一些损失。顺便说一句,我们为费用预留了准备金,因为我们最终会按月向这些人付款。我们必须跟踪他们是否还活着。因为你不能指望每月收到支票的死者亲属会及时通知你这个人已经去世。但随着时间的推移,这个数字会上升。如果利率保持不变,随着我们增加新业务,4.1%会略微下降。

原文

25. Structured settlements interest rate

WARREN BUFFETT: Jonathan?

JONATHAN BRANDT: Could you please talk about your periodic payment annuity business? The weighted average interest rate on these contracts is 4.1 percent, which doesn’t sound particularly attractive given the current interest rate environment. Is the duration of these liabilities long enough to make that an attractive cost of funds? Or were these contracts executed primarily when rates were higher?

WARREN BUFFETT: Well, those contracts — these are what are called structured settlements, primarily. And when somebody young has a terrible auto accident or whatever it may be — perhaps urged by the court, urged by family members who really do have the interest of the injured party at heart, or — they may convert what could be a large sum settlement, probably against the insurance company — you know, maybe a million dollars, maybe $2 million — into periodic payments for the rest of the life of the injured party. And we issue those for other insurance companies. In fact, sometimes the court directs that Berkshire — or hints strongly — that Berkshire should be the one to issue those, because you’re talking about somebody’s life 30 or 40 or 50 years from now. And the court, or the lawyer, or the family, they want to be very, very sure that whoever makes that promise is going to be around to keep it. And Berkshire has a preferred position in that. We look — to get to your question, Jonny — we look for taking the longer maturity situations. We always have.

And we have to make assumptions about mortality, and we have to make — and then we have to decide at what interest rate we’ll do it. The 4.1 is a mix of a lot of contracts over a lot of years, obviously. We write maybe 30 million of these, 20 to 30 million a week, looking for the long maturities. And so, if you take an average of 15 years, or something of the sort, that’s how we come up with that sort of a figure. We adjust them to interest rates at all times. And when doing that, we’re making an assumption that we’re going to earn more money that — than is inherent in the cost of these structured settlements. It’s a business we’ve — I think we’ve got six or seven billion up now. And we’ll keep doing them. And incidentally, probably a significant percentage of the six or seven billion, we’re not yet paying anything on. Somebody else may have the earlier payments. And they’re certainly weighted far out. So it’s a business that we’ll be in 10 or 20 years from now.

We’ve got some natural advantage, because people trust us more than any other company to make those payments. And the test is whether we earn, over time, a return above that which we’re paying to the injured party. And that’s a bet we’re willing to make. But if interest rates continued at present levels for a long time — we would, assuming we kept the money in fixed-income instruments — we would — we’d have some loss in that. We’ve got an allowance in there for the expenses, incidentally, because we do make monthly payments to these people, eventually. And we have to keep track of whether they’re still alive or not. Because you cannot count on the relatives of somebody that’s deceased when a check is coming in every month to notify you promptly that the person has become deceased. But it’s — it’ll — That number will go up over time. If interest rates stay where they are, that 4.1 will come down a little bit as we add new business.

26. USG投资并非”伟大”,但也不是”灾难”

沃伦·巴菲特:好的。7号台。

观众成员:谢谢巴菲特先生和芒格先生所做的一切,以及有机会从你们的投资和生活方式中学到更多。我叫哈里·洪,是不列颠哥伦比亚省温哥华的一名呼吸科医生。问题是关于2001年,您对USG进行了初始投资,不久后该公司因不断累积的石棉负债而宣布破产。您持有这些股票经历了破产过程,尽管标准观念认为第11章破产中的股权通常一文不值。您能解释为什么USG的股权是安全的投资吗?

沃伦·巴菲特:嗯,我不太记得当时的所有细节了。

查理·芒格:当时非常便宜。(笑声)非常便宜。(笑声)

沃伦·巴菲特:是的,但我要说的是。USG,我们拥有——我不确定具体比例,但比例很高。我不知道——

查理·芒格:大约20%之类的。

沃伦·巴菲特:可能是30%左右。但USG总体而言令人失望,因为石膏业务一直令人失望。而且我认为——我可能错了——他们破产了两次,第一次是因为石棉问题,后来是因为债务太多。所以这不是一项出色的投资。如果石膏价格达到过去某些年份的水平,结果会好得多。

查理·芒格:但并不糟糕。

沃伦·巴菲特:不,并不糟糕,但石膏——石膏价格曾经多次大幅下跌,而且石膏产能过剩。然后当价格回升时,管理层——不一定是USG,但可能包括USG——他们对未来需求变得过于乐观。从历史上看,他们喜欢建新工厂。在这样一个行业,供应——潜在供应——在很多年里显著大于需求。我的意思是,自2008和2009年以来,房屋开工数远未恢复到人们预期的水平。所以石膏价格上涨了,但并不显著。所以把这个记作不是我们的好主意之一。不是我的好主意之一。查理没有参与那个。但也不是灾难。

查理·芒格:不是。它是——

原文

26. USG investment not “great,” but not a “disaster”

WARREN BUFFETT: OK. Station 7.

AUDIENCE MEMBER: Thank you, Mr. Buffett and Mr. Munger, for all you’ve done and the opportunity to learn even more from your approach to investing and life. My name’s Harry Hong, and I’m a respirologist from Vancouver, British Columbia. The question involves, back in 2001, you made an initial investment in USG, shortly before the company declared bankruptcy due to the mounting asbestos liability. You held those shares through the bankruptcy process, even though standard wisdom says that the equity in Chapter 11 is usually worthless. Can you explain why USG’s equity was a safe investment?

WARREN BUFFETT: Well, I don’t really remember all the details then.

CHARLIE MUNGER: It was very cheap. (Laughter) Very cheap. (Laughter)

WARREN BUFFETT: Yeah, but I would say this. USG, we own — I’m not sure what percent, but it’s very significant percentage. I don’t know what —

CHARLIE MUNGER: Twenty percent, or something.

WARREN BUFFETT: Probably 30 percent or something like that. But USG, overall, has just been disappointing because the gypsum business has been disappointing. And I think — I may be wrong — I think they went bankrupt twice, first from asbestos going back and then, subsequently, because they just had too much debt. So it has not been a brilliant investment. Now if gypsum prices were at levels that they were in some years in the past, it would have worked out a lot better.

CHARLIE MUNGER: But it hasn’t been terrible.

WARREN BUFFETT: No, it hasn’t been terrible, but it — gypsum took — has taken a real dive several times, and there has been too much gypsum capacity. And then when it comes back, the managements have been — not necessarily at USG, but including USG perhaps — they’ve gotten more optimistic about future demand than they should have. And it — And they like — going back historically a way — they like to build new plants. And it’s a business where the supply has been significantly — potential supply — has been significantly greater than demand in a lot of years. I mean, it — You’ve seen housing starts in — since 2008 and 2009 — not come back anywhere near as much as people anticipated. So gypsum prices have moved up but not dramatically. So just put that one down as not one of our great ideas. Not one of my great ideas. Charlie wasn’t involved in that. It’s no disaster, though.

CHARLIE MUNGER: No it isn’t. It’s —

27. 有了阿吉特·贾恩,“出色”的保险业务更加出色

沃伦·巴菲特:贝基?贝基·奎克(离麦克风):这个问题——

沃伦·巴菲特:哦。

贝基·奎克:喂?好了。

沃伦·巴菲特:好的。

贝基·奎克:这个问题来自德国的阿克塞尔·迈尔西克,他写道:“如果阿吉特·贾恩退休——但愿不会——或升迁,对保险业务会有什么影响,无论是在承保利润方面,还是在浮存金发展方面?”

沃伦·巴菲特:嗯,没有人——没有人能取代阿吉特。我的意思是,根本没法比。但我们的保险业务非常出色。真的,除了阿吉特之外,它已经很出色了,加上阿吉特那就是出色得平方了。有些事情只有他能做。但我们的保险业务中也有很多制度化的事情,很多方面我们也有非常能干的管理层。例如,阿吉特几年前收购了一家大家可能都没听说过的公司,叫Guard Insurance,主要从事工人赔偿保险。它的总部在宾夕法尼亚州的威尔克斯-巴里,这有点出人意料。它在威尔克斯-巴里扩张得很快。它一直是一颗宝石。阿吉特监管它,但我们有一个非常出色的负责人管理它。几年前我们收购了Medical Protective。蒂姆·凯尼西在管理它。阿吉特监管它,但蒂姆·凯尼西无论有没有阿吉特,都能管理好一家出色的保险公司。

但他足够聪明,意识到如果有像阿吉特这样的人愿意在一定程度上进行监管,那很棒。但蒂姆本人就是一位伟大的保险管理者,Medical Protective对我们来说一直是一项出色的业务。大多数人不知道我们拥有它。这家公司实际上可以追溯到19世纪。我们有很多好的业务。如果你看年度报告中”其他”部分——保险公司——总的来说,那是一家出色的保险公司。很少有像它这样的。GEICO是一家出色的公司。所以,阿吉特为伯克希尔赚的钱可能比我多。但即使没有他,我们仍然拥有我认为世界上最好的财产意外险业务。有了他,你知道,没有人——我认为没有人能接近我们。查理?

查理·芒格:嗯,几年前,加州对工人赔偿法做了一点改动,阿吉特立刻看到这将导致承保结果发生巨大变化。他从一个很小的市场份额,变成了10%的市场份额,这很大,他就像是打了个响指,就从空气中抓住了至少几十亿美元。当情况变得艰难时,他退出了。我们没有很多像阿吉特这样的人。很难只是打个响指就从空气中抓住几十亿美元。(笑声)

沃伦·巴菲特:嗯,实际上,加州工人赔偿保险——Guard已经进入了那个领域。我们有很多非常出色的保险管理者。我的意思是,我不知道哪里还有更好的集合。阿吉特找到了其中一些。我也有过几次运气。比如,U.S. Liability的汤姆·纳尼,那是15、16年前的事了。他的业务非常出色。规模不大,但管理得非常好。人们甚至不知道我们拥有这些东西。但如果你看最后一行——现在我们又增加了彼得·伊斯特伍德的伯克希尔哈撒韦专业保险公司。我告诉你,这些都是真正的好生意。(笑)当你能产生承保能力,并且在此基础上还能带来更多的浮存金——我们没多少这样的生意。这些都是伟大的生意。

我们有一千亿——不管多少——超过一千亿美元的资金我们可以用来赚取收益,同时,总体上,总的来说,我们持有这些资金很可能还能额外赚一些钱。如果有人能交给你1040亿美元,还付钱让你持有,而你还能投资并获得收益,那真是个好生意。现在,大多数人在这个领域做得不好。问题在于,我刚才描述的情况会诱惑很多人进入这个领域。最近,有些人进入这个领域,实际上只是为了投资管理。这是一种在离岸赚钱的方式。我们不做这个,但小型公司可以通过投资经理做到。所以这个领域竞争很激烈。但我们有一些根本性的优势,而且在某些领域,我们有绝对出色的管理者来最大化这些优势。我们会充分利用这一点。

原文

27. “Terrific” insurance operations are even better with Ajit Jain

WARREN BUFFETT: Becky? BECKY QUICK (off microphone): This question — this question —

WARREN BUFFETT: Oh.

BECKY QUICK: Hello? Oh, there we go.

WARREN BUFFETT: OK.

BECKY QUICK: This question comes from Axel Meyersiek in Germany who writes, “If Ajit Jain were to retire, God forbid, be promoted, what would be the impact on the insurance operations, both with regards to underwriting profit as well as the development of float?”

WARREN BUFFETT: Well, nobody will — could possibly replace Ajit. I mean, it just — you can’t come close. But we have a terrific operation in insurance. We really do, outside of Ajit, and it’s terrificsquared with Ajit. There are things only he can do. But there are a lot of things that are institutionalized, a lot of things in our insurance business, where we’ve got extraordinarily able management, too. So Ajit, for example, bought a company that nobody here has heard of, probably, called Guard Insurance a few years ago, based in worker’s comp, primarily. It’s based in — improbably — in Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania. And it’s expanding like crazy in Wilkes-Barre. And it — it’s been a gem. And Ajit oversees it, but we’ve got a terrific person running it. And we bought Medical Protective some years ago. Tim Kenesey runs that. Ajit oversees it, but Tim Kenesey can run a terrific insurance company, with or without Ajit.

But he’s smart enough to realize that, if you got somebody like Ajit that’s willing to oversee it to a degree, that’s great. But Tim is a great insurance manager all by himself, and Medical Protective has been a wonderful business for us. Most people don’t know we own it. The company goes back into the 19th century, actually. We’ve got a lot of good operations. If you look at that section of the annual report called “Other” — insurance company, I mean that is — in aggregate, that is a wonderful insurance company. There’s very few like it. GEICO is a terrific company. So, Ajit has made more money for Berkshire than I have, probably. But we’ve still got what I would consider the world’s best property-casualty insurance operation, even without him. And with him, you know, it — nobody, I don’t think anybody comes close. Charlie?

CHARLIE MUNGER: Well, a few years ago, California made a little change in its workmen’s compensation law, and Ajit saw instantly that it would cause the underwriting results to change drastically. And he went from a tiny percent of the market, (inaudible) 10 percent of the market, which is big, and he just grasped a couple billion dollars, at least, out of the air, like it was snapping his fingers. And when it got tough, he pulled back. We don’t have a lot of people like Ajit. It’s hard to just snap your fingers and grab a couple billion dollars out of the air. (Laughter)

WARREN BUFFETT: Well, we’ve — actually, the California Workers’ Comp (inaudible), Guard has moved into that. I — we have got a lot of terrific insurance managers. I mean, I don’t know of a better collection any place. And Ajit has found some of those. I’ve gotten lucky a few times. I mean, Tom Nerney at U.S. Liability, that goes back, what, 15, 16 years. He has a terrific operation. It’s not huge, but it is so well-managed. And people don’t even know we own these things. But if you look at that last line — and now we’ve added Peter Eastwood with Berkshire Hathaway Specialty. And these are really good businesses, I got to tell you. (Laughs) When you can produce underwriting prowess, and on top of that just hand more float — we don’t have many businesses like that. Those are great businesses.

We’ve got a hundred — you know, whatever it is — a hundred billion-plus of money that we get to earn on, while at the same time, overall, you know, on balance, we’re likely to make some additional money for holding it. And if you can get somebody to hand you $104 billion and pay you to hold it while you get to invest and get the proceeds, it’s a good business. Now, most people don’t do well at it. And, you know, the problem is that what I just described tempts lots of people to get into it. And recently, people have gotten into it, really, just for the investment management. It’s a way to earn money offshore. And we don’t do that, but it can be done for small companies with investment managers. So there’s a lot of competition in it. But we have some fundamental advantages, plus we have — in certain areas — plus we have absolutely terrific managers to maximize those advantages. And we’re going to make the most of it.

28. 卡夫亨氏费城奶油芝士产品推广

沃伦·巴菲特:有人刚递给我一件卡夫亨氏推出的东西。他们几天前——也许是几周前——刚刚在商业上推出。在董事会上他们有这个。我吃了三个。我相信现场可能有一两位成员不赞成,但——(笑声)——我告诉你们,这东西很好吃。这是一个芝士蛋糕组合,配上浇头和费城奶油芝士,所以你可以自己制作芝士蛋糕。我想我可以一边听查理说话一边吃——(笑声)——你们可以在中场休息时拿到。它卖得很好。而且,为了让你们不那么有罪恶感,我想这个樱桃味的是170卡路里。就像我说的,我在这里吃了三个。我不介意甜点吃五六百卡路里,你知道。(笑声)我会让别人吃西兰花,我吃甜点。

(笑声)所以我们会吃这个,你们也在中场休息时吃——我想他们带来了8000到9000个。如果没吃完,我会失望的。实际上,我是对你们失望,不是对他们。(笑声)

原文

28. Promo for Kraft Heinz Philadelphia Cream Cheese product

WARREN BUFFETT: I’ve just been handed something Kraft Heinz came out with. They just came out with it commercially a couple days — a few days ago, maybe a few weeks ago. At the directors’ meeting they had this. I had three of these. I’m sure that there’s a member or two of the audience that may not approve of it, but they — (laughter) — I got to tell you folks, it’s good. It’s a cheesecake arrangement with topping and Philadelphia Cream Cheese (Inaudible), so you create your own cheesecake. And I thought that I can eat it while Charlie’s talking. And — (laughter) — you’ll be able to get it at the halftime. It’s selling very well. And I think, just so you don’t feel too guilty, I think it’s 170 calories for this cherry one. Like I say, I had three of these here. I don’t mind having five- or 600 calories for dessert, you know. (Laughter) I’ll let somebody else eat the broccoli and I’ll have the dessert.

(Laughter) So we’ll be eating this, but you, too, at halftime — I think they brought 8- or 9,000 of these. I’ll be disappointed if we don’t run out. Actually, I’ll be disappointed in you, not them. (Laughter)

29. 子公司经理并非在竞争巴菲特的职位

沃伦·巴菲特:好的。杰伊?

杰伊·格尔布:这个问题是关于继任计划的。沃伦,今年年度报告中,按名字提到的最优秀的伯克希尔经理人似乎少了。这是否意味着您在改变关于伯克希尔下一任CEO继任计划的信息?

沃伦·巴菲特:嗯,答案是否定的。我没注意到按名字提到的少了。我写那封信,然后发给卡罗尔,她告诉我:“回去工作吧。“(笑)我其实没怎么想有多少人被点名。我要说的是,这绝对是真的。我们从未有过比现在更多的好经理——这是因为我们有了更多的好公司——但我们从未有过比现在更多的好经理,所以——但继任与此无关。查理?

查理·芒格:嗯,我当然同意这一点。我们似乎没有很多20岁的人。(笑声)

沃伦·巴菲特:当然不在前排桌子上。(笑声)不,我们有一群非常出色的好经理,这就是为什么我们可以通过”放手”来管理。如果有一大群人是冲着得到我的职位来的,那就不行了。我的意思是,如果我们有50个人,都想要管理伯克希尔哈撒韦,那不会运作得很好。但——他们拥有他们生活中想要的工作。托尼·奈斯利热爱管理GEICO。你知道,你可以一个一个往下看。他们拥有他们热爱的工作。在我看来,这比有一大群人,做着他们的工作,却希望与他们竞争的人失败,以便当我不在的时候,他们能得到点头要好得多。这与大多数美国公司的体系截然不同。查理,有什么要说的吗?

原文

29. Subsidiary managers aren’t competing for Buffett’s job

WARREN BUFFETT: OK. Jay?

JAY GELB: This question is on the topic of succession planning. Warren, there seem to be fewer mentions, by name, of top-performing Berkshire managers in this year’s annual letter. Does this mean you’re changing your message regarding the succession plan for Berkshire’s next CEO?

WARREN BUFFETT: Well, the answer to that’s no. And I didn’t realize there were fewer mentions by name. I write that thing out and send it to Carol [Loomis], and she tells me, “Go back to work.” (Laughs) I don’t actually think that much about how many personally get named. I would say this. And this is absolutely true. We have never had more good managers — now, it’s because we’ve got more good companies — but we have never had more good managers than we have now, so I — but it has nothing to do with succession. Charlie?

CHARLIE MUNGER: Well, I certainly agree with that. We don’t seem to have a whole lot of 20year-olds. (Laughter)

WARREN BUFFETT: Certainly not at the front table. (Laughter) No, we’ve got an extraordinary group of good managers, which is why we can manage by abdication. It wouldn’t work if we had a whole bunch of people who were — had come with the idea of getting my job. I mean, if we had 50 people out there, all of who wanted to be running Berkshire Hathaway, it would not work very well. And — But they have the jobs they want in life. Tony Nicely loves running GEICO. You know, it — then you go down the line. They have jobs they love. And that’s a lot better, in my view, than having a whole bunch of them out there that are kind of doing their job there kind of hoping the guys competing with them will fail so that, when I’m not around, that they’ll get the nod. It’s a much different system than exists at most American corporations. Charlie, got anything?

30. 伯克希尔的收购优势:“就是没有其他人了”

沃伦·巴菲特:好的,我们到8号台。

观众成员:沃伦和查理,你们好。我叫魏薇琪,是沃顿商学院的MBA学生。这是我第一次参加——参加年会。我真的很兴奋。谢谢你们让我们来这里。我的——

沃伦·巴菲特:谢谢你来。

观众成员:我的问题是,未来三到五年你们想去哪里”钓鱼”?你们最看好哪些行业,最不看好哪些行业?谢谢。

沃伦·巴菲特:是的。查理和我实际上不太讨论行业。我们也不让宏观环境或对其的思考进入我们的决策。我们真的是机会主义者。我们——显然,我们一直在关注各种生意。我的意思是,这几乎是我们的爱好——可能对我比对查理更是如此。但我们希望接到电话,我们有一堆过滤器。我想这对我们俩来说都是如此。我们可能在五分钟或更短的时间内就知道某件事是否可能——或有合理机会——发生。而它就会通过过滤器,第一个问题是:“我们真的能足够了解这件事来做出决定吗?“你知道,这排除了很多很多事。剩下一些。如果它能通过这个,那么我们有相当好的——合理的可能性我们会——我们可能会做点什么。但不是针对特定行业。

它——我们喜欢那些产品周围有护城河的公司,显然,消费者行为也许可以更远地预测。但我要说的是,对于我们来说,预测消费者行为比二三十年前我们可能想象的要更难了。我认为现在这个游戏更难了。但我们会衡量它,我们会从现有资本回报率和预期资本回报率的角度来看它。我们可能——我们可以——很多人甚至在前五分钟的谈话中就会给你一些信号,表明他们是哪种人,以及你是否可能随着时间的推移与他们有令人满意的安排。所以很多事情发生得很快,但它——我们知道我们喜欢进入哪种行业——或者我们最终想进入哪种类型的企业。但我们不会真的说:“我们要去追求这个领域或那个领域或另一个领域的公司。“查理,你想说吗?

查理·芒格:是的。我们的一些子公司会做一些有意义的补强收购,这一直在进行。当然,我们喜欢这样——但我要说的是,收购整个公司这个领域已经变得竞争非常激烈了。有一个庞大的行业在做这些杠杆收购——我还是这么叫它们。做这个的人认为这是个不好的标签,所以他们说自己做私募股权。你知道,就像清洁工自称是总工程师什么的。(笑声)但无论如何,做杠杆收购的人,他们几乎可以通过影子银行在一周左右内为任何事情融资。他们可以支付非常高的价格,获得非常好的条件等等。所以,收购企业非常非常困难。我们做得不错,因为有一小部分人不愿意卖给私募股权。

他们如此热爱自己的生意,以至于不希望它只是被包装后转售。

沃伦·巴菲特:几年前,有个人来见我,他当时61岁。他说:“你看,我有一家好公司。我有我可能需要的一切钱。“但他说:“我开车上班时只有一件事让我担心。“实际上,不止一个人用同样的说法告诉过我。他说:“我去上班时只有一件事困扰我。你知道,如果我今天出了什么事,我的妻子就惨了。你知道,我见过这些情况,公司里的高管试图廉价收购它,或者他们卖给竞争对手,然后所有人——“他说:“我不想把公司留给她。我想决定它去哪里,但我想继续经营它,而且我热爱它。”

他说:“我考虑过卖给竞争对手,但如果我卖给竞争对手,你知道,他们的CFO会成为新公司的CFO,等等等等。所有这些帮助我建立公司的人,你知道,他们——很多人会被解雇。我会带着一大笔钱离开,而他们中的一些人会失去工作。“他说:“我不想那样做。“他说:“我可以把它卖给杠杆收购公司,他们更喜欢自称私募股权,但他们会最大限度地加杠杆,然后转售。他们会做一些包装,但最终,它不会在同一个地方。我不知道它最终会去哪里。“他说:“我不想那样做。”

所以他说:“这不是因为你有多特别。“他说:“就是没有其他人了。“(笑声)如果你要向潜在的配偶求婚,不要用这句话,你知道。(笑声)但他就是这么告诉我的。我欣然接受,我们做了一笔交易。所以,逻辑上,除非有人有那种态度,否则我们在这个市场上应该输。我的意思是,你可以如此便宜地借到这么多钱。而我们基本上把所有资金都视为股权资本。我们与那些用债务承担很大一部分收购价格(也许平均利率4%左右)的人没有竞争力。

查理·芒格:而且如果下跌他也不会承担损失。如果上涨他会得到部分利润。

沃伦·巴菲特:是的,他的计算方式和我们太不一样了。而且他有做交易的钱。所以,如果你只关心为你的企业卖到最高价,你知道,我们不是好的选择。我们无论如何还是会接到一些电话。我们可以提供一些——我不会称之为独一无二,但它是不同寻常的。把公司卖给我们的人,以及其他几个——实际上几乎逐字逐句说的是同样的话。他们都对出售感到满意,非常满意。他们有很多很多很多钱,他们正在做他们热爱的事,仍然是经营公司。他们知道他们做出的决定将使他们的家人和与他们共事一生的人处于最好的位置。在他们的方程式里,他们做了最好的事。

但那不是很多人的方程式,当然也不是那些尽可能借钱买下公司,然后打算在包装一下会计或做其他事情后转售的人的方程式。但是,当高杠杆融资购买与股权型购买之间的差距变得如此之大时,情况就变得更难了。这是毫无疑问的。而且会一直如此。

查理·芒格:但困难已经持续了很长时间,而我们还是买了一些好公司。

沃伦·巴菲特:是的。是的。

原文

30. Berkshire’s buying advantage: “There just isn’t anyone else”

WARREN BUFFETT: Well, we’ll go to Station 8.

AUDIENCE MEMBER: Hi, Warren and Charlie. My name’s Vicky Wei. I’m an M.B.A. student from the Wharton School of Business. This is my first time to be in the first — in the annual meeting. I’m really excited about it. Thanks for having us here. My —

WARREN BUFFETT: Thanks for coming.

AUDIENCE MEMBER: My question is, where do you want to go fishing for the next three to five years? Which sectors are you most bullish on, and which sectors are you most bearish on? Thank you.

WARREN BUFFETT: Yeah. Charlie and I do not really discuss sectors much. Nor do we let the macro environment or thoughts about it enter into our decisions. We’re really opportunistic. And we — we, obviously, are looking at all kinds of businesses all the time. I mean, it’s a hobby with us, almost — probably more with me than Charlie. But we’re hoping we get a call, and we’ve got a bunch of filters. And I would say this is true of both of us. We probably know in the first five minutes or less whether something is likely to — or has a reasonable chance of happening. And it’s just going to go through there, and it’s going to — first question is, “Can we really ever know enough about this to come to a decision?” You know, and that knocks out a whole bunch of things. And there’s a few. And then if it makes it through there, there’s a pretty good — reasonable chance we’re going to — we may do something. But it’s not sector specific.

It — We do love the companies, obviously, with the moats around the product long — where consumer behavior can be, perhaps, predicted further out. But I would say it’s getting harder to — for us, anyway — to anticipate consumer behavior than we might’ve thought 20 or 30 years ago. I think that it’s just a tougher game now. But we’ll measure it and we’ll look at it in terms of returns on present capital, returns on prospective capital. We may have — we can — A lot of people give you some signals as to what kind of people they are, even in talking in the first five minutes, and whether you’re likely to actually have a satisfactory arrangement with them over time. So a lot of things go on fast, but it — We know the kind of sectors we kind of like to — or the type of business we’d kind of like to end up in. But we don’t really say, “We’re going to go after companies in this field, or that field, or another field.” Charlie, you want to?

CHARLIE MUNGER: Yeah. Some of our subsidiaries do little bolt-on acquisitions that make sense, and that’s going on all the time. And, of course we like it when — But I would say the general field of buying whole companies, it’s gotten very competitive. There’s a huge industry of doing these leveraged buyouts. That’s what I still call them. The people who do them think that’s a — kind of a bad marker, so they say they do private equity. You know, it’s like (inaudible) a janitor call himself the chief of engineering or something. (Laughter) And — But at any rate, the people who do the leveraged buyouts, they can finance practically anything in about a week or so through shadow banking. And they can pay very high prices and get very good terms and so on. So, it’s very, very hard to buy businesses. And we’ve done well, because there’s a certain small group of people that don’t want to sell to private equity.

And they love the business so much that they don’t want it just dressed up for resale.

WARREN BUFFETT: We had a guy some years ago, came to see me, and he was 61 at the time. And he said, “Look, I’ve got a fine business. I got all the money I can possibly need.” But he said, “There’s only one thing that worries me when I drive to work.” Actually, there’s more than one guy’s told me that that’s used the same term. He said, “There’s only one thing that bothers me when I go to work. You know, if something happens to me today, my wife’s left. “You know, I’ve seen these cases where executives in the company try to buy them out cheap or they sell to a competitor and all the people —” He says, “I don’t want to leave her with the business. I want to decide where it goes, but I want to keep running it, and I love it.”

And he said, “I thought about selling it to a competitor, but if I sell it to a competitor, you know, their CFO’s going to become the CFO of the new company, and there, you know, on down the line. “And all these people who helped me build the business, you know, they’re — a lot of them are going to get dumped. And I’ll walk away with a ton of money, and some of them will lose their job.” He said, “I don’t want to do that.” And he says, “I can sell it to a leveraged buyout firm, who would prefer to call themselves private equity, but they’re going to leverage it to the hilt and they’re going to resell it. And they’re going to dress it up some, but in the end, it’s not going to be in the same place. I don’t know where it’s going to go.” He said, “I don’t want to do that.”

So he said, “It isn’t because you’re so special.” He says, “There just isn’t anyone else.” (Laughter) And if you’re ever proposing to a potential spouse, don’t use that line, you know. (Laughter) But that’s what he told me. I took it well, and we made a deal. So, logically, unless somebody had that attitude, we should lose in this market. I mean, you can borrow so much money so cheap. And we’re looking at the money as pretty much all equity capital. And we are not competitive with somebody that’s going to have a very significant portion of the purchase price carried in debt, maybe averaging, you know, 4 percent or something.

CHARLIE MUNGER: And he won’t take the losses if it goes down. He gets part of the profit if it goes up.

WARREN BUFFETT: Yeah, his calculus is just so different than ours. And he’s got the money to make the deal. So, if all you care about is getting the highest price for your business, you know, we are not a good call. And we will get some calls in any event. And we can offer something that — wouldn’t call it unique, but it’s unusual. The person that sold us that business and a couple of others that have — actually it’s almost, word for word, the same thing they say. They are all happy with the sale they made, very happy. And, you know, they are — they have lots and lots and lots of money, and they’re doing what they love doing, which is still running the business. And they know that they made a decision that will leave their family and the people who work with them all their lives in the best possible position. And that’s — in their equation, they have done what’s best.

But that is not the equation of many people, and it certainly isn’t the equation of somebody who buys and borrows every dime they can with the idea of reselling it after they, you know, maybe dress up the accounting and do some other things. And — but there — when the disparity gets so wide between what a heavily debt-financed purchase will bring as against an equity-type purchase, it gets to be tougher. There’s just no question about it. And it’ll stay that way.

CHARLIE MUNGER: But it’s been tough for a long time, and we’ve bought some good businesses.

WARREN BUFFETT: Yeah. Yeah.

31. “如果董事会在我离开后聘请薪酬顾问,我会回来”

沃伦·巴菲特:好的。安德鲁?

安德鲁·罗斯·索尔金:沃伦。这个问题来自一位我认为就在现场的股东,他要求匿名。写道:“三年前,你在年会上被问到你认为应该如何补偿你的继任者。你说这是个好问题,会在下一封年度信中讨论。我们一直在耐心等待。(笑声)你能告诉我们吗,至少从理念上,你一直在考虑如何补偿你的继任者,这样当薪酬顾问出现时我们就不用担心了?”

沃伦·巴菲特:嗯。不幸的是,在我这个年纪,我不必担心三年前我说过的话,但这个人,显然年轻得多,记得。(笑声)我不——嗯,我相信他说我这么说过。但——实际上有几种可能性。我不想深入细节,但你可能有——实际上,我希望我们能有一个,A)已经非常富有的人——如果他们工作了很久并且有这种能力,他们应该已经非常富有了——非常富有,而且真的不会因为拥有他们和家庭需要的10倍或100倍的钱而受到激励。他们甚至可能希望以远低于你所谓的真正市场价值的报酬来做出表率。这可能会发生,也可能不会发生,但如果发生了,我认为会很棒。但我不能责怪任何人想要他们的市场价值。

然后——如果他们不选择那个方向,我会说你可能——会付给他们非常适度的薪水,然后给予每年行权价递增的期权。几乎没人这么做。华盛顿邮报公司——格雷厄姆控股做过,华盛顿邮报公司做过一点——但行权价递增是因为假设每年有大量留存收益。因为为什么有人应该留存大量收益,然后声称他们仅仅因为从股东那里扣留了钱就提升了价值?所以设计这个很容易,在私营公司人们确实这样设计。他们只是不想在上市公司这么做,因为另一种方式他们能得到更多钱。但他们可能有一个非常可观的期权可以在退休后几年内行使,这样他们真正获得的是大多数股东能够获得的长期结果,而不能自己选择行使和出售大量股票的时机。

这——设计并不难。这真的取决于你在和谁打交道,关于他们到底有多在乎钱和拥有超出他们可能使用的钱。大多数人对这个有兴趣,我不怪他们。但我不知道。你怎么想,查理?

查理·芒格:嗯,我认为一件事是我一生都避开了薪酬顾问。对我来说,我几乎找不到词语来表达我的蔑视。(笑声)

沃伦·巴菲特:我要说的是。如果董事会在我走之后聘请薪酬顾问,我会回来。(笑声)

查理·芒格:愤怒。愤怒。所以我认为这个领域有很多花招,而且我看不到它会消失。

沃伦·巴菲特:哦,它不会消失。不,它会变得更糟。我的意思是,如果你看看薪酬处理的方式,每个人都在看别人的代理声明然后说:“我们不可能雇佣一个没有——”

查理·芒格:这很荒谬。

沃伦·巴菲特:——如此等等。人力资源部门,他们为CEO工作,进来推荐一个顾问。有什么顾问会因为说”你应该把你的CEO薪酬放在第四四分位数以下,因为你得到的是第四四分位数的结果”而再得到下一个任务?我的意思是,这——这不是说人们邪恶什么的。只是这种情况的性质——产生的结果不符合所有者代表应有的行为方式。

查理·芒格:甚至更糟。资本主义是我们所有人都赖以生存的金鹅。如果人们普遍因为不喜欢这个体系中的薪酬安排而对它产生蔑视,你的资本主义可能不会持久。那就像杀了金鹅。所以我认为现有的体系有很多问题。

沃伦·巴菲特:我认为很快会有些东西出台——我可能错了——公司必须在代理声明中披露CEO薪酬与平均薪酬的比率之类的东西。那不会改变任何事情。我的意思是——

查理·芒格:什么也改变不了。

沃伦·巴菲特:什么也改变不了。而且,你知道,这会花费我们几乎——

查理·芒格:顺便说一句,它也不会登上头条。会被隐藏起来。

沃伦·巴菲特:这会花费我们很多钱,我们在全球雇佣了36.7万人。我们希望得到一些简化,这样我们可以使用估计之类的东西。但要获得中位数收入或均值收入,无论规则怎么说——

查理·芒格:那就是顾问的作用,沃伦。(笑声)

沃伦·巴菲特:这是人性造成的。我在每两年一次给经理们的信中说:“我不能接受的唯一借口是’别人都这么做’。“但当然,“别人都这么做”正是人们不想把股票期权成本计入成本的理由——我的意思是,这很荒谬。所有这些CEO去华盛顿,他们让参议院以88对9投票说股票期权不是成本。几年后,这变得如此明显,他们最终把它确认为成本。这让我想起了伽利略之类的。

查理·芒格:更糟。要糟得多。教皇对伽利略的表现比这个好——

沃伦·巴菲特:嗯,无论如何,我希望,就像我说的,有人——它甚至不必是——我不是在说现在的继任者或任何人。我的意思是,后来的继任者可能在他们管理伯克希尔时已经非常富有了。财富的增量价值在某个点会变得几乎为零。有机会将其用作一种不同的模式。但我不认为有什么问题,如果设计出一个能反映留存收益的体系的话。没有人想要——我从未听人谈论过它,在我在过的20个董事会中。你知道,如果你和我是生意上的合伙人,我们不断把收益留在公司里,而我让你以不变的价格买走我的一部分,你会说:“这太愚蠢了。”

但当然,所有期权体系都是这样设计的,这对CEO和顾问们更有利。通常,CEO的薪酬和董事的薪酬之间存在某种关联。如果CEO的薪酬是50年前的水平,按现在美元调整,董事薪酬会更低。所以它有很多内在的东西,在某种程度上——

查理·芒格:没有伯克希尔的董事是为了钱才加入的。

沃伦·巴菲特:嗯,如果他们拥有大量股票,他们是的。他们和股东一样在市场上买的——

查理·芒格:是的,它是——

沃伦·巴菲特:——就像股东做的那样。

查理·芒格:这是一个非常老式的体系。

沃伦·巴菲特:我前几天看了一家公司,七位董事从未用自己的钱买过一股股票。他们得到过股票,但没有一个——我不是说没有一个——七位董事从未实际买过一股股票。而他们就在那里,决定谁应该是CEO,应该怎么付他们薪水等等。但他们从未觉得自己愿意掏出一美元。他们被赠与了大量股票。我们在这里讨论的是人性,各位。(笑)你希望的是有一个系统,即使人性驱动它,它也能良好运作。在这个国家,我们在这方面做得非常好。美国商业总体上为美国人做得很好。但并非每个方面都是你想教给孩子的。

原文

31. “If the board hires a compensation consultant after I go, I will come back”

WARREN BUFFETT: OK. Andrew?

ANDREW ROSS SORKIN: Warren. This comes from a shareholder who I think is here, who asked to remain anonymous. Writes: “Three years ago, you were asked at the meeting about how you thought we should compensate your successor. You said it was a good question, and you would address it in the next annual letter. We’ve been patiently waiting. (Laughter) “Can you tell us now, at least philosophically, how you’ve been thinking about the way the company should compensate your successor, so we don’t have to worry when the pay consultants arrive on the scene?”

WARREN BUFFETT: Yeah. Well, that — unfortunately, at my age I don’t have to worry about things I say — said three years ago, but this guy, obviously much younger, remembers. (Laughter) I’m not — well, I’ll accept his word that I said that. But the — there’s a couple possibilities, actually. I don’t want to get into details on them, but you may have — and I, actually, would hope that we would have somebody, A) who’s already very rich — which they should be if they’ve been working a long time and have got that kind of ability — that’s very rich, and really is not motivated by whether they have 10 times as much money that they and the families can need or a hundred times as much. And they might even wish to perhaps set an example by engaging for something far lower than actually what you could say their true market value is. And that could or could not happen, but I think it’d be terrific if it did. But I can’t blame anybody for wanting their market value.

And then — if they didn’t elect to go in that direction, I would say that you — would probably pay them a very modest amount and then have an option which increased in value by — or increased in striking price — annually. Nobody does this, hardly. The Washington — Graham Holdings has done it, The Washington Post Company did a little bit — but would increase because it’s assuming that there were substantial retained earnings every year. Because why should somebody retain a bunch of earnings and then claim they’ve actually improved the value, simply because they withheld the money from shareholders? So it’s very easy to design that, and in private companies people do design it in that way. They just don’t want to do it in public companies, because they get more money the other way. But they might have a very substantial one that could be exercised, but where the shareholder’s — the shares had to be held for a couple years after retirement, so that they really got the result over time that the majority of the stockholders would be able to get, and not be able to pick their spots, as to when they exercised and sold a lot of stock.

It’s — it would — it’s not hard to design. And it really depends who you’re dealing with, in terms of actually how much they care about money and having money beyond what they can possibly use. And most people do have an interest in that, and I don’t blame them. But I don’t know. What do you think, Charlie?

CHARLIE MUNGER: Well, I — one thing I think is that I have avoided, all my life, the compensation consultants. To me it’s a — I hardly can find the words to express my contempt. (Laughter)

WARREN BUFFETT: I will say this. If the board hires a compensation consultant after I go, I will come back. (Laughter)

CHARLIE MUNGER: Mad. Mad. So I think there’s a lot of mumbo jumbo in this field, and I don’t see it going away.

WARREN BUFFETT: Oh, it isn’t going to go away. No, it’s going to get worse. It — I mean, the — if you look at, I mean, the way compensation gets handled, I mean, it — you know, everybody looks at everybody else’s proxy statement and says, “We can’t possibly hire a guy that hasn’t been — ”

CHARLIE MUNGER: It’s ridiculous.

WARREN BUFFETT: —so on. And the human relations department, you know, who work for the CEO, come in and suggest a consultant. What consultant is ever going to get another assignment if he says, “You should pay your CEO below the — down in the fourth quartile because you’re getting a fourth quartile result?” It — I mean, it just, you know — it isn’t that the people are evil or anything. It’s just the nature of the situation just — it produces a result that is not consistent with how representatives of the owners should behave.

CHARLIE MUNGER: It’s even worse than that. Capitalism is the golden goose that we all live on. And if people generally get so they have contempt for it because they don’t like the pay arrangements in the system, your capitalism may not last as well. And that’s like killing the golden goose. So I think the existing system has a lot wrong with it.

WARREN BUFFETT: I think there is something coming in pretty soon — I may be wrong about this — where companies are going to have to put in their proxy statement the CEO’s pay to the average pay, or something like that. That isn’t going to change anything. I mean —

CHARLIE MUNGER: It won’t change a thing.

WARREN BUFFETT: It won’t change a thing. And, you know, it’ll cost us virtually —

CHARLIE MUNGER: By the way, it won’t get any headlines, either. It’ll be tucked away.

WARREN BUFFETT: It’ll cost us a lot of money, with 367,000 people employed around the world. And, I mean, we’ll hope to get something that makes it somewhat simpler so we can use estimates or something of the sort. But to get the median income or mean income or whatever, however the rules may read, you know, and —

CHARLIE MUNGER: That’s what consultants are for, Warren. (Laughter)

WARREN BUFFETT: It — it’s, you know, it is human nature that produces this. And, you know, the most —I write in this letter to the managers every two years, I said, “The only excuse I won’t take on something is that everybody else is doing it.” But of course, “everybody else is doing it,” is exactly the rationale for why people did not want to count the costs of stock options as a cost — I mean, it was ridiculous. All these CEOs went to Washington and they got the Senate, I think, to vote 88 to 9 to say that stock options aren’t a cost. And then a few years later, you know, it became so obvious that they finally put it in so it was a cost. You know, it reminded me of Galileo or something, I mean, all these guys.

CHARLIE MUNGER: Worse. It was way worse. The pope behaved better to Galileo in the —and he was —

WARREN BUFFETT: Well, anyway, it’s — it — I would hope, you know, like I say, somebody — well — and it doesn’t even have to be, I’m not talking about the current successor or anybody else. I mean, successors down the line are probably going to have gotten very wealthy by the time they’re running Berkshire. And the incremental value of wealth gets very close to zero at some point. And there is a chance to use it as a different sort of model. But I don’t have any problem, if it’s — a system is devised that recognizes retained earnings. Nobody wanted — I’ve never heard anybody talk about it, you know, in the 20 boards I’ve been on. You know, if you and I were partners in a business, you know, and we kept retaining earnings in the business and I kept having the value to buy a portion of you out at a constant price, you’d say, “This is idiocy.”

But of course that’s the way all option systems are designed, and it’s better to be — for the CEO and for the consultants. And of course, usually if there’s — there’s some correlation between what CEOs are paid and what boards are paid. If CEOs were getting paid at the rate that they got paid 50 years ago, adapted to present dollars, director pay would be lower. So it’s — you know, it’s got all these built-in things that, to some extent, sort of kindle the —

CHARLIE MUNGER: No Berkshire director is in it for the money.

WARREN BUFFETT: Well, they are if they own a lot of stock. And they bought it in the market just like the —

CHARLIE MUNGER: Yeah, it’s —

WARREN BUFFETT: — shareholder did.

CHARLIE MUNGER: It’s a very old-fashioned system.

WARREN BUFFETT: I looked at one company the other day, and seven of the directors had never bought a share of stock with their own money. Now they’d been given stock, but not one of them — I mean, I shouldn’t say not one — seven of the directors had never actually bought a share of stock. And there they are, you know, making decisions on who should be CEO and how they should be paid and all that sort of thing. But, you know, they never felt like shelling out a dollar themselves. Now they’d been given a lot of stock. And it’s, you know, we’re dealing with human nature here, folks. (Laughs) And that — what you want is to have a system that works well in spite of how human nature’s going to drive it. And we’ve done awfully well in this country in that respect. I mean, American business has — overall has done very well for the Americans generally. But not every aspect of it is exactly what you want to teach your kids.

32. BNSF是”好”生意,但可能不会增长太多

沃伦·巴菲特:好的。格雷格?

格雷格·沃伦:沃伦。

沃伦·巴菲特:是的。

格雷格·沃伦:2010年至2015年间,随着短途货运从卡车转向铁路,多式联运铁路货运收入实现了两位数的增长率。但在过去一年左右,柴油价格下跌和卡车运力更容易获得使得卡车运输更具竞争力,导致多式联运铁路货运量下降。虽然长期来看,整车货运增长预计将保持稳定,有助于弥补煤炭等其他板块的疲软,那么去年完成的巴拿马运河拓宽对西海岸港口出货量——传统上BNSF通过这些港口将货物转运至美国东部铁路的换装点——会有什么影响?因为托运人可能选择在墨西哥湾或东海岸的港口卸货。虽然运量损失从来不是好事,但如果部分现有货运路线被重新规划,是否会有一个小的交换条件,即芝加哥这个东西部货物交接的主要瓶颈随着时间的推移会有所缓解?

沃伦·巴菲特:嗯,你知道——芝加哥有很多问题,而且会持续一段时间。我的意思是,需要一个好的解决方案。想想铁路是如何发展的,芝加哥是中心,你知道,他们铺设了铁轨——一百年前有很多不同的铁路。城市围绕着它们发展起来。所以芝加哥是一个——可能是巨大的问题。但说到多式联运,我认为多式联运会做得很好。但你说得对,实际整车货运量在2006年达到顶峰,所以11年后的今天,五大一级铁路公司的投资——四家最大的——如果你看它们超过折旧的投资,是数百亿美元,而我们运输的货物总量比2006年还少。煤炭会继续减少。这是一个好的生意,在很多方面比卡车有巨大优势。

卡车在路权方面得到了更多的免费乘车,因为高速公路系统在汽油税之外的补贴比铁路行业多得多。但它在实物运量方面并没有很大程度上的增长。我认为不太可能增长。我认为它可能是一个好的生意。我认为我们有很好的地域。我喜欢西部胜过东部,正如你提到的,会有一些多式联运货物被分流到东部港口等等。总体而言,我们有很好的系统。我们会做得很好。如果可以预期总货运量每年增长2%、3%或4%会更有趣,但我不认为这会发生。但我确实认为我们的根本地位很好。我认为我们会获得可观的资本回报。但这就是极限了。查理?

查理·芒格:没什么要补充的。

原文

32. BNSF is a “good” business, but probably won’t grow much

WARREN BUFFETT: OK. Gregg?

GREGG WARREN: Warren.

WARREN BUFFETT: Yeah.

GREGG WARREN: Between 2010 and 2015, intermodal rail traffic enjoyed double-digit rates of revenue growth as shorter-haul freight converted from truck to rail. During the past year or so, though, cheaper diesel prices and more readily available truckload capacity have made trucking more competitive, leading to a decline in intermodal rail traffic. While carload growth is expected to be solid longer term, helping to offset weakness in other segments like coal, what impact do you expect the widening of the Panama Canal, which was completed last year, to have on the West Coast port shipments that BNSF has traditionally carried through to exchange points for the Eastern U.S. railroads, as shippers elect to have goods unloaded at ports in the Gulf of Mexico or up the Eastern seaboard? And while loss of volumes is never a good thing, could there be a small trade-off here as the bottleneck in Chicago, where most East-West cargo is handed off, eases a bit over time, if some of the current traffic gets rerouted?

WARREN BUFFETT: Well, you know — I — Chicago has got lots of problems, and it’s going to continue for a while. I mean, that requires a good solution. When you think of how the railroads developed, I mean, they — Chicago was the center and, you know, they laid the rails — and there were a whole bunch of different railroads — you know, a hundred years ago. And the city grows up around them and everything. So Chicago is a — can be a huge problem. But getting to intermodal, I think intermodal will do very well. But you are correct that car loadings actually hit a peak in 2006, so here we are 11 years later. And the investment of the five big Class I railroads — four of the biggest — if you look at their investment beyond depreciation, it’s tens and tens of billions of dollars, and we’re carrying less freight before, in aggregate, than we were in 2006. And coal will continue to decrease. It’s a good business, and it has big advantages over truck in many respects.

Truck gets much more of a free ride in terms of the fact that their right of way, which is the highway system, is subsidized to a much greater degree beyond the gas tax — you know, we — than the railroad industry. But it has not been a growth business, in physical volume, to any great degree. I think it’s unlikely to be. I think it’s likely to be a good business. I think we’ve got a great territory. I like the West better than the East, and as you mention, you know, there will be some intermodal traffic that gets diverted to Eastern ports perhaps or so on. Overall, I —we’ve got a terrific system in that respect. And we will do well. It would be more fun if we had something where you could expect aggregate car loadings to increase two or three or four percent a year, but I don’t think that’s going to happen. I do think our fundamental position is terrific, however. I think we’ll earn decent returns on capital. But that’s — I think that’s the limit of it. Charlie?

CHARLIE MUNGER: Nothing to add.

33. 伯克希尔的下一任CEO需要有”金钱思维”

沃伦·巴菲特:好的。9号台。

观众成员:我是来自伊利诺伊州格尼的尚卡尔·阿南特。感谢你们为我们所做的一切。我有一个问题。你们两位通过相互交换意见,很大程度上避免了资本配置错误。这在伯克希尔的未来会长期继续吗?我对总部和子公司的情况都感兴趣。

查理·芒格:它不可能持续太久。

沃伦·巴菲特:我——(笑声)别那么悲观,查理。(笑声)任何进入伯克希尔的继任者,资本配置能力——以及经过验证的资本配置能力——肯定会在董事会心中——或者在当前情况下,在我和查理的推荐中——占据最重要的位置,当我们不在时来决定会发生什么。资本配置对伯克希尔来说极其重要。现在我们大概有2800亿或2900亿美元的股东权益。仅未来十年,没人能做出准确预测。但未来10年,如果你只看——折旧目前每年大约是70亿美元。下一任CEO在十年内可能需要配置大约4000亿美元,甚至更多。这比之前投入的还要多。所以10年后,伯克希尔将是一个企业集合,其中这十年投入的资金比过去所有时间投入的都多。

所以你需要一个非常明智的资本配置者来担任伯克希尔的CEO。我们会有一个。让一个资本配置可能甚至不是其主要才能的人担任这个职位将是一个可怕的错误。资本配置很可能应该非常接近他们的主要才能。当然,伯克希尔有一个优势,因为我们知道这有多重要,并且我们专注于这一点。而在很多公司,人们通过能力、有时是通过销售、如果来自法律部门等等——各种不同的背景——达到高位,然后他们手中掌握了资本配置。他们可能不会建立战略思维部门。他们可能会听投资银行家的话等等,但他们最好自己能做。如果他们来自不同的背景,或者没有做过,这有点像我在一封信里写过的——就像在卡内基音乐厅用小提琴演奏,然后你走上舞台,他们递给你一架钢琴。

我的意思是,如果有人有很多其他领域的技能,但真正缺乏资本配置能力,伯克希尔是不会做得好的。我称之为”金钱思维”。人们可能有120或140的智商,在智力测试上的得分能力非常相似。但有些人擅长某种思维,有些人擅长另一种。我认识一些非常聪明但没有金钱思维的人,他们可以做出非常不明智的决策。他们可以做很多大多数普通人做不到的事。但这不是他们大脑的运作方式。我也认识一些人,他们在SAT考试之类的事上可能表现并不出色,但他们一生中从未做出过一个愚蠢的金钱决策。查理,我相信你也看到过同样的情况。

所以我们想要一个——希望他们有很多才能——但我们肯定不想要一个缺乏金钱思维的人。查理?

查理·芒格:嗯,还有回购股票的选择。所以这不是一个无法解决的问题。不管怎样,总会做出一些明智的举动。

沃伦·巴菲特:一个有金钱思维的人会识别出何时回购股票有意义,何时没有。事实上,对于某些管理层来说,他们对回购股票这类事情的看法是一个相当好的测试,因为如果你能直截了当地思考这类问题,这并非一个非常复杂的方程式。但有些人那样思考,有些人不,他们可能在其他方面好得多。但当涉及到像回购股票是否有意义这样看似清晰的问题时,他们会说一些非常愚蠢的话。还有什么要说的吗,查理?

查理·芒格:没有了。

原文

33. Berkshire’s next CEO needs a “money mind”

WARREN BUFFETT: OK. Station 9.

AUDIENCE MEMBER: I’m from — Shankar Anant from Gurnee, Illinois. Thank you for doing everything you do for us. I have a question. The two of you have largely avoided capital allocation mistakes by bouncing ideas off of one another. Will this continue long into Berkshire’s future? And I’d like to — I’m interested in both at headquarters and at subsidiaries.

CHARLIE MUNGER: It can’t continue very long.

WARREN BUFFETT: I — (Laughter) Don’t get defeatist, Charlie. (Laughter) Any successor that’s put in at Berkshire, capital allocation abilities, and proven capital allocation abilities, are certain to be uppermost in board’s minds or in, in the current case — in terms of my recommendation, Charlie’s recommendation, for what happens after we’re not around. Capital allocation is incredibly important at Berkshire. Right now we have 280 or -90 billion, whatever it may be, of shareholders’ equity. If you take the next decade alone, you know, nobody can make accurate predictions on this. But in the next 10 years, if you just take — and depreciation right now is another seven billion a year, something on that order. The next manager in the decade is going to have to allocate, maybe, 400 billion or something like that, maybe more. And it’s more than already has been put in. So 10 years from now, Berkshire will be an aggregation of businesses where more money has been put in in that decade than everything that took place ahead of time.

So you need a very sensible capital allocator in the job of being CEO of Berkshire. And we will have one. It would be a terrible mistake to have someone in this job where, really, capital allocation might be — might even be their main talent. It probably should be very close to their main talent. And of course, we have an advantage at Berkshire, in that we do know how important that is and there is that focus on it. And in a great many companies, people get to the top through ability, and sales sometimes, if they come from the legal side, something like that — all different sides — and they then have the capital allocation, sort of, in their hands. Now, they may not establish strategic thinking divisions. And they may listen to investment bankers and everything, but they better be able to do it themselves. And if they’ve come from a different background or haven’t done it, it’s a little bit, as I put in one of my letters, I think — it’s like getting to Carnegie Hall playing the violin, and then you walk out on the stage and they hand you a piano.

I mean, it is something that — Berkshire would not do well if somebody was put in who had a lot of skills in other areas but really did not have an ability to capital allocation. I’ve talked about it as being something I call a “money mind.” I mean, people can have 120 IQs or 140 IQs or whatever it may be, very similar scoring abilities in terms of intelligence tests. And some of them have minds that are good at one kind of thing and some of them another. I’ve known very bright people that do not have money minds, and they can make very unintelligent decisions. They can do all kinds of other things that most mortals can’t do. But it just doesn’t, it isn’t the way their wiring works. And I’ve known other people that really would not do that brilliantly. They do fine, but on an SAT test or something like that. But they’ve never made a dumb money decision in their life. And Charlie, I’m sure, has seen the same thing.

So we do want somebody — and hopefully they’ve got a lot of talents — but we certainly do not want somebody that — if they lack a money mind. Charlie?

CHARLIE MUNGER: Well, there’s also the option of buying in stock, which — so, it isn’t like it’s some hopeless problem. One way or another, something intelligent will be done.

WARREN BUFFETT: And a money mind will recognize when it makes sense to buy in stock and doesn’t. You know, and — In fact, it’s a pretty good test for some people, in terms of managements, how they think about something like buying in stock, because it’s not a very complicated equation if you sort of think straight about that sort of a subject. But some people think that way and some don’t, and they’re probably miles better at something else. But they say some very silly things when you get to something that seems so clear as whether, say, buying in stock makes sense. Anything further, Charlie?

CHARLIE MUNGER: No.

34. 大多数理财顾问不值他们的费用

沃伦·巴菲特:好的,卡罗尔?

卡罗尔·卢米斯:这个问题来自康涅狄格州的史蒂夫·哈弗斯托尔。“沃伦,您在年度信中非常清楚地表明,您认为对冲基金’2和20’的薪酬方案通常对基金的投资者效果不佳。过去,您也质疑过投资者是否应该向他们所说的’金融帮手’支付那么多。但金融帮手可以为他们帮助的人创造巨大价值。以查理·芒格为例。几乎在每年的信和今天早上的电影中,您都描述查理的建议和意见对您以及伯克希尔价值随时间难以置信的增长有多么宝贵。鉴于此,您是否愿意向查理支付行业标准的按资产1%的’金融帮手’费用?或者您甚至考虑给他’2和20’?

沃伦·巴菲特:是的,这完全正确,而且我们——你不会得到便宜的价格。顺便说一句,那4亿多美元还会持续相当长一段时间。我们会在报告中解释这一点,就像我们会解释铁路公司的折旧费用不够充分一样。我的意思是,这就是会计工作的方式。

原文

WARREN BUFFETT: Yeah, that’s absolutely true, and we — you don’t get a bargain price. The 400-plus million incidentally, you know, goes on for quite a while, too. And we’ll explain it in the report just like — just as we’ll explain that the depreciation charge at a railroad would not be adequate. I mean, it’s the way accounting works.

36. 一个“真正愚蠢”的会计准则变更

沃伦·巴菲特:从——我甚至不想告诉你这个——但是从明年年初开始,会计处理对伯克希尔和其他公司来说将变成某种噩梦,因为他们会要求我们像华尔街交易公司一样按市值计价我们的股权投资。而这些可口可乐、美国运通或所有投资的市值变动,每个季度都要通过损益表来体现。实际上,按照这个理论,它们每天都通过损益表反映,所以这真的会令人困惑。现在,我们的工作是解释清楚这些事情,以便在我们报告GAAP收益时你不会感到困惑,但按照报告显示的GAAP收益——如果只看底线数字——将变得比现在更无意义,而且——

查理·芒格:这不一定是个好主意。

沃伦·巴菲特:不,我认为这是个糟糕的主意,但我们会处理它。而且——我的意思是,我的职责是解释GAAP会计在多大程度上对你评估伯克希尔有用,以及它在哪些时候实际上扭曲了事实。会计不应该——它不应该描述价值。另一方面,如果理解得当,它又是一个极其有用的工具,用于在分析业务时估算价值。所以,当然,你不能责怪审计行业做了他们认为自己该做的事,而他们的职责并不是呈现价值。尽管,通过使用这些市场价值——

查理·芒格:但你可以责怪审计——

沃伦·巴菲特:什么?

查理·芒格:你可以为了那件事责怪审计行业。

沃伦·巴菲特:好吧。

查理·芒格:那真的很愚蠢。(笑声)

沃伦·巴菲特:嗯,我实际上同意这一点。(笑声)但我们会尽最大努力给你们——我们总是会给你们审计过的数字。然后我们会解释它们在任何方向上的缺点,以及它们——你应该用什么,可能应该忽略什么,在看这些数字并用它们来判断你的持股价值时。我会像对我姐妹或任何人那样向你们解释——你知道,我们希望你们理解你们所拥有的东西。我们努力涵盖在这方面真正重要的细节。我的意思是,当谈论一个4000亿美元市值的公司时,你可以谈论数以百万计不重要的小事。但那些是如果查理和我在谈论这家公司时,我们会视为重要的数字、解释或任何对估算业务价值有用的东西。但这将——你不能责怪媒体。

我的意思是,他们只有几段话来描述伯克希尔每个季度的收益。但是,如果他们只看底线数字,那么今年可能显得愚蠢的事情,到了明年由于2018年生效的新规则,将变得绝对荒谬。

37. 芒格:中国股市比美国便宜

沃伦·巴菲特:好的,10号站。

观众:你好,沃伦。这是一个来自中国的问题。

声音:(听不清)

沃伦·巴菲特:请再说一遍?

观众:我是Jeff Chan(音),来自中国上海的一名养老基金经理。我的问题很简单。未来一二十年,在中国股市复制你伟大投资业绩的概率是多少,就(听不清)方面而言?就这些。感谢我在(外语)基金管理公司的朋友们指导我写这个问题。谢谢。

沃伦·巴菲特:查理,你是中国问题专家。(笑声)

查理·芒格:这就像确定虱子和跳蚤之间的先后顺序。是的。我确实认为中国股市比美国市场便宜。我也确实认为中国有光明的未来。我还认为,当然会有成长的烦恼。但是——

沃伦·巴菲特:嗯——

查理·芒格:我们有一种顺其自然的生活方式。我们没有关于我们在哪个市场或类似事情的具体规则。

沃伦·巴菲特:嗯,无论如何,查理已经制造了一个头条:“芒格预测中国市场将跑赢美国”。(笑声)

下午场

1. 伯克希尔和3G在裁员问题上的不同方式

沃伦·巴菲特:所有小组成员都到了?好的。我们回来继续。我们直接问贝基。

贝基·奎克:好的。这个问题来自安妮·纽曼(音)。她说她是B类股股东。她的问题是:“3G资本的主要投资策略是在收购公司后极端削减成本。这通常包括裁掉数千个工作岗位。在当前美国总统关注美国就业保留的情况下,如果这些投资导致收购美国公司并裁掉更多美国工作岗位,伯克希尔·哈撒韦是否还会考虑与3G资本进行未来投资?”

沃伦·巴菲特:现在,基本上,3G的管理层——我在卡夫亨氏近距离观察过他们——他们基本上相信让公司尽可能高效。当然,这个世界上的进步,对于这个房间里的人,对于奥马哈的人,对于整个美国的人来说,都是通过生产力的提高实现的。如果生产力没有变化,我们将过着和1776年的人们一样的生活。现在,3G的人做得非常快。他们非常擅长用比以前更少的人使企业变得高效。但是,这——你知道,我们在每个行业都在这样做,无论是钢铁、汽车,还是你能想到的任何行业。这就是为什么我们能生活得如此之好。我们在伯克希尔更倾向于——我一年前写过这个——我们更倾向于购买已经高效运营的公司,因为坦率地说,我们一点也不享受提高生产力的过程。我的意思是,那并不愉快。

但正是这一点使国家得以进步。没有人能找到一种方法在不以某种方式提高人均生产力的情况下,将人均消费翻倍。这是个很好的问题——如果你认为你会遭受政治后果,因为政治后果确实会影响企业,那么这样做整体上是否明智。所以我不知道我是否能明确回答这个问题。但我可以告诉你,他们不仅专注于生产力,并且以非常聪明的方式去做,他们还非常专注于产品改进、创新以及所有你希望管理层关注的其他事情。我希望,在午餐时间,如果你吃了卡夫亨氏的芝士蛋糕,你会同意我的看法,产品改进和创新在那里和生产力一样,都是3G战术手册的一部分。我个人——我们经历过收购一家纺织企业的过程,这家企业雇佣了两三千人,最终在一段时间内倒闭了,或者一家百货公司,一个注定消亡的企业。

从事裁减工作岗位的业务,而不是增加工作岗位的业务,并没有那么有趣。所以,查理和我在个人层面上,可能会避免让伯克希尔直接购买那些主要好处来自于通过实际减少工人来提高生产力的企业。但我认为从社会角度考虑,提高生产力是好的。而且我认为3G的人在这方面做得非常好。查理?

查理·芒格:嗯,我同意。我不认为提高生产力有什么错。另一方面,这样做会带来很多适得其反的公众关注。仅仅因为你是对的,并不意味着你应该总是去做。

沃伦·巴菲特:是的。我同意这一点。

2. 随着伯克希尔现金接近1000亿美元,部署资金的压力加大

沃伦·巴菲特:杰?

杰·盖尔伯:伯克希尔的现金和国库券持有量接近1000亿美元。沃伦,一年前,你说如果这种情况发生,伯克希尔可能会将股票回购的最低估值提高到账面价值的1.2倍以上。你对于提高股票回购门槛的最新想法是什么?

沃伦·巴菲特:是的。当那个时候到来——它可能在相当快的时间内到来,甚至在我还在的时候——但是如果我们真的认为我们无法在合理的时间内把资金投入我们喜欢的东西,我们就必须重新审视我们如何处理那些我们认为不能很好部署的资金。到那时,我们会做出决定。它可能包括两者,但可能包括回购。也可能是股息。人们从股息政策和回购政策中得到的推论是不同的,关系到你不会削减股息之类的预期。所以你必须把所有因素考虑进去。但是如果我们真的——如果我们觉得我们有可能用不出去的现金——超额现金——在合理的时间内,并且我们认为以仍然对现有股东有吸引力的价格进行大规模回购是可行的,那可能很有意义。

目前,我们仍然对部署资本足够乐观,不会倾向于将价格移动到非常接近内在价值和回购价格之间只有很小差距的水平。但是在某个点上,举证责任肯定在我们身上。我的意思是——我最不愿意做的事情就是拥有一个市盈率100倍且盈利无法增长的资产。我们——正如你指出的,我们几乎有1000亿——900多亿投资在一个业务里,我们称之为业务,我们支付了将近100倍的市盈率。这是一个相当糟糕的业务。

查理·芒格:这是税后盈利之后的情况。

沃伦·巴菲特:是的。所以,这——你知道,我们不喜欢那样。我们不应该长时间那样使用你们的钱。那么,问题是,你知道,我们能否部署这些资金?我会说历史站在我们这边,但如果电话铃响起来,而不是仅仅依赖历史书,那会更有趣。而且,你知道,我确信在未来10年的某个时候——可能是下周,也可能是9年后——会有我们可以大规模做明智事情的市场。但如果那是在9年后,那就不好玩了。我不认为会是那样,但仅仅是基于人类的行为方式、政府的行为方式以及世界的行为方式。但就像我说的,在某个点上,举证责任确实开始大幅转移到我们身上。我不可能在三年后回到这里告诉你们,我们持有1500亿甚至更多的现金,并且我们觉得这样做很聪明。查理?

查理·芒格:嗯,我同意你的看法。答案是“也许”。(笑声)

沃伦·巴菲特:他确实有详细阐述的倾向。(笑声)

3. CTB与动物权利

沃伦·巴菲特:11号站。

观众:谢谢巴菲特先生和芒格先生。我是Anil Daron(音),来自新泽西州短山和印度新德里。这是我第18次参加这个精彩的活动,衷心感谢你们非凡的智慧、慷慨和时间。因为我参与可持续投资,这些投资也不直接伤害动物,所以我很感激你们对贵公司CTB子公司的做法有任何看法,该公司在一定程度上涉足猪、家禽和鸡蛋生产。稍微间接相关的是,正如你们在上次年会上广泛分享了对核战争的担忧,我很想听听你们对阿尔伯特·施韦泽在第一批原子弹爆炸后不久接受诺贝尔和平奖时发表的演讲的看法,他在演讲中提到,如果同情心不限于人类,它可以达到其全部的广度和深度。谢谢。

沃伦·巴菲特:嗯,这是一个相当广泛的问题。关于你的第一点,我们有一个子公司,CTB,由维克·曼奇内利管理。我每年和他坐下来谈一次。他是一位出色的经理人,是我们最好的经理人之一。你很少听到关于他的消息。他们确实为家禽养殖者制造设备。我——我无法具体回答你的问题,但我很乐意让你直接联系维克,因为我知道你所提出的问题——这是他们工作时的一个主要因素。我的意思是,他们确实关心设备在家禽和鸡蛋生产中的使用方式。而且,如你所知,一些最大的购买者和最大的生产者也持有相同的观点。但我不能直接向你提供足够的信息来给出具体答案。但我肯定可以让你联系上维克。而且我认为你会发现他信息极其丰富,并且在你们谈论的那个领域做了一些非常好的事情。

关于核武器问题,总的来说,我对大规模杀伤性武器非常悲观。不过,我不认为核武器可能像生物武器——主要是生物武器——也许还有网络武器那样可能性大。我对网络知道的不多。但我确实认为那是人类面临的头号问题。但我觉得我现在说不出什么特别有建设性的话。查理?

查理·芒格:嗯,我认为我们不介意杀鸡。(笑声)我确实认为我们反对核战争,所以——(笑声)

沃伦·巴菲特:是的。(掌声)我们实际上不是家禽生产商,但是我们——他们使用我们的设备。这些设备在过去10到15年里已经发生了重大变化。但是,再说一次,我对具体细节不够了解,无法向你提供。但我肯定可以让你联系上维克。

4. 给韦施勒和库姆斯更多资金管理无助于他们

沃伦·巴菲特:安德鲁?

安德鲁·罗斯·索尔金:沃伦。自从托德[库姆斯]和泰德[韦施勒]加入伯克希尔以来,公司的市值翻了一番,手头现金现在接近1000亿美元。看起来托德和泰德并没有以同样的相对比例获得新的资本分配。为什么?

沃伦·巴菲特:嗯,实际上,我会说他们得到了。我记得我们开始时给了20亿。这可能不对,但我的记忆是托德加入我们时给了他20亿。所以,后来有大量的追加。当然,他们自己的资本也增长了,只是因为——怎么说呢,在某种意义上,他们保留了自己的收益。所以,是的,他们管理者伯克希尔资本的一部分——也按有价证券衡量——我认为他们管理的比例与每个人加入时相当相似,甚至可能略高一点。泰德比托德晚一两年加入。你知道,他们——我想他们会同意,管理100亿比管理10亿或20亿更难。我的意思是,随着资金规模的增大,你的预期回报会下降。但是让他们加入的决定非常出色。我的意思是,他们——他们在管理有价证券方面做得很好。他们用同样的——现在是200亿,最初是20亿——赚的钱比我会赚的更多。

而且他们在许多方面提供了巨大的帮助,而不仅仅是资金管理。所以这个决定——你知道——是一个非常非常好的决定。而且他们——他们很聪明。他们有投资头脑。他们特别擅长投资管理。但他们绝对是第一流的人。他们真的很适合伯克希尔。所以,那是——查理因托德而获得功劳。他先遇到了查理。我将因泰德而获得功劳。我认为我们都对这些决定感到非常满意。查理?

查理·芒格:嗯,我认为股东们有他们非常幸运,因为他们都像股东一样思考。

沃伦·巴菲特:完全正确。

查理·芒格:毕竟,就是这样产生的。而这并不是总部员工通常的思考方式。这是每个人都假装有的,但现实是不同的。这些人真的、深刻地像股东一样思考。他们年轻、聪明、有建设性。所以我们都很幸运有他们在身边。

沃伦·巴菲特:是的。他们的心态百分之百是“我能为伯克希尔做什么”,而不是“伯克希尔能为我做什么?”相信我,随着时间的推移,你能看出人的这一点。除此之外,你知道,他们非常有才华。但是,你知道,很难找到年轻、有抱负、非常聪明、又不把自己放在第一位的人。根据我们所有的经验,他们没有把自己放在第一位。他们把伯克希尔放在第一位。相信我,当人们在某个方向上走极端时,我能看出来。也许我在中间地带判断得不太好,但你有——你找不到比他们更合适的人担任这些职位了。但是你说,“嗯,你为什么不每人再给他们300亿或什么的?”我不认为那会改善他们的生活或他们的表现。

他们可能会随着时间的推移管理更多,但事实是,我现在手头被分配的资金已经超出了我目前能处理的量,这从我们拥有900多亿现金就可以证明。我认为有合理的前景可以利用它。但如果你告诉我今天就必须把它投出去,我不会喜欢这种前景。查理,有什么要说的吗?

查理·芒格:嗯,我当然同意。现在比过去某些时候难多了。

5. A类股目前不需要私下交易

沃伦·巴菲特:格雷格?

格雷格·沃伦:沃伦,你关于所有权的计划,你的持股高度集中在A类股上,这是众所周知的,大部分股票将随着时间的推移流向比尔和梅琳达·盖茨基金会以及四个不同的家族慈善机构。你每年对这些不同慈善机构的捐赠承诺涉及将A类股转换为B类股,A类股拥有比B类股显著更大的投票权。因此,你的遗产所持有的投票控制权将随着时间的推移而减少,整个超级投票权股票层级将在这一过程中被消除。虽然B类股东投票权预计会随着时间的推移而增加,但其影响力不足以对伯克希尔的事务产生重大影响。考虑到这一点,并认识到长期内回购和注销A类股的重要性,我只是想知道公司是否已经整理了一份来自公司现有股东层中的潜在卖家的管道。鉴于股票的流动性有限,与这些卖家进行私下谈判交易,就像你在2012年12月谈判的那样,最终会符合双方的最佳利益。

沃伦·巴菲特:嗯,再次重申,这将取决于伯克希尔的价格。所以,就我每年捐赠的而言,你知道,过去两年,每年大约28亿美元。这可以是——你知道,那相当于苹果股票一天的交易量。我的意思是,我捐赠的金额,相对于伯克希尔的市值,你知道,只占市值的千分之七。所以,这不是一个大市场因素,实际上流动性也不会那么差。所以,我认识几个大股东,你知道,他们可能持有8000或10000股A类股。但市场现在可以处理。当我们买入那批——我记得是12000股A类股——我的意思是,我们买入是因为我们认为它显著增加了伯克希尔的内在业务价值。我们当时按市场价格支付给卖家。而且,你知道,我们愿意在120%的范围内购买。

谁知道呢?如果当时价格是124%或类似水平,并且那是一个非常大的股权包,董事会认为可以接受,并且仍然有显著折扣,我们很可能就会买。但是就市场的有序流动或类似情况而言,不会有问题,就像过去没有一样,你知道,当我捐赠时——我每年七月都会做——过去两年我都捐赠了。一些基金会可能会持有一段时间。但他们必须花掉我给他们的钱。他们可能会在B类股上建立一个相当可观的仓位,数额相当大。但他们最终会卖掉。确实,在我去世后的一段时间里,遗产中——以及后来的信托中——仍然会有很多投票权。但是,你知道,这会随着时间的推移而减少。我认为我们的资本结构长期内不会有问题。

你知道,我喜欢这样:相当多的投票权集中在那些坚信公司文化的人手里,并且,你知道,他们会考虑如果有某人带着某个特别计划出现,他们是否会得到20%的股价涨幅。但最终,这种情况会减少。它一直在减少。而且我认为,就——你知道,伯克希尔股票有一个非常好的市场。如果我们能以低于内在业务价值的价格购买,并且有人提供一大块——可能是122%、124%的价格,你知道,我会拿起电话打给董事,看看他们是否不想改变一下。我们以前做过一次。如果这合理,我确信他们会同意。如果不合理,我确信他们会拒绝。所以,我不认为我们在股票区块或任何方面有问题。我不认为拥有股票的人在卖出方面有问题。

我也不认为我们在评估回购的合意性方面有问题。查理?

查理·芒格:没什么要补充的。

6. 决定是否行使美国银行认股权证

沃伦·巴菲特:好的,1号站。

观众:您好。我叫Erin Byer。我在加州帕萨迪纳出生和长大,现在住在纽约市。今天能来这里是我的梦想。我成为自豪的伯克希尔股东已经将近20年了。我15岁时向父亲要股票作为圣诞礼物。我一直想着今天有机会向您提问,我应该问一个能改变我生活的问题。嗯,那个问题是,您认识纽约市地区任何符合条件的单身汉吗?(笑声和掌声)

沃伦·巴菲特:嗯,你的生活方式确实符合查理和我所推崇的。(笑声)

观众:但是那个可能让我周一回到办公室时感到愉快的提问是:2011年,您购买了美国银行的优先股并附有认股权证。后来,您有机会行使并转换为普通股。当您在评估行使该头寸的决定时,这将增加我们所有伯克希尔的持股——或者伯克希尔持股的价值——您会考虑什么?

沃伦·巴菲特:嗯,几乎是——嗯,如果股票价格高于每股7美元,这似乎很有可能,无论我们是否打算持有,在认股权证即将到期前不久行使它仍然是有意义的,因为它是一份有价值的认股权证,但只有转换——或者说行使——并交换成普通股时,它才是一份有价值的认股权证。而且这份认股权证确实会到期。所以,正如我在年报中所述,如果美国银行最终每季度支付11美分,我们这项投资的收入将会增加。我们从优先股中每年获得3亿美元。为了让我们使用优先股作为行使认股权证的支付,我们需要——我们希望觉得我们每年能获得超过3亿美元的收入——那需要每季度11美分。在认股权证于1921年——或2021年到期之前,他们可能会也可能不会达到那个支付水平。如果——如果他们真达到了,我们将行使认股权证。

然后,我们将不再拥有50亿优先股和认股权证,而是拥有7亿多股普通股。这变成了一个独立的决定。我们是否想保留这7亿股普通股?我——如果今天发生这种情况,我绝对想保留这只股票。现在,谁知道2021年或何时可能会有其他选择?但就今天而言,如果我们的认股权证明天到期,我们会使用优先股购买7亿多股普通股。我们会保留这些普通股。如果他们达到每季度11美分的股息,我们就会转换。而且我们很可能会保留普通股。如果我们到2021年,如果普通股价格高于7美元,我当然预期如此,我们将行使。所以这就是我能告诉你的全部。但我当然祝你其他目标成功。(笑声)而且我认为,很可能,那个小伙子也会做出非常好的判断。好的。查理?

查理·芒格:嗯,我认为对于一个持有伯克希尔股票且是漂亮女性的女性来说,像这样展示自己的照片是一件非常明智的事情。(笑声和掌声)

沃伦·巴菲特:不过这给了我一个想法。我们也许可以开始在年报中出售广告。而且——(笑声)好的。顺便提一句,那笔美国银行的购买,真的,我是在浴缸里坐着的时候想到与美银联系,看他们是否对那种优先股感兴趣。但之后我在浴缸里花了很长时间,却什么也没想到。所以——(笑声)显然,我要么需要一个新浴缸,要么我们得进入一个不同类型的市场。

7. 为3G的裁员辩护

沃伦·巴菲特:卡罗尔?

卡罗尔·卢米斯:这个问题来自乔治·贝纳罗亚。它给刚才关于3G的讨论增加了一层。他说:“我是一个非常快乐的长期股东。但有一个关于伯克希尔·哈撒韦在卡夫亨氏投资方面的担忧。这项投资在经济上表现不错。账面价值是150亿,2016年市场价值是280亿。但是3G的基因与我们的非常不同。我们不通过购买公司然后解雇人来赚钱。3G在卡夫亨氏解雇了2500名员工。这是私募股权公司做的事情,但我们不是私募股权公司。我们的价值观已经为我们服务了超过四——50年。存在一种风险,即随着3G继续偏离我们的原则,最终,他们会损害我们的价值和价值观。我们如何防止这种情况发生?”

沃伦·巴菲特:嗯,这很有趣。我之前提到过,那是非常渐进的。但可能,那是一个更好的决定。我们随着时间的推移解雇了2000人——有些人退休了,离开了,等等——但是在纺织业务[伯克希尔·哈撒韦]那里。你知道,它没有成功。在Hochschild Kohn,继任者——我们幸运地把它卖给了别人——但最终,他们关闭了百货商店,因为百货商店,至少那一家以及很多家,实际上,包括我们在巴尔的摩的竞争对手,无法使其运作。沃尔玛带着一些东西来了——现在,亚马逊带着一些东西来了——改变了人们认为他们知道的东西。你——我们提到了我们CTB的家禽业务,它涉及很多不同的农场设备。CTB开发的农场设备,其理念通常是要比已有的设备更具生产力,这意味着农场雇佣的人更少。几百年前,我们有80%的美国公众——人口,劳动力——在农场工作。

如果没有人想出提高农业生产力的方法,我们现在将有80%的人工作在农场来养活我们的人口。这意味着我们将生活在一个远为原始得多的世界里。所以,你知道,如果你看看汽车工业,它变得更有生产力。如果你看看任何行业,他们都在努力提高生产力。沃尔玛比百货商店更有生产力,而且——这将在美国继续下去。它最好继续下去,否则我们就不会生活得——或者我们的孩子就不会过得比我们好。我们的孩子会比我们过得更好,因为美国随着时间的推移变得越来越有生产力。人们确实想出了更好的做事方法。当卡夫亨氏发现他们可以用更少的人完成任何数量的业务——270亿美元左右的业务——时,他们正在做美国企业几百年来一直在做的事情,这就是为什么我们生活得如此之好。但他们做得非常快。在遣散费等方面,他们相当公平。

但他们不想让两个人做一个人能完成的工作。坦率地说,我不喜欢经历那种过程,因为我也面对过。我在内布拉斯加州比阿特丽斯的邓普斯特就面对过。它确实需要变革。但变革对很多人来说是痛苦的。我只是宁愿不花我的日子去做那种事,因为我有一两次经验。但我认为对于美国来说,变得更具生产力是绝对必要的,因为这是提高人均消费的唯一途径,即提高人均生产力。查理?

查理·芒格:嗯,我——你完全正确。我们不想回到自给自足的农业。我年轻时在内布拉斯加西部的一个农场里经历过一周那样的生活。我讨厌它。(笑声)我也不怀念那些整天坐在电梯里、操作小曲柄的电梯操作员,你知道。所以,另一方面,正如你所说,对于必须经历这一切的人来说,这是非常不愉快的,为什么我们想要自己一次又一次地进入这个——从事这样的业务呢?我们在过去不得不这样做的时候做过,当时那些企业正在消亡。我完全不认为3G有什么道德过错,但我确实看到了一些对任何人都没有好处的政治反应。

沃伦·巴菲特:米尔顿·弗里德曼,我想是他,曾经讲过这样一个故事——可能是杜撰的——他谈到某个共产主义国家的巨大建筑工程。有成千上万的工人用铲子在那里挖掘这个重大项目。然后,他们还有几台闲置在后方的巨大的推土机,这些机器本来可以用工人所需时间的二十分之一完成工作。所以经济学家建议当地党工或其他人,你知道,为什么他们不用这些机器在十分之一或二十分之一的时间内完成任务,而不是让所有这些工人用铲子工作?那个人回答说:“嗯,是的。但那会让工人失业。”弗里德曼说:“那么,为什么不给他们勺子去做呢?”你知道?(笑声)

8. 伯克希尔的200亿美元现金缓冲是“绝对最低限度”

沃伦·巴菲特:乔纳森?

乔纳森·布兰特:我理解伯克希尔目前的流动性比理想状态要高很多,合并现金和债券为1130亿美元,而保单持有人浮存金为1050亿美元。但我很难计算出伯克希尔在任何时间点上有多少额外的购买力。你谈到过在合并基础上至少持有200亿美元现金。但是出于监管、风险控制或流动性目的,除了这200亿之外,是否有一个最低限度的浮存金必须以现金、债券或优先股的形式持有?或者说,除了200亿之外的所有资金,如果能找到有吸引力的机会,都可以投入普通股或全资拥有的企业?

沃伦·巴菲特:是的。

乔纳森·布兰特:如果你完全投资,资产负债表会是什么样子?如果需要,额外债务在等式中处于什么位置?

沃伦·巴菲特:是的。我不会把现金和债券混为一谈。我的意思是,当我们谈论200亿现金时,除此之外我们可能不持有债券。200亿是绝对的最低限度。实际上,我从未——自从我设定200亿为最低限度以来,我不会以210亿来运营,就像我不会看到高速公路上的卡车标志写着最大载重30,000磅之类,然后开着29,800磅的车过去一样。所以我们不会那么接近。但答案是,A,我们可以使用——我们不太倾向于使用债务。显然,如果我们找到真正让我们兴奋的东西——我们可能会使用更多债务,尽管在今天的环境下,这不太可能。但是我们可以——200亿是绝对的最低限度。你可以说,因为我说200亿是绝对最低限度,实际上可能不会低于240亿或250亿。如果我们认为交易足够有吸引力,我们可以做一个非常大的交易。

我的意思是,我们已经很久没有在任何事情上全力踩下油门了。但是如果我们看到真正有吸引力的东西——我们曾在2008年秋季的两三周内——可能三周——付出了160亿,当时我们的规模要小得多。而且我从未因此睡眠有任何问题。现在,我们显然有更多的钱可以出手。所以,如果有一个好的——查理,在什么点上,如果我打电话给你,你会说,“我觉得今天对我们来说有点太大?”

查理·芒格:我会说大约1500亿美元。

沃伦·巴菲特:嗯,那样的话,我会打给你。(笑声)别——实际上,我比查理在这方面更保守一点。但我们俩都愿意做一个非常非常大的交易,如果我们——

查理·芒格:我们不必完全同意。

沃伦·巴菲特:是的。那必须——但是,如果我们找到一个确实有说服力的真正大交易——

查理·芒格:现在你说的有道理。

沃伦·巴菲特:——我们就会去做。(笑声)

9. 豪尔赫·保罗·莱曼不太可能接替巴菲特担任CEO

沃伦·巴菲特:好的,2号站。

观众:您好,巴菲特先生,芒格先生。我叫Felipe Kioni(音),19岁,来自巴西。您与豪尔赫·保罗·莱曼及其3G同事的合作伙伴关系非常成功,考虑到卡夫亨氏合并等交易的出色成果。尽管您和豪尔赫·保罗有不同的投资方法,您和查理会考虑让他成为董事会成员,甚至您的继任者吗?

沃伦·巴菲特:我认为这不会发生,但我——不过我认为,这会在董事会成员方面使事情复杂化。但我们喜欢做他们合作伙伴的想法。而且我不认为——我认为我们很有可能一起做更多,甚至更大的事情。但是——我们可能不太可能在董事会方面做太多改变,至少在接下来几年内。会有一位继任者,而且很可能在我还在世的时候就会确定。但那很可能是——有非常高的概率是来自我们公司内部的人。我的意思是,世界可能会以非常奇怪的方式变化,你知道。但这是非常非常高的概率。查理?

查理·芒格:我只能说,当我来参加这些活动时,我的背会疼,因为我想向我的——我的股东们——表明,他们可能还有七年好日子可以从沃伦身上得到。(笑声和掌声)

沃伦·巴菲特:查理在激励我。我得告诉你这一点。但我们这一生非常非常幸运。到目前为止,我们的运气似乎还在持续。

10. 在线竞争尚未影响伯克希尔的零售业务

沃伦·巴菲特:好的,贝基?

贝基·奎克:这个问题来自佐治亚州亚特兰大的德鲁·埃斯蒂斯。他问:“鲜果布衣是否因分销渠道转向线上以及实体零售业的困境而遇到困难?如果是,你认为这些困难是暂时性的吗?”然后,德鲁补充道,“我希望千禧一代也没有摒弃内衣的潮流。”(笑声)

沃伦·巴菲特:是的。嗯,他可能比我更了解这一点。(笑声)到目前为止,答案基本上是否定的。但是任何不认为线上正在大规模改变零售业的人,以及任何认为他们与此完全隔绝的人都是错误的——我的意思是,世界正在发生巨大变化。就像我说的,在鲜果布衣,我不——它确实没有改变。在我们的家具业务,它今年到目前为止又为股东周末创下了记录。你知道,我在报告中提到过,但我想我们一周做了4500万美元。而且我们的家具业务——很难看到来自线上的任何影响,除了我们自己的线上业务之外。它确实有很好的同店增长。你可以看到,无论是内布拉斯加家具城,还是RC Willey,无论是在萨克拉门托、里诺、博伊西、盐湖城,还是乔丹的家具店,在波士顿,同店销售都做得很好。

所以,我们确实没看到影响,但10年前我们也没有看到很多后来才显现的事情。有一点你可能会觉得有趣,就是奥马哈的家具城,这是一个非凡的运营——线上业务增长非常显著。我可能记错了,但我认为它正在接近——在我说之前我愿意和布卢姆金家族核实一下,但我认为它正接近总销量的10%左右。但这些人中仍有很大比例的人会去家具城提货。所以显然,他们——是因为在店内花费的时间,或者可能在收银台排队之类的原因。我很惊讶它能达到那个比例。但关于它的一点是,我们不断查看这些数字,并试图弄清楚它们在告诉我们什么。到目前为止,我不会说它显著影响了鲜果布衣。我不会说它显著影响了家具业务。

但我没有幻想从现在起10年后会像今天这样。如果你想一想,你知道,如果你回到一百年前那些伟大的百货公司,它们提供了什么?它们提供了难以置信的选择。你知道,如果你在奥马哈有一家大百货公司,你会有上千件婚纱。而如果你住在周边的小镇上,当地店家可能只有两件之类的。所以百货公司是品种繁多、价格合理、交通便利的激动人心的体验,因为人们乘坐有轨电车去那里。然后,购物中心出现了。它们把以前垂直的变成了水平的。它们把它变成了多所有权。但它们仍然保持了令人难以置信的品种、分类,以及到一个地方购物的便利性,以及可达的交通,因为现在汽车是主要方式。然后我们去折扣店和所有那些。但现在你有了互联网。你有了终极的品种。

而且你有了低价进入的人们。运输完全由他们解决,所以发生的演进——百货公司现在基本上就是线上,只是品种大大扩展,更加方便,价格更低。所以世界在演进,而且会继续演进。但是速度大大加快了。会发生什么——品牌将会以各种方式受到考验,而且他们必须决定是自己做线上,还是通过亚马逊合作,或者是在拥抱新方法的同时努力保留旧的销售渠道。零售和品牌领域有很多问题非常值得观察。在未来10年里你会看到一些惊喜,我可以向你保证。查理?

查理·芒格:如果我们处于百货公司业务中,那肯定会令人不快。想想我们避开了什么,沃伦。

沃伦·巴菲特:是的,我们实际上非常幸运,因为我们当时在百货公司业务中,而我们的业务非常糟糕,以至于我们认识到了这一点。如果好一点点,我们可能就会坚持下去。我们非常感谢我们的董事桑迪·戈特斯曼,他坐在前排,因为当查理、我和桑迪是那项业务的合伙人时,他帮我们退出了。我们用每股6美元买的东西,我想现在每股值大约10万美元,因为我们退出了。而如果它是一个稍微好一点的业务,你知道,现在可能值每股10或12美元。所以,有时候你是幸运的。我们也不怀念它,对吧,查理?Hochschild Kohn。

查理·芒格:不。我们不怀念。

11. 账面价值对伯克希尔“相关性低得多”

沃伦·巴菲特:杰。

杰·盖尔伯:这个问题是关于伯克希尔的内在价值。公司价值的很大一部分是由运营业务驱动的,而不是证券投资组合的表现。此外,以前收购的业务的价值没有被调整到其经济价值,包括GEICO、中美能源和北伯林顿。基于这些因素,每股账面价值仍然是衡量伯克希尔价值的相关指标吗?

沃伦·巴菲特:嗯,它有一些相关性,但它的相关性比以前低得多。这就是为什么——我不想放弃每股账面价值这个因素,但随着几十年的推移,市场价值往往具有更大的意义。这是一个起点。很明显,我们的证券价值不会超过我们当时的账面价值。另一方面,我们有你提到的那种业务。但是我们也有一些小企业,其价值大约是账面价值的10倍左右,你知道,它们可能作为账面价值。我们也有一些烂摊子。但我认为最好的方法,当然,就是计算内在业务价值。但这不可能精确。我们知道——我们认为概率极高,120%是低估了它。尽管,如果全是证券,你知道,120%就会太高了。

但随着业务的演进,随着我们在运营业务中建立了未确认的价值——会计上未确认的价值——我认为它仍然有一些用处,作为我们使用的基本数字。如果这是一家私营公司,我们这里10个人拥有它,我们就会每年坐下来逐个计算业务,并将其作为基础价值。但当我们有这么多业务时,这就变得相当主观了。所以,我认为最简单的方法是使用我们现在使用的标准,同时认识到它们的局限性。查理?

查理·芒格:是的。我认为保险公司中抵消股东权益的股票,实际上不值全部市场价值,因为它们被锁定在高税收体系中。所以,基本上,当我们的有价证券下跌而我们的自有业务上涨时,我喜欢这种情况。

沃伦·巴菲特:是的,我们正在朝着这个目标努力。我们已经这样努力了30年左右或类似的时间了。

查理·芒格:我们也做得相当不错。

沃伦·巴菲特:是的。

查理·芒格:我们有很多——我们用更有价值的非有价证券取代了很多有价证券。

沃伦·巴菲特:是的。而且实际上这也是一种更令人愉快的运营方式,除此之外,但是——

查理·芒格:是的。我们认识了很多我们本来不会认识的人——

沃伦·巴菲特:是的。

查理·芒格:——好人。

12. 我不懂科技,但我懂消费者行为

沃伦·巴菲特:好的,3号站。

观众:您好。

沃伦·巴菲特:你好。

观众:我叫Michael Monahan(音)。我来自纽约长岛。我不知道这个问题是否算作投资建议。所以如果你不想回答,我有一个简短的、不同的问题。(笑声)与上一位来自3号区的股东不同,这不会是一篇冗长演说,也不会是抗议。您最著名的投资建议之一是买你知道的东西。此外,您早些时候说过,购买的主要标准之一是您是否曾经能够理解该业务。自从我2011年第一次来参加你们的会议以来,您并不以科技人士闻名。您说过智能手机对您来说太智能了,您桌上没有电脑,过去四年里您只发了九次推文。(笑声)

沃伦·巴菲特:要么那样做,要么去修道院。(笑声)

观众:尽管如此,您最近一直在投资、关注和谈论更多科技公司。我的问题是,请问您和查理,是什么让您从奥马哈先知变成了奥马哈科技大师?

沃伦·巴菲特:(笑)嗯,我不认为我——我不认为我谈论过很多科技公司。但事实是,我们对IB——我对IBM进行了大规模投资——结果并不那么好。我们没有亏损。但是就我们经历的牛市而言,它一直是一个显著的落后股。然后,在最近,我们持有了苹果的大量头寸,我认为它更像一家消费品公司,就某些经济特征而言。尽管,那——你知道,它的产品能做什么,或者其他人可能会做什么,以某种方式超越它,这里面有很大的科技成分。但是——我想我最终会是——没有保证——但我认为我最终会是1胜1负而不是0胜2负。但我们会看到的。查理?

我完全不假装自己拥有某些对科技感兴趣的15岁孩子那样的智力水平。我想我可能知道——对消费者行为有一些见解。我当然可以获得很多关于消费者行为的信息,然后试着推测这对未来消费者行为可能意味着什么。但是我们会发现——有一件——我保证的另一件事是,我会在有价证券上犯一些错误,我在科技以外的领域也犯过错误。所以,你不可能全胜,你知道,无论你坚持——试图坚持什么行业。我对保险了解得相当透彻。但我想我们可能曾经在一只保险股上亏过钱,也许,你知道,这些年来有过一两次。所以,你不可能全胜。但是我对科技实际上没有获得任何真正的知识——嗯,自从我出生以来。(笑声)查理?

查理·芒格:我认为你买了苹果是一个非常好的迹象。它表明了两件事情之一。要么是你疯了,要么是你在学习。(笑声)我更倾向于那个学习的解释。

沃伦·巴菲特:嗯,实际上,我也是。(笑声)

13. 人工智能的影响难以预测

沃伦·巴菲特:安德鲁?

安德鲁·罗斯·索尔金:嗨,沃伦。这个问题很有趣。Thomas Kimay(音)在这里。他是一位27岁的股东,来自加州肯特菲尔德。我应该先说,他17年前10岁时来到这里,作为观众问你一个问题,问互联网是否会损害伯克希尔的一些投资。当时,你说你想看看事情会如何发展。他现在更新了这个问题。(巴菲特笑)“你认为人工智能对伯克希尔业务的影响是什么,除了你已经谈到的自动驾驶和GEICO?在你与比尔·盖茨的谈话中,你有没有考虑过哪些其他业务会受到最大影响?你认为伯克希尔当前的业务十年后的雇员会显著增多还是减少,作为人工智能的函数?”

沃伦·巴菲特:嗯,我——

安德鲁·罗斯·索尔金:我混合了几个问题。

沃伦·巴菲特:是的。我当然对人工智能没有特别的见解,但我敢打赌,在未来20年里,这个领域会发生很多事情,而且可能是在更短的时间内。它们应该会导致,我当然认为——但是,再说一次,我对这个讨论没什么可贡献的。但我当然认为它们会导致某些领域的就业显著减少。但这对社会有好处。对某个给定的企业可能不好,但让我们把它推向极端。假设一个人可以按下一个按钮,通过各种各样的机器人和机器人技术,各种东西,生产出我们国家拥有的所有产出。那么,每个人——产出和我们现在一样多。所有这些都由一个人完成,而不是1.5亿多人受雇。你知道,世界是变好了还是没变好?嗯,当然我们每周的工作时间会少得多——每周的工作时间等等。

我的意思是,这将是一件好事,但它需要人与人之间如何相处、他们对政府期望什么等方面发生巨大转变,你知道,各种各样的事情。当然,实际上,不止一个人会继续工作。但是朝那个方向推进是——你当然会认为那是人工智能取得巨大进步的结果之一。最终,这在很大程度上是有利于社会的。它在其他方面具有巨大的破坏性。它可能会带来巨大的问题,就民主制度及其如何应对而言。这类似于我们在贸易方面的问题,贸易对社会有益,但那些日复一日看到贸易好处的人——在沃尔玛看到袜子或他们进口的任何东西的价格时,不会看到上面写着,“你在支付X,但如果你在国内购买,你会支付X加若干美分。”所以他们得到的是这些小好处和无形的好处。

原文

WARREN BUFFETT: Well, I —

ANDREW ROSS SORKIN: I mixed a couple questions together.

WARREN BUFFETT: Yeah. I certainly have no special insights on artificial intelligence, but I will bet a lot of things happen in that field in the next couple of decades, and probably a shorter timeframe. They should lead, I would certainly think — but again, I don’t bring much to this party. But I would certainly think they would result in significantly less employment in certain areas. But that’s good for society. And it may not be good for a given business, but let’s take it to the extreme. Let’s assume one person could push a button and, essentially, through various machines and robotics, all kinds of things, turn out all of the output we have in this country. So, everybody’s — there’s just as much output as we have. It’s all being done by, you know, instead of 150-some million people being employed, one person. You know, is the world better off or not? Well, certainly we’d work a lot less hours a week — of work per week and so on.

I mean, it would be a good thing, but it would require enormous transformation in how people relate to each other, what they expect of government, you know, all kinds of things. And, of course, as a practical matter, more than one person would keep working. But pushing the idea that way is one of the — you’d certainly think that’s one of the consequences of making great progress in artificial intelligence. And that’s enormously prosocial, eventually. It’s enormously disruptive in other ways. And it can have huge problems, in terms of a democracy and how it reacts to that. It’s similar to the problem we have in trade where trade is beneficial to society, but the people that see the benefits day by day of a — of trade — don’t see a price at Walmart on socks or whatever they’re importing, that says, you know, “you’re buying — you’re paying X, but you would pay X-plus-so-many-cents if you bought this domestically.” So they’re getting these small benefits and invisible benefits.

2017年年度股东大会

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而受到自由贸易伤害的人,成为自由贸易的”路杀”,他们感受得非常具体。这就转化成了政治。所以,在我看来,世界如何适应生产力的巨大增长,变得非常不确定。尽管我对人工智能一无所知,但我认为它会带来巨大的社会效益,但如果它来得太快,就会产生非常不可预测的政治影响,而我认为它可能来得很快。查理?

原文

And the guy that gets hurt by it, who’s the roadkill of free trade, feels it very specifically. And that translates into politics. And so, you can — it gets very uncertain as to how the world would adjust, in my view, to great increases in productivity. And without knowing a thing about it, I would think that artificial intelligence would have that hugely beneficial social effect, but a very unpredictable political effect if it came in fast, which I think it could. Charlie?

查理·芒格:嗯,你在描绘一个非常有趣的世界,每个人都在从事贸易。而贸易就是,我教你打高尔夫,你帮我染头发。那会是一个有点像科威特王室那样的世界。我不认为让一切产品都由一个人生产,而其余的人都只从事休闲活动,对美国有好处。

原文

CHARLIE MUNGER: Well, you’re painting a very funny world where everybody’s engaged in trade. And the trade is, I give you golf lessons and you dye my hair. And that would be a world kind of like the royal family of Kuwait or something. And I don’t think it would be good for America to have everything produced by one person and the rest of us just engaged in leisure.

沃伦·巴菲特:那如果我们的生产力翻倍了呢?

原文

WARREN BUFFETT: How about if we just got twice as productive?

查理·芒格:什么?

原文

CHARLIE MUNGER: What?

沃伦·巴菲特:如果我们在短时间内生产力翻倍,让7500万人就能完成现在1.5亿人所做的工作,那会怎样?

原文

WARREN BUFFETT: How about if we got twice as productive in a short period of time, so that 75 million people could do what 150 million people are doing now?

查理·芒格:你会惊讶于人们对此反应有多快。

原文

CHARLIE MUNGER: I think you’d be amazed how quickly people would react to that.

沃伦·巴菲特:什么方面?

原文

WARREN BUFFETT: In what way?

查理·芒格:积极的方面。

原文

CHARLIE MUNGER: Favorably.

沃伦·巴菲特:我——

原文

WARREN BUFFETT: I —

查理·芒格:这就是在艾森豪威尔年间发生的事——我相信大家都深情地记得——当时生产力每年增长5%左右——人们喜欢那样。没有人抱怨他们以前没有空调而现在有了。没有人想回到南方那些闷热流汗的夜晚——

原文

CHARLIE MUNGER: That’s what happened during the period when there — I’m sure everybody remembers with such affection — back in the Eisenhower years, five percent a year or something — people loved it. Nobody complained that they were getting air conditioning and they didn’t have it before. Nobody wanted to go back to stinking, sweating nights in the South and —

沃伦·巴菲特:嗯,如果每个人的工作时间减半,那是一回事。但如果一半人被解雇,另一半人继续工作,我觉得这变得非常不可预测。我的意思是,我认为我们在这次选举中看到了一些这种情况,因为我认为——

原文

WARREN BUFFETT: Well, if you cut everybody’s hours in half, it’s one thing. But if you fire half the people and the other people keep working, I just think it gets very unpredictable. I mean, I think we saw some of that in this election because I think that —

查理·芒格:嗯,我们已经适应了很大一部分。它只是每年以几个百分点的速度慢慢到来。

原文

CHARLIE MUNGER: Well, we’ve adjusted to an enormous amount of it. It just came along a few percent per year.

沃伦·巴菲特:嗯,那么问题是——

原文

WARREN BUFFETT: Well, and the question, then, is —

查理·芒格:我不认为你需要担心——我不认为你需要担心每年25%的生产力增长。你知道,你需要担心的是——你每年得到的增长不到2%。那才是令人担忧的。

原文

CHARLIE MUNGER: Don’t think you have to worry — I don’t think you have to worry about coming out at 25 percent a year. You know, I think you have to worry about it — you’re going to get less than two percent a year. That’s what’s worrisome.

沃伦·巴菲特:好的。我们继续。但你知道,看看会发生什么,这绝对是一个引人入胜的话题。但这也非常非常难以预测。如果——某种方式上,你知道,我们在GEICO雇用了大约36000人。如果你能用5000或10000人完成相同——执行所有相同的功能,几乎所有的功能——而且这种情况来得很快,同时在许多其他领域也发生同样的事情,你知道,我认为我们从未经历过类似的事情。也许将来我们也不会经历这样的事情。我对人工智能了解不多,但是——

原文

WARREN BUFFETT: OK. We’ll move on. But it will be, you know, it’s an absolutely fascinating subject to see what happens with this. But it’s very, very hard to predict. If — in some way, you know, we’ve got 36,000 people, say, employed at GEICO, you know. And if you could do the same — perform all the same functions, virtually all the same functions even, and do it with five- or 10,000 people, and it came on quickly, and the same thing was happening in a great many other areas, you know, I don’t think we’ve ever experienced anything quite like that. And maybe we won’t experience anything like it in the future. I don’t know that much about AI, but —

查理·芒格:我不认为你需要担心这个。

原文

CHARLIE MUNGER: I don’t think you have to worry about that.

沃伦·巴菲特:嗯,那是因为我86岁了。(笑声)

原文

WARREN BUFFETT: Well, that’s because I’m 86. (Laughter)

查理·芒格:它不会来得那么快。

原文

CHARLIE MUNGER: It’s not going to come that quickly.

14. 我们对风能和太阳能项目都有”巨大胃口”

原文

14. We have a “huge appetite” for both wind and solar projects

沃伦·巴菲特:好的。格雷格。

原文

WARREN BUFFETT: OK. Gregg.

格雷格·沃伦:沃伦,在过去五年中,伯克希尔能源在太阳能和风能发电方面的投资大致相等,每个领域都投入了大约47亿美元的资本项目。根据公司2017年至2019年的年底资本支出预测,未来三年风能发电的投资预计将是太阳能发电投资的七倍以上,其中略高于45亿美元将用于风能发电。我只是想知道,未来支出中有多少与PacifiCorp最近宣布的35亿美元扩张计划有关,该计划主要侧重于改进和扩大子公司的现有风能机组,以及考虑到MidAmerican也在大力投资风能项目,风能的经济效益是否真的比太阳能好得多?还是这两个领域之间的差异更多是由真实的产能需求驱动的,这意味着你的太阳能产能已经大大超过了需求?

原文

GREGG WARREN: Warren, during the past five years, Berkshire Energy’s investments in solar and wind generation have been about equal, with around 4.7 billion dedicated to capital projects in each segment. Based on the company’s end-of-year capital spending forecast for 2017 through 2019, investments in wind generation were expected to be more than seven times greater than investments in solar generation the next three years, with just over $4.5 billion going into wind generation. Just wondering how much of that future spending is tied to PacifiCorp’s recently announced $3.5 billion expansion plan, which is heavily weighted towards improving and expanding the subsidiary’s existing wind fleet, and whether the economics for wind are that much better than solar given that MidAmerican has also been spending heavily on wind investments? Or is this disparity between the two segments being driven more by genuine capacity needs, which would imply that you have much more solar capacity than you need?

沃伦·巴菲特:是的。我们并不认为我们的太阳能产能过剩或类似的情况——这实际上取决于遇到什么项目。我的意思是,这些项目有的是内部产生的,有的是外部提供给我们的,我们对风能和太阳能都有很大的胃口。根据这些数字,我们最近看到了更多的风能项目。但我们对两者都没有偏见。我的意思是,如果我们看到有50亿美元的太阳能项目很有吸引力,我们可以做,而在此期间恰好没有风能项目,那也不会阻止我们做这50亿美元的太阳能项目,反之亦然。所以我们在两个领域都有胃口,非常大的胃口。我们特别有优势,我想我以前解释过或讨论过,因为我们缴纳很多税。因此,太阳能和风能项目都涉及税收方面的问题。我们比许多其他公司——当然,比电力公司——处理得更好。

大多数电力公司实际上,第一,在分红后没有那么多剩余资金;第二,它们的税收通常不那么大。在伯克希尔,我们缴纳很多税,而且我们有很多资金。所以这实际上只是对出现的交易进行数学计算的问题。我们在爱荷华州非常幸运,找到了很多有意义的项目。结果,我们的电价远低于我们在该州的主要竞争对手。我们的电价低于所有与我们接壤的州。我们告诉爱荷华州的人民,我们保证他们很多很多年都不会涨价。所以这做得非常好。但如果明天有人带着一个太阳能项目进来,需要10亿美元或30亿美元,我们随时准备去做。没有特定的偏好——越多越好。两者之间没有特定的偏好。显然,这取决于你在美国的哪个地方。

我的意思是,爱荷华州非常适合风能。显然,加利福尼亚州非常适合太阳能。各地理位置对某种能源有优势。但从我们的角度来看,我们可以在任何地方做这些项目。我们会在任何地方做。

原文

WARREN BUFFETT: Yeah. It is — we don’t look at it as having more solar capacity than we need or anything like — It’s really a question of what comes along. I mean, and these — the projects, they’re internally generated, they’re externally offered to us, and we’ve got a big appetite for wind or solar. We have seen — you know — just based on those figures, we’ve seen more wind lately. But we have no bias toward either one. I mean, if we saw five billion of attractive solar projects we could do and didn’t happen to see any wind during that period, it wouldn’t slow us down from doing the five billion or vice versa. So we are — we have an appetite, a huge appetite, for projects in either area. We’re particularly well situated, as I think I’ve explained or talked about in the past, because we pay lots of taxes. And therefore, solar and wind projects all involve a tax aspect to them. And we can handle those much better than many other — certainly, electric utilities.

Most electric utilities really, A, don’t have that much money left over after dividends and these — frequently, the taxes aren’t that significant. At Berkshire, we pay lots of taxes, and we’ve got lots of money. So it’s really just a question of doing the math on the deals as they come along. We’ve been very fortunate in Iowa, in finding lots of projects that made sense. And as a result, we’ve had a — we’ve got a much lower price for electricity than our main competitor in the state. We’ve got a lower price than in any states that touch us. We’ve told the people of Iowa we won’t — they won’t have a price increase for many, many, many years — guaranteed that. So this worked out extremely well. But if somebody walks in with a solar project tomorrow and it takes a billion dollars or it takes three billion dollars, we’re ready to do it. There’s no specific — And the more, the better. There’s no specific preference between the two. Obviously, it depends where you are in the country.

I mean, Iowa’s terrific for wind. And, obviously, California’s terrific for sun. And there are geographical advantages to one or the other. But from our standpoint, we can do them anyplace. And we will do them anyplace.

15. 我”低估了”亚马逊杰夫·贝佐斯的”才华”

原文

15. I “underestimated the brilliance” of Jeff Bezos at Amazon

沃伦·巴菲特:好的。4号站。

原文

WARREN BUFFETT: OK. Station 4.

观众:大家好。我叫Joey。我是沃顿商学院的MBA候选人。谢谢你们让我们参加。亚马逊由于杰夫·贝佐斯的才华而产生了巨大的颠覆性影响,查理早些时候称他为我们这一代的商业头脑。您目前对亚马逊的看法和展望是什么?为什么伯克希尔没有买入?

原文

AUDIENCE MEMBER: Hi. My name is Joey (PH). And I’m an MBA candidate at Wharton. Thank you for having us. Amazon has been hugely disruptive, due to the brilliance of Jeff Bezos, whom Charlie earlier called the business mind of our generation. What is your current outlook and — on Amazon? And why hasn’t Berkshire bought in?

沃伦·巴菲特:嗯,因为我太笨了,没有意识到会发生什么——(笑)——尽管我很钦佩杰夫。我很长时间以来一直钦佩他,看着他做的事情。但我没想到他能取得如此大的成功。我当然没有——我甚至没有想过亚马逊网络服务或云计算的任何可能性。所以如果你问我,他在建立零售业务的同时,还能做一些颠覆科技行业的事情的可能性,对我来说那是非常非常渺茫的。我低估了——我真的低估了执行力的 brilliance。我的意思是,梦想着在网上做这些事情是一回事,但需要很多能力。你知道,你可以读他1997年的年度报告。他制定了一个路线图。他做到了,而且做得非常出色。

如果你没有看到他在三四个月前对查理·罗斯的采访——CharlieRose.com——去看看,听听,你会学到很多东西。至少我学到了。所以我就是——它总是看起来很贵。我真的从未想过他会达到今天的位置。我认为他会做得——我认为他真的非常聪明。但当我三、五、八、十二年前看的时候——不管是什么时候——我没有想到他会达到今天的位置。查理,你怎么错过了?(笑声)

原文

WARREN BUFFETT: Well, because I was too dumb to realize what was going to happen — (laughs) — even though I admired Jeff. I’ve admired him for a long, long time and watched what he was doing. But I did not think that he could succeed on the scale he has. And I certainly didn’t — I didn’t even think about the possibility of doing anything with Amazon Web Services or the cloud. So if you’d asked me the chances that, while he was building up the retail operation, that he would also be doing something that was disrupting the tech industry, you know, that would’ve been a very, very long shot for me. And I’ve underestimated — I’ve really underestimated the brilliance of the execution. I mean, it’s one thing to dream about doing this stuff online, but it takes a lot of ability. And, you know, you can read his 1997 annual report. And he laid out a roadmap. And he’s done it, and done it in spades.

And if you haven’t seen his interview on Charlie Rose three or four months ago — CharlieRose.com — go to it and listen to it because you’ll learn a lot. At least, I did. So, I just plain — It always looked expensive. And I really never thought that he would be where he is today. I thought he would do — I thought he was really brilliant. But I did not think he would be where he is today when I looked at it three, five, eight, 12 years ago — whenever it may have been. Charlie, how did you miss it? (Laughter)

查理·芒格:很容易。(巴菲特笑)那里做的事情非常困难,而且并不明显一切都会像实际那样顺利。我不后悔错过了亚马逊的成就。但其他事情更容易。我想我们有点搞砸了。

原文

CHARLIE MUNGER: It was easy. (Buffett laughs) What was done there was very difficult, and it was not at all obvious that it was all going to work as well as it did. I don’t feel any regret about missing out on the achievements of Amazon. But other things were easier. And I think we screwed up a little.

沃伦·巴菲特:不。我们不要追究那个了。(笑)

原文

WARREN BUFFETT: No. We won’t pursue that line. (Laughs)

查理·芒格:嗯,我指的是谷歌。

原文

CHARLIE MUNGER: Well, I meant Google.

沃伦·巴菲特:嗯,我们错过了很多东西。

原文

WARREN BUFFETT: Well, we missed a lot of things.

查理·芒格:是的。

原文

CHARLIE MUNGER: Yes.

沃伦·巴菲特:我们错过了很多东西。

原文

WARREN BUFFETT: We missed a lot of things.

查理·芒格:我们还会继续错过。

原文

CHARLIE MUNGER: And we’ll keep doing it.

沃伦·巴菲特:是的。(笑声)我们会有两——

原文

WARREN BUFFETT: Yeah. (Laughter) And we’ll have a two —

查理·芒格:幸运的是,我们没有错过所有的事情,沃伦。这就是我们的秘密。我们没有全部错过。(笑声)

原文

CHARLIE MUNGER: Luckily, we don’t miss everything, Warren. That’s our secret. We don’t miss them all. (Laughter)

沃伦·巴菲特:好的。我想我们最好继续。(掌声)他可能开始说得具体了。

原文

WARREN BUFFETT: OK. We better move on, I think. (Applause) He may start getting specific.

16. “如果我今晚死了,我想明天股票会涨。“

原文

16. “If I died tonight, I think the stock would go up tomorrow.”

沃伦·巴菲特:卡罗尔?

原文

WARREN BUFFETT: Carol?

卡罗尔·卢米斯:这个问题的提出者,亚特兰大的Jim Keifer,对沃伦的寿命比查理有更高的期望。“巴菲特先生,我们都希望您能打破人类最长寿的纪录。但总有一天,您和/或查理会离开,伯克希尔的股票可能会面临抛售压力。“我的问题是,如果伯克希尔的股票跌到回购有吸引力的价格,我们能指望董事会和高管回购股票吗?“我问这个问题,一方面是因为您过去曾说过不想占股东的便宜,另一方面是因为《所有者手册》中的一些段落让我相信,在这种情况下,董事会可能不会选择回购股票。“您能否澄清一下,在我概述的情况下,我们可能预期关于回购的行动方针是什么?”

原文

CAROL LOOMIS: The creator of this question, Jim Keifer (PH) of Atlanta, has even higher expectations for Warren’s longevity than Charlie does. “Mr. Buffett, we all hope you win the record as mankind’s oldest living person. But at some point, you and/or Charlie will go, and Berkshire stock may then come under selling pressure. “My question is, if Berkshire stock falls to a price where share repurchase is attractive, can we count on the board and top management to repurchase shares? “I ask this question both because of past comments you have made about not wanting to take advantage of shareholders and because some of the passages in the owner’s manual lead me to believe this might be an instance when the board does not choose to repurchase shares. “Can you clarify what course of action we might expect about repurchases in the circumstances I have outlined?”

沃伦·巴菲特:是的。就我而言,如果他们在股票被低估时回购,这并不是在占股东的便宜。他们只应该在这种时候回购。他们应该——但在这样做时——在查理和我年轻得多的时候,有一些案例表明有人进行了非常激进的回购——或者相当于回购。而这些回购,顺便说一句,比现在更有意义。但做这些事的人是——通过各种技术手段——试图压低股价。如果你试图通过各种手段,包括误导信息——但也有其他手段——来鼓励你的合作伙伴以压低的价格卖出,你知道,我认为这是应受谴责的。但我们的董事会不会那样做。我要对问题的第一部分提出异议,但我还是会回答第二部分。我认为股票更有可能上涨。如果我今晚死了,我想明天股票会涨。

而且会有关于分拆等等的猜测。所以,这将是一个很好的华尔街故事,你知道,这个家伙阻碍了分拆某个公司——其中一些部分可能卖得比整体更贵。它们不一定——可能比整体更不值钱——但可能会暂时卖得比整体更贵。这会发生。所以我押注那个方向。但是,如果由于某种原因,股票跌到了一个有吸引力的水平,我不认为董事会以那个价格买入股票有任何应受谴责的地方。没有虚假信息,什么都没有。它应该——他们的买入意味着卖出者会得到稍微好一点的价格——如果有许多卖出者——他们会得到比如果公司不买入时略高的价格。而继续持有的股东会受益。所以我认为——我认为他们做什么是很明显的。我认为很明显这样做是支持股东的。

而且我认为,在可见的未来,他们会采取支持股东的行动。我的意思是,我们有那样的董事会。查理?

原文

WARREN BUFFETT: Yeah. Well, as far as I’m concerned, they’re not taking advantage of shareholders if they buy the stock when it’s undervalued. That’s the only way they should buy it. And they should — But in doing so — there were a few cases back when Charlie and I were much younger — where there were very aggressive repurchases — or the equivalent of repurchases — by people. And the repurchases, incidentally, made a lot more sense than they do now. But they were done by people who either — for various techniques — tried to depress the shares. And if you’re trying to encourage your partners to sell out at a depressed price by various techniques, including misinformation — but there’s other techniques — you know, I think that’s reprehensible. But our board wouldn’t be doing that. I’ll take exception to the first part of it, but I’ll still answer the second. I think the stock is more likely to go up. If I died tonight, I think the stock would go up tomorrow.

And there’d be speculation about break ups and all that sort of thing. So, it would be a good Wall Street story that, you know, this guy that’s obstructed breaking up something that — where some of the parts might sell for more than the whole. They wouldn’t necessarily be — probably be worth less than the whole — but might sell for — temporarily — for more than the whole. And it would happen. So I would bet in that direction. But if, for some reason, it went down to a level that’s attractive, I don’t think the board is doing anything in the least that’s reprehensible by buying in the stock at that point. No false information, no nothing. It should — And their buying means that the seller would get a somewhat better price — if there are a lot of sellers — they’d get a mildly better price than if they weren’t buying. And the continuing stockholders would benefit. So I think that — I think it’s obvious what they would do. And I would think it’s obvious that it’s pro-shareholder to do it.

And I think they would engage in pro-shareholder acts as far as the eye can see. I mean, we’ve got that sort of board. Charlie?

查理·芒格:嗯,我认为你或我可能会突然变得非常愚蠢,但我认为我们的董事会不会有那个问题。(笑声)

原文

CHARLIE MUNGER: Well, I think you or I might suddenly get very stupid very quickly, but I don’t think our board is going to have that problem. (Laughter)

沃伦·巴菲特:嗯,我想想那个问题。(笑声)

原文

WARREN BUFFETT: Well, I want to think about that one. (Laughter)

17. 我们试图向股东解释重要的会计问题

原文

17. We try to explain material accounting issues to shareholders

沃伦·巴菲特:好的。乔纳森。

原文

WARREN BUFFETT: OK. Jonathan.

乔纳森·布兰特:沃伦,过去您很喜欢讨论期权授予的会计处理。所以我很想知道,您如何看待新的会计准则,该准则要求公司报告较低的税收准备金,基于所谓的超额税收优惠,当股权激励对受让人来说最终比最初建模时更有利可图时,这些超额税收优惠就会被实现。这些所谓的”超额”优惠过去是通过资产负债表的股东权益线来处理的。哪种会计方法对您来说更有意义,旧方法还是新方法?

原文

JONATHAN BRANDT: Warren, in the past, you’ve enjoyed discussing accounting for options grants. So I’m curious, what’s your view of the new accounting standard which mandates that companies report lower tax provisions, based on so-called excess tax benefits enjoyed when share-based compensation ends up being more profitable for the grantees than when it’s initially modeled? These so-called benefits — excess benefits — used to go through the shareholder’s equity line on the balance sheet. Which accounting method makes more sense to you, the old method or the new?

沃伦·巴菲特:乔尼,我认为你比我知道得多得多。所以,如果让我回答这个问题,我可能会给你打电话说:“我该说什么?“(笑声)这对伯克希尔来说不是一个影响因素,所以我真的没有——我的意思是,我只是听说过一点点关于那个会计准则的事情。但我真的对此一无所知。查理?

原文

WARREN BUFFETT: Jonny, I think you know a lot more about it than I do. So, if I were asked to answer that question, I’d probably call you up and say, “What should I say?” (Laughter) It’s not a factor that will enter into Berkshire, so I really have not — I mean, I’ve heard just a little bit about that accounting standard. But I really don’t know anything about it. Charlie?

查理·芒格:这不是什么大事,沃伦。

原文

CHARLIE MUNGER: It’s not a big deal, Warren.

沃伦·巴菲特:是的。嗯,我知道。(笑声)是的。我们——在会计方面,我们真正不同意的几件事情,以及它们是否对试图评估伯克希尔的人来说是重要的。你知道,那主要涉及无形资产的摊销。它当然——当然涉及已实现的资本利得之类的事情。我们会竭尽全力试图告诉我们的合作伙伴,基本上,他们不都是会计专家之类的。我们会试图向他们至少阐明我们的观点。你知道,就像如果我有一个家族企业,我正和我的姐妹谈论它一样。但除非是重要的,我们可能会避免对任何新的会计准则发表意见。如果对伯克希尔是重要的,我们会竭尽全力至少给出我们的看法。查理?

原文

WARREN BUFFETT: Yeah. Well, I know that. (Laughter) Yeah. We — there are few things in accounting we really disagree with and whether they might be material to somebody trying to evaluate Berkshire. And, you know, that primarily gets into amortization of intangibles. It will certainly — it certainly gets into realized capital gains and that sort of thing. And we will go to great lengths to try to tell our partners, basically, not all of whom, you know, are accounting experts or anything. And we will try to make clear to them, at least, what our view is. You know, the same way as if I had a family business and I was talking to my sisters or something about it. But unless it’s material, we’ll probably stay away from trying to opine on any new accounting standards. If it’s material to Berkshire, we’ll go to great lengths to, at least, give our view. Charlie?

查理·芒格:嗯,我当然同意。

原文

CHARLIE MUNGER: Well, I certainly agree with that.

沃伦·巴菲特:好的——

原文

WARREN BUFFETT: OK —

查理·芒格:也就是说,他说的那件事对伯克希尔来说并不重要。

原文

CHARLIE MUNGER: That is, that what he’s talking about is not very material to Berkshire.

沃伦·巴菲特:不。不是的。它真的不会。你知道,而且——

原文

WARREN BUFFETT: No. It isn’t. And it really won’t be. You know, and —

查理·芒格:不。

原文

CHARLIE MUNGER: No.

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标题:2017年股东大会 第6部分,共7部分

沃伦·巴菲特:那可能是我说过的最聪明的话了。(笑声)哦,这个——好吧——对我来说——很简单。我真的很喜欢教学。所以,基本上,我一生都在正式地,也可以说是非正式地做这件事。而我当然拥有你能想象到的最好的老师。所以,如果有人觉得我教书教得不错,我会感觉非常好。(掌声)

原文

WARREN BUFFETT: That may be the smartest thing I ever said. (Laughter) Oh, it — well — with me, it —very simple. It — I really like teaching. So, basically, I’ve been doing it formally and, you could say, somewhat informally, all my life. And I certainly had the greatest teachers you can imagine. So, if somebody thought that I did a decent job at teaching, I’d feel very good about that. (Applause)

查理·芒格:是啊。为了让教学变得能忍受,里面必须得带点自作聪明的味道。这一点我们俩都能提供。(笑声)

原文

CHARLIE MUNGER: Yeah. To make the teaching endurable it has to have a bit of wise-assery in it. And that we’ve both been able to supply. (Laughter)

沃伦·巴菲特:对于你们这些老牌篮球迷来说,我有没有提过,据说威尔特·张伯伦的墓碑上会刻着:“终于,我一个人睡了?”(笑声)

原文

WARREN BUFFETT: And for those of you who are old-time basketball fans, have I mentioned that on Wilt Chamberlain’s tomb it was reputed that it was going to say, “At last, I sleep alone?” (Laughter)

27. “别等到93岁”

沃伦·巴菲特:好的。9号台。

观众成员:芒格先生、巴菲特先生,下午好。我叫纪文月(音译)。我来自中国。这是我第一次来参加这个会议。我觉得自己很幸运能有提问的机会。

沃伦·巴菲特:我们很高兴你来。

观众成员:谢谢。每个人都有个人梦想。在不同的年龄,梦想可能会有所变化。你们现在的梦想是什么?

沃伦·巴菲特:查理,让你先来。

查理·芒格:我没太听清。

沃伦·巴菲特:哦,我——你现在的梦想是什么?她说——

查理·芒格:我的梦想。嗯——(笑声)

沃伦·巴菲特:我们跳过第一个吧。(笑声)

查理·芒格:有时候我特别抱幻想的时候,会想,哦,要是能再回到90岁就好了。(掌声)我给年轻人一些建议:如果你们有什么真正想做的事,别等到93岁才去做。

沃伦·巴菲特:不,现在就去做。(笑声)不,这也是我会对学生说的话:你不一定第一次或第二次就能找到。但当你进入这个世界时,去寻找那份即使你不需要工作也愿意去做的工作。我的意思是,不要推迟这类事情。有人——我想是克尔凯郭尔说过,人生只能倒着被评价,但必须正着去活。你想有点——查理说他只想知道自己会死在哪里,这样他就永远不会去那儿。所以你们——(笑声)你们确实需要在生活中做一定量的逆向工程。我的意思是,这并不意味着你可以事事都这样做。但你真正想要思考的是,当你变老时,什么会让你对自己的生活感觉良好。并且你至少大体上想朝那个方向前进。而且,你知道,生活中你需要一些运气。

你还必须接受在人生旅途中会遇到的一些坏事。但生活对我和查理来说一直非常好,所以我们毫无怨言。

原文

WARREN BUFFETT: No, do it. (Laughter) No, that’s the same thing I would tell students is, you can’t always find it the first time or the second time. But when you go out in the world, look for the job that you would take if you didn’t need a job. I mean, don’t postpone that sort of thing. Somebody — I think it was Kierkegaard, said that, you know, life must be evaluated backwards but it must be lived forwards. And you want to sort of — Charlie says all he wants to know is where he’ll die so he’ll never go there, you know. And so you — (Laughter) You do want to do a certain amount of reverse engineering in life. I mean, that’s not — that doesn’t mean you can do everything that way. But you really want to think about what will make you feel good, when you get older, about your life. And you, at least generally, want to keep going in that direction. And, you know, you need some luck in life.

And you got to accept some bad things that are going to happen as you go along. But life has been awfully good to me and Charlie, so we have no complaints.

查理·芒格:你不想成为那样的人,就像在某人葬礼上,牧师说:“现在,请哪位来说几句逝者的好话。”没有人上前。还是没有人上前。牧师说:“肯定有人能说一些——说一些——关于逝者的好话。”还是没有人上前。最后,一个人站了出来。他说:“嗯,”他说,“他兄弟更差劲。”

沃伦·巴菲特:是啊。(笑声)

原文

CHARLIE MUNGER: What you don’t want to be is like the man, when they held his funeral, and the minister said, “Now, it’s the time for somebody to say something nice about the deceased.” And nobody came forward. And nobody came forward. He said, “Surely, somebody can say somebody — something nice — about the deceased.” And nobody came forward. And finally, one man came up. And he said, “Well,” he said, “His brother was worse.”

WARREN BUFFETT: Yeah. (Laughter)

28. 巴菲特的遗憾:“真希望早点认识查理”

沃伦·巴菲特:好的。我们转到10号台,看看能不能有所改进。(笑声)

观众成员:嗨。我叫Andy Lijun Lin,来自上海 Loyal Valley Innovation Capital。这是我第六年从上海来到这里。我得说——我必须对你们两位,沃伦和查理说,你们在全世界受到数百万甚至数十亿人的高度尊敬和深爱。我今天有两个问题。第一个问题,在你们致股东的信中,你们说你们认为EBITDA不是评估一家企业价值的好参数。为什么不是?能详细说明一下吗?第二个问题,你们两位都拥有非常成功和幸福的生活,并获得了极大的尊重。我的问题是问你们每个人。回顾过去,从个人角度来看,你们在生活中有遗憾吗?如果有一件事你们可以在生活中、家庭中、个人中或事业中做得不同,那会是什么?非常感谢。

沃伦·巴菲特:是的。我认为你不应该指望我们回答个人方面的问题。但在事业方面,我会说我希望更早认识查理。(笑)自从我29岁、他35岁以来,我们一直非常开心。但如果我们在很多很多年前就开始,那会更开心。我们曾有机会。我们在同一家杂货店工作过,但不是同时。

原文

28. Buffett’s regret: “I wish I’d met Charlie earlier”

WARREN BUFFETT: OK. We’ll move to station 10 and see if we can improve on it. (Laughter)

AUDIENCE MEMBER: Hi. My name is Andy Lijun Lin from Loyal Valley Innovation Capital from Shanghai. This is my sixth year from Shanghai to here. I have say — I have to say to you two, Warren and Charlie, you are highly respected and deeply loved by millions and millions, or even billions, globally. I have two questions today. First question, in your letters to shareholders you said you believe EBITDA is not a good parameter to value a business. Why it’s not? Can you elaborate on that? Second question, you both have very successful and happy lives with great respect. My question is to each of you. In retrospect, from a personal standpoint, do you have regrets in life? If there is one thing you could have done differently in your life, family, personal, or business, what is it? Thank you very much.

WARREN BUFFETT: Yeah. I don’t think you should expect us to answer that on personal. But in business, I would say I wish I’d met Charlie earlier. (Laughs) We’ve had a lot of fun ever since I was 29 and he was 35. But it would’ve been even more fun if we’d started many, many years earlier. We had a chance to. We worked in the same grocery store but not at the same time.

29. 教授EBITDA的“错觉”是“灾难的平方”

沃伦·巴菲特:关于EBITDA,折旧是一项费用。而且是最糟糕的一种费用。你知道,我们喜欢谈浮存金。浮存金是我们先拿到钱,后来再产生费用。折旧则是你先花钱,然后才记录费用。这是反向浮存金。这不是一件好事。将折旧计入估值倍数——在其他条件相同的情况下,购买一家基本上没有固定资产投入、没有折旧却能赚取X利润的企业,远比购买一家需要大量折旧才能赚取X利润的公司要好得多。而且我——实际上,我明年可能会多写一点关于这个的内容,仅仅因为这是一种大规模的错觉。当然,这也非常符合华尔街的利益,他们极力关注所谓的EBITDA,因为这会导致更高的借贷能力、更高的估值等等。

所以在过去20年里,它变得非常流行,但我认为这是一个非常具有误导性的统计指标,可能被用于非常有害的方式。查理,关于这两个问题中的哪一个?

查理·芒格:我认为你低估了这个话题的危害性,以及将这个词引入企业估值的人们那令人作呕的本质。这就好比一个房地产租赁经纪人,有一间1000平方英尺的新套房要出租,却谎称有2000平方英尺。这不是光荣的行为。而这个术语就是这样进入通用用法的。任何心智正常的人都不会认为折旧不是一项费用。

沃伦·巴菲特:是的。但这非常符合华尔街的利益。

查理·芒格:是的。这就是为什么——

沃伦·巴菲特:你——

查理·芒格:——他们这么做了。

沃伦·巴菲特:是啊。

查理·芒格:它让估值倍数看起来更低。

沃伦·巴菲特:是的。令人惊讶的是它实际上被接受的方式。但无论如何,这只是说明了人们如何使用语言,以及推销对他们有利的概念。“2和20”也是类似的情况。我的意思是,在支付了“2和20”之后跑赢大盘的资金数量,与所发生的费用相比,我可以向你保证,这对这种特定安排是一个可怕的控诉。但只要它能被卖出去,它就会被卖出去。而且——

查理·芒格:现在,商学院也在用它。这真是灾难的平方。我是说——(笑声)——一群小偷开始使用一个术语已经够糟了。但当它变得如此普遍,以至于商学院也开始模仿,那可不是——那不是个好结果。

沃伦·巴菲特:好的。(掌声)

原文

29. Teaching the “delusion” of EBITDA is “horror squared”

WARREN BUFFETT: In respect to EBITDA, depreciation is an expense. And it’s the worst kind of an expense. You know, we love to talk about float. And float is where we get the money first and we have the expense later. Depreciation is where you spend the money first, you know, and, then, record the expense later. And it’s reverse float. And it’s not a good thing. And to have that enter into a multiple — it’s much better to buy a business that has, everything else being equal — has no depreciation because it has, essentially, no investment and fixed assets that makes X, than it is to buy a company where there’s a lot of depreciation in getting to X. And I — actually, I may write a little bit more on that next year, just because it’s such a mass delusion. And, of course, it’s in the interests of Wall Street, enormously, to focus on something called EBITDA because it results in higher borrowing power, higher valuations, and all of that sort of thing.

So it’s become very popular in the last 20 years, but I — it’s a very misleading statistic that can be used in very pernicious ways. Charlie, on either one of those subjects?

CHARLIE MUNGER: I think you’ve understated the horrors of the subject and the disgusting nature of the people that brought that term into the valuation of business. It was just — It would be like a leasing broker of real estate who’s got a thousand square-foot new suite to be leased, and he says it’s got 2,000 feet in it. That’s not honorable behavior. And that’s the way that term got into common usage. Nobody in his right mind would think that depreciation is not an expense.

WARREN BUFFETT: Yeah. It — but it’s very much in the interest of Wall Street.

CHARLIE MUNGER: Yes. That’s why —

WARREN BUFFETT: You —

CHARLIE MUNGER: — they did it.

WARREN BUFFETT: Yeah.

CHARLIE MUNGER: It made the multiple seem lower.

WARREN BUFFETT: And what’s amazing is the way it’s accepted, actually. But anyway, it just illustrates how people use language, you know, and sell concepts that work to their own use. And “2 and 20” has the same sort of thing. I mean, the number of people — the amount of money that’s overperformed after paying 2 and 20, compared to the expenses that have been incurred, I will assure you, makes for a terrible indictment of that particular arrangement. But as long as it can get sold, it will get sold. And —

CHARLIE MUNGER: And, now, they use it in the business schools. Now, that is horror squared. I mean — (laughter) — it’s bad enough that a bunch of thieves start using a term. But when it gets so common that the business schools copy it, that is not a — that’s not a good result.

WARREN BUFFETT: OK. (Applause)

30. “在这种社会里,任何人都不应该成为牺牲品”

沃伦·巴菲特:11号台。

观众成员:下午好。我是Whitney Tilson,来自纽约的一位股东。我的问题与之前关于裁员的问题有关。也许,比裁员更让美国工人愤怒的事情,就是完全关闭业务并将工作岗位转移到海外。随便问问俄亥俄州或密歇根州的任何人,他们都会告诉你关于那些在这些州运营数十年的公司的故事,这些公司受益于教育系统、基础设施等,这些都是由当地纳税人支付的。但是,一些高薪顾问来了,向公司展示如何通过将生产转移到墨西哥或中国来降低成本。然后,噗的一声,好的美国工作岗位消失了。我的观察是,如今大多数投资者和美国企业界都崇拜“股东价值最大化”这座神坛,这实际上是尽一切可能推高股价的代码。但这样做,公司采取的行动让数百万工人感到,往好里说是恐惧和落后,往坏里说是受到企业界的深深伤害。

这让很多人如此愤怒,以至于我认为它正在考验二战后建立在自由贸易基础上的经济秩序,甚至考验我们民主的稳固性。我认为这在我们的上一次选举中起到了决定性作用。所以我的问题是,你们是否认为企业在做出此类决策时应该考虑纯粹经济因素之外的因素?他们对员工和他们所在的社区有什么义务(如果有的话)?最后,如果伯克希尔的CEO来找你们,请求你们批准关闭美国的业务并将其迁至海外以节省成本,除了经济因素之外,你们还会问什么问题?谢谢。

沃伦·巴菲特:是啊。事实是——(掌声)——在某些情况下,原本在美国的生产肯定已经被来自世界其他地区的生产所取代。最初——当Fruit of the Loom还叫Union Underwear时,我相信是在1955年被Graham-Newman Corp收购的,我当时在场。那时可能全部是国内生产。但事实是,如果现在全部是国内生产,它就不会存在了。同样的事情也发生在Dexter Shoe上。它是一家很棒的公司,拥有技术娴熟的工人。但最终,如果我们以反映成本的价格出售鞋子,它们无法与来自世界各地的鞋子竞争。贸易,我认为——双向的,出口和进口——大规模的贸易应该并且实际上对美国乃至整个世界都极其有利。我的意思是,更高的生产率总体上会让世界受益。

但是,成为牺牲品,成为新贝德福德最终失业的纺织工人,成为Dexter失业的制鞋工人,你知道——我的意思是,如果一生都在说“我这么做是为了更大的利益,为了让鞋子或内衣便宜5%”,而美国公众实际上永远不会知道,这也没什么乐趣。所以在我看来,你需要两样东西。你有一个极其繁荣的国家。你的人均GDP几乎达到6万美元。这难以置信——按实际价值计算,是我出生时的六倍。所以我们有了繁荣。而这种繁荣因贸易而增强。1970年,我们只出口了GDP的5%,现在我认为大概是12%左右。我们在做我们最擅长的事情。但我们需要一位首席教育官,按理说是总统——我不是特指这位总统。

我是说任何一位在位数十年的总统——都必须能够向美国公众解释本质上自由贸易的整体利益。然后,除此之外,我们必须有政策来照顾在此过程中成为牺牲品的人。因为如果我的生活因为某件对3.2亿多人有微乎其微好处的事情而变得悲惨,并且在我努力正当地生活时毁了我的生活,这对我来说毫无意义。所以我们有资源来照顾这些人。投资者,我不担心。几年前我写过这个。投资者可以通过分散投资,总体上贸易可能使他们受益,他们不会被某个特定行业状况击垮。但工人在很多情况下做不到这一点。你不能重新培训新贝德福特纺织厂里那位可能连英语都不会说的55岁工人。

我的意思是,他们——如果他们对社会有益的事情所摧毁,他们就被摧毁了,除非政府实施一些政策来照顾这样的人。我们有一个富裕的社会可以做到这一点。我们也有一个社会将从自由贸易中受益。我认为我们应该努力实现两个目标:确保没有人成为牺牲品,同时让3.2亿人获得自由贸易的好处。(掌声)查理?

查理·芒格:嗯,我对此没有异议。正因如此,我们才有失业保险。但我担心资本主义制度在调整和改进过程中,总会伤害到一些人。这是无法避免的。

沃伦·巴菲特:是啊。嗯,如果你选错了行业,资本主义对资本是残酷的。正像我说的,你可以分散这些结果。资本主义对那些运气不好、在某个技能上投入数十年的人也很残酷。但一个富裕的社会——一个非常富裕的社会实际上可以——如果这对整个社会有益——它可以照顾这些人。我的意思是,你知道,新的税——前几天通过的议案将我的税收减少了17%。你知道,这是政府需要的还是什么?

查理·芒格:我不会开始花那笔钱。

沃伦·巴菲特:不。而且——(笑声)——但那是意愿,我的意思是——不,我同意。我不认为——谁知道那个议案会怎样?但我是说,发生这种事,我认为——我想如果你在奥马哈随机询问1000个走向购物中心的人,我的税单是否因为通过的法案而被削减了一大笔,我怀疑有多少人会对所发生的报道和所有那些事有丝毫概念。所以,我们——我们确实有——可能人均GDP更像是5.7万或5.8万美元——一个四口之家23万美元。但在这种社会里,任何人都不应该成为牺牲品——

查理·芒格:嗯,记住俾斯麦说过的话:有两件事是任何人都不应该看的。一件是做香肠,另一件是立法过程。(笑声)

沃伦·巴菲特:是啊。嗯,我会说有人应该看着点。(笑声)不管怎样,我们已经到了3:30的神奇时刻。我们将在3:45重新开会,举行正式的股东大会。这可能需要一段时间。所以,欢迎你们留下来观看。或者你们可以去购物。我甚至可能有点偏好后者。但去做你们想做的事吧。好的。(掌声)

原文

30. “Nobody should be roadkill in this sort of society”

WARREN BUFFETT: Station 11.

AUDIENCE MEMBER: Good afternoon. I’m Whitney Tilson, a shareholder from New York. My question is related to the ones asked earlier about job cuts. Perhaps, the only thing that makes American workers angrier than layoffs is to shut down an operation entirely and move the jobs overseas. Ask anyone in Ohio or Michigan, and they’ll tell you stories about companies that have been operating in those states for decades, benefitting from the educational system, infrastructure and so forth, things that were paid for by local taxpayers. But, then, some high-paid consultants came along and showed the company how it could reduce its costs by relocating production to Mexico or China. And poof, the good U.S. jobs disappeared. My observation is that most investors and those in corporate America today worship at the altar of maximizing shareholder value, which is code for doing whatever is necessary to boost the share price as high as possible. But in doing so, companies are taking actions that make millions of workers feel, at best, fearful and left behind and, at worst, deeply harmed by corporate America.

It makes so many people so angry that I think it’s testing the post-World War II economic order, which is rooted in free trade, and even the strength of our democracy. I’d argue that it was decisive in our last election. So my question to you is, do you think that businesses should consider factors outside of pure economics when making these types of decisions? What obligations, if any, do they have to their employees and communities in which they operate? And lastly, if a Berkshire CEO came to you and asked for your approval to close a U.S. operation and relocate it overseas to save money, what questions would you ask beyond the economics of this decision? Thank you.

WARREN BUFFETT: Yeah. Well, the truth is that — (applause) — in certain cases, production that would otherwise — that had formerly been in the United States has definitely been supplanted by production that comes from other parts of the world. Originally — I was there when Fruit of the Loom was called Union Underwear and bought by Graham-Newman Corp in 1955, I believe. And it was probably all domestic then. And the truth is if it was all domestic now, it wouldn’t exist. We had the same thing happen with Dexter Shoe. And it was a wonderful company and skilled workers. And in the end, if we sold the shoes at a price that yielded what they cost us, they were not competitive with shoes from around the world. Trade, I would argue — both ways, export, import — massive trade should be — and is, actually — enormously beneficial both to the United States and the world. I mean, it will — it — greater productivity will benefit the world in a general way.

But to be roadkill, to be the textile worker in New Bedford that was put out of a job eventually, to be the shoe worker at Dexter — at Dexter to be — was put out of work, you know, is — I mean, it would be no fun to go through life and say, “I’m doing this for the greater good and so that shoes or underwear will sell for five percent less,” or something, “and the American public will actually never know.” So what you need is two things, in my view. You’ve got an enormously prosperous country. You’ve got almost $60,000 of GDP per capita. It’s unbelievable — six times what it was when I was born, in real terms. So we’ve got the prosperity. And that prosperity is enhanced by trade. We were only exporting five percent of our GDP back in 1970, and that’s — I think it’s around 12 percent or something like that now. We’re doing what we do best. But we need an educator-in-chief, logically the president — I don’t mean this specific president.

I mean any president who’s been around for decades — has to be able to explain to the American public the overall benefits of, essentially, free trade. And then, beyond that, we have to have policies that take care of the people that become the roadkill in the process. Because it doesn’t make any difference to me if — as far as I’m concerned, if my life is miserable because I’ve been put out of business by something that’s good for 320-some million people in some infinitesimal way, and it’s messed up my life when I’ve tried to live it in a proper way. So we have got the resources to take care of those people. The investors, I don’t worry about. I wrote about this a few years ago. The investors can diversify their investments in such a way that, overall, trade probably benefits them and they don’t get killed by a specific industry condition. But the worker, in many cases, can’t do that. You’re not going to retrain some 55-year-old worker in New Bedford who may not even speak English in our textile mill or something.

I mean, they — If they get destroyed by something that’s good for society, they get destroyed, unless government puts in some policies that takes care of people like that. And we’ve got a rich society that can do that. And we got a society that will benefit by free trade. And I think we ought to try to hit both objectives of making sure that there is not roadkill and that, at the same time, we get — 320 million people — get the benefits of free trade. (Applause) Charlie?

CHARLIE MUNGER: Well, I don’t quarrel with that. And we have unemployment insurance for that exact reason. But I’m afraid that a capitalist system is always going to hurt some people as it modifies and improves. There’s no way to avoid it.

WARREN BUFFETT: Yeah. Well, capitalism is brutal to capital if you’re in the wrong businesses. And, like I say, you can diversify those results. Capitalism is brutal to people that have the bad luck to be skilled or develop their skills for decades. But a rich — a very rich society can actually — if it’s beneficial to society overall, it can take care of those people. I mean, it just — you know, the new tax — The bill that was passed a couple days ago reduces my taxes, you know, by 17 percent. You know, and is that needed by the government or anything of the sort?

CHARLIE MUNGER: I wouldn’t start spending the money.

WARREN BUFFETT: No. And — (laughter) — but that was the will, I mean, of the — No, I agree. I don’t think — who knows what happens with the bill? But I’m just — to have that happen, and I don’t think — I think if you polled a thousand people in Omaha that were walking to a shopping center as to whether my tax bill had been cut by some very large sum because of what passed, I don’t think many people would have the faintest idea what happened, in terms of the coverage of it and all of that that took place. So I — we’ve got — we do have — it’s probably more like 57- or $58,000 of GDP per capita — family of four, $230,000. But nobody should be roadkill in this sort of society —

CHARLIE MUNGER: Well, remember what Bismarck said: There are two things that nobody should have to watch. One is the making of the sausage. And the other is the making of legislation. (Laughter)

WARREN BUFFETT: Yeah. Well, I would say that somebody ought to watch. (Laughter) Anyway, we’ve hit the magic hour of 3:30. We’ll reconvene at 3:45 to do — have a formal shareholders meeting. And that may take a while. So, you’re welcome to stay and watch that. Or you’re welcome to shop. And I might even have a small preference of that. But go — do whatever you wish. OK. (Applause)

31. 正式商务会议开始

沃伦·巴菲特:好的。我们重新集合。请各位就座,我们将开始正式会议。我将按照稿子进行。会议现在开始。我是沃伦·巴菲特,公司董事会主席。欢迎各位参加2017年年度股东大会。今天上午,我介绍了在场的伯克希尔·哈撒韦董事。今天与我们同在的还有我们的审计公司德勤会计师事务所的合伙人。Sharon Heck是伯克希尔·哈撒韦的秘书,她将做会议记录。Becki Amick被任命为本次会议的选举监察员,她将证明董事选举和本次会议将要表决的动议的投票计数。本次会议的被指定代理投票人是Walter Scott和Marc Hamburg。秘书是否有关于已发行伯克希尔股份数量的报告——?

声音:(听不清)

沃伦·巴菲特:如果你们不介意,请把灯开亮一点,这样我才能看清——已发行、有投票权并在会议上代表的股份数?

Sharon Heck:是的。我有。正如随同本次会议通知(该通知于2017年3月8日,即本次会议的记录日期,发送给所有在册股东)的代理声明中所述,已发行的伯克希尔·哈撒韦A类普通股为770,994股,每股有权在会议审议的动议中投一票;已发行的伯克希尔·哈撒韦B类普通股为1,310,304,247股,每股有权在会议审议的动议中投1/10,000票。其中,截至5月5日(周五)下午,通过代理投票返回的A类股为538,915股,B类股为734,450,954股。

沃伦·巴菲特:谢谢你,Sharon。这个数字构成了法定人数,因此我们将直接进行会议。第一项事务是宣读上一次股东大会的会议记录。我请Walter Scott先生向会议提出一项动议。

Walter Scott:我提议免去宣读上一次股东大会的会议记录,并批准该会议记录。

沃伦·巴菲特:有人附议吗?

Ron Olson:我附议。

沃伦·巴菲特:动议已提出并获附议。我们将通过口头表决对动议进行投票。赞成的请说“赞成”。

声音:赞成。

沃伦·巴菲特:我没听到很多。反对?动议通过。

原文

31. Formal business meeting begins

WARREN BUFFETT: OK. Let’s regroup. If you’ll all take your seats, we’ll begin the formal meeting. And I’ll work from a script in this. The meeting will now come to order. I’m Warren Buffett, chairman of the board of the directors of the company. I welcome you to this 2017 annual meeting of shareholders. This morning, I introduced the Berkshire Hathaway directors that are present. Also with us today are partners in the firm of Deloitte and Touche, our auditors. Sharon Heck is secretary of Berkshire Hathaway, and she will make a written record of the proceedings. Becki Amick has been appointed inspector of elections at this meeting, and she will certify to the count of votes cast in the election for directors and the motions to be voted upon at this meeting. The named proxy holders for this meeting are Walter Scott and Marc Hamburg. Does the secretary have a report of the number of Berkshire shares outstanding —?

VOICES: (Inaudible)

WARREN BUFFETT: if you don’t mind, keep the lights on a little more so I can read this — outstanding, entitled to vote, and represented at the meeting?

SHARON HECK: Yes. I do. As indicated in the proxy statement that accompanied the notice of this meeting that was sent to all shareholders of record on March 8th, 2017, the record date for this meeting, there were 770,994 shares of Class A Berkshire Hathaway common stock outstanding, with each share entitled to one vote on motions considered at the meeting, and 1,310,304,247 shares of Class B Berkshire Hathaway common stock outstanding, with each share entitled to 1/10,000th of one vote on motions considered at the meeting. Of that number, 538,915 Class A shares and 734,450,954 Class B shares are represented at this meeting by proxies returned through Friday afternoon, May 5th.

WARREN BUFFETT: Thank you, Sharon. That number represents a quorum and will therefore — we will therefore directly proceed with the meeting. The first item of business will be a reading of the minutes of the last meeting of shareholders. I recognize Mr. Walter Scott, who will place a motion before the meeting.

WALTER SCOTT: I move that the reading of the minutes of the last meeting of the shareholders be dispensed with and the minutes be approved.

WARREN BUFFETT: Do I hear a second?

RON OLSON: I second the motion.

WARREN BUFFETT: The motion has been moved and seconded. We will vote on the motion by voice vote. All those in favor say, “Aye.”

VOICES: Aye.

WARREN BUFFETT: I didn’t hear very many. But opposed? The motion is carried.

32. 选举伯克希尔董事

沃伦·巴菲特:下一项事务是选举董事。如果有股东在场但未提交代理投票,或者希望撤回之前提交的代理投票,您可以亲自投票选举董事以及本次会议审议的其他事项。请向走道中的会议工作人员表明身份,以便领取选票。我请Walter Scott先生就董事选举向会议提出动议。

Walter Scott:我提议选举沃伦·巴菲特、查理·芒格、霍华德·巴菲特、斯蒂芬·伯克、苏珊·德克尔、威廉·盖茨、大卫·戈特斯曼、夏洛特·盖曼、托马斯·墨菲、罗恩·奥尔森、沃尔特·斯科特和梅丽尔·维特默为董事。

沃伦·巴菲特:有人附议吗?

Ron Olson:我附议。

沃伦·巴菲特:已提出并获附议,选举沃伦·巴菲特、查理·芒格、霍华德·巴菲特、斯蒂芬·伯克、苏珊·德克尔、威廉·盖茨、大卫·戈特斯曼、夏洛特·盖曼、托马斯·墨菲、罗纳德·奥尔森、沃尔特·斯科特和梅丽尔·维特默为董事。还有其他提名或讨论吗?提名已准备好进行表决。如果有股东亲自投票,请现在在董事选举的选票上做标记,并将选票交给走道中的会议工作人员之一。Amick女士,准备好后,请做报告。

Becki Amick:我的报告准备好了。代理投票持有人根据截至上周五下午收到的代理投票所投的选票,每位被提名人获得不少于601,375票。该数字超过了所有已发行的A类和B类股份总票数的多数。特拉华州法律要求的精确投票计数证明将交给秘书,并放入本次会议记录中。

沃伦·巴菲特:谢谢你,Amick女士。沃伦·巴菲特、查理·芒格、霍华德·巴菲特、斯蒂芬·伯克、苏珊·德克尔、威廉·盖茨、大卫·戈特斯曼、夏洛特·盖曼、托马斯·墨菲、罗纳德·奥尔森、沃尔特·斯科特和梅丽尔·维特默已当选为董事。

原文

32. Election of Berkshire directors

WARREN BUFFETT: The next item of business is to elect directors. If a shareholder is present who did not send in a proxy or who wishes to withdraw a proxy previously sent in, you may vote in person on the election of directors and other matters to be considered at this meeting. Please identify yourselves to one of the meeting officials in the aisle so that you can receive a ballot. I recognize Mr. Walter Scott to place a motion before the meeting with respect to election of directors.

WALTER SCOTT: I move that Warren Buffett, Charles Munger, Howard Buffett, Stephen Burke, Susan Decker, William Gates, David Gottesman, Charlotte Guyman, Thomas Murphy, Ron Olson, Walter Scott, and Meryl Witmer be elected as directors.

WARREN BUFFETT: Is there a second?

RON OLSON: I second the motion.

WARREN BUFFETT: It’s been moved and seconded that Warren Buffett, Charles Munger, Howard Buffett, Stephen Burke, Susan Decker, William Gates, David Gottesman, Charlotte Guyman, Thomas Murphy, Ronald Olson, Walter Scott, and Meryl Witmer be elected as directors. Are there any other nominations or any discussion? The nominations are ready to be acted upon. If there are any shareholders voting in person, they should now mark the ballots on the election of directors and deliver their ballot to one of the meeting officials in the aisles. Miss Amick, when you are ready, you may give your report.

BECKI AMICK: My report is ready. The ballot of the proxy holders in response to proxies that were received through last Friday afternoon cast not less than 601,375 votes for each nominee. That number exceeds a majority of the number of the total votes of all Class A and Class B shares outstanding. The certification required by Delaware law of the precise count of the votes will be given to the secretary to be placed with the minutes of this meeting.

WARREN BUFFETT: Thank you, Miss Amick. Warren Buffett, Charles Munger, Howard Buffett, Stephen Burke, Susan Decker, William Gates, David Gottesman, Charlotte Guyman, Thomas Murphy, Ronald Olson, Walter Scott, and Meryl Witmer have been elected as directors.

33. 关于伯克希尔高管薪酬的咨询性投票

沃伦·巴菲特:议程上的下一项是关于伯克希尔·哈撒韦高管薪酬的咨询性投票。我请Walter Scott先生此时向会议提出动议。

Walter Scott:我提议,公司股东在咨询基础上,批准公司指定的高管人员根据S-K条例第402项披露的薪酬,包括薪酬讨论与分析、随附的薪酬表格以及公司2017年年度股东大会代理声明中的相关叙述性讨论。

沃伦·巴菲特:有人附议吗?

Ron Olson:我附议。

沃伦·巴菲特:已提出并获附议,公司股东在咨询基础上批准公司指定的高管人员的薪酬。Amick女士,准备好后请做报告。

Becki Amick:我的报告准备好了。代理投票持有人根据截至上周五下午收到的代理投票所投的选票,在咨询基础上批准公司指定的高管人员薪酬的票数不少于608,765票。该数字超过了所有已发行的A类和B类股份总票数的多数。特拉华州法律要求的精确投票计数证明将交给秘书,并放入本次会议记录中。

沃伦·巴菲特:谢谢你,Amick女士。在咨询基础上批准公司指定的高管人员薪酬的动议获得通过。

原文

33. Advisory vote on Berkshire’s executive compensation

WARREN BUFFETT: The next item on the agenda is an advisory vote on the compensation of Berkshire Hathaway’s executive officers. I recognize Mr. Walter Scott to place a motion before the meeting at this time.

WALTER SCOTT: I move that the shareholders of the company approve, on an advisory basis, the compensation paid to the company’s named executive directors as disclosed pursuant to Item 402 of Regulation S-K, including the compensation discussion and analysis, and the accompanying compensation tables, and the related narrative discussion, in the company’s 2017 annual meeting proxy statement.

WARREN BUFFETT: Is there a second?

RON OLSON: I second the motion.

WARREN BUFFETT: It has been moved and seconded that the shareholders of the company approve, on an advisory basis, the compensation paid to the company’s named executive officers. Miss Amick, when you are ready you may give your report.

BECKI AMICK: My report is ready. The ballot of the proxy holders in response to proxies that were received through last Friday afternoon cast not less than 608,765 votes to approve, on an advisory basis, the compensation paid to the company’s named executive officers. That number exceeds a majority of the number of the total votes of all Class A and Class B shares outstanding. The certification required by Delaware law of the precise count of the votes will be given to the secretary to be placed with the minutes of this meeting.

WARREN BUFFETT: Thank you, Miss Amick. The motion to approve, on an advisory basis, the compensation paid to the company’s named executive officers has passed.

34. 关于咨询性薪酬投票频率的咨询性投票

沃伦·巴菲特:议程上的下一项是关于股东对伯克希尔·哈撒韦高管薪酬进行咨询性投票频率的咨询性投票。我请Walter Scott先生就这一事项向会议提出动议。

Walter Scott:我提议,公司股东在咨询基础上决定,他们应每隔多久(每年、每两年或每三年)对根据公司2017年年度股东大会代理声明所述向公司指定高管支付的薪酬进行一次咨询性投票。

沃伦·巴菲特:有人附议吗?

Ron Olson:附议。

沃伦·巴菲特:已提出并获附议,公司股东决定他们应对指定高管薪酬进行咨询性投票的频率,选项为每一年、每两年或每三年一次。Amick女士,准备好后请做报告。

Becki Amick:我的报告准备好了。代理投票持有人根据截至上周五下午收到的代理投票所投的选票,支持每年进行一次咨询性投票的为131,268票,支持每两年进行一次的为1,954票,支持每三年进行一次的为476,661票。特拉华州法律要求的精确投票计数证明将交给秘书,并放入本次会议记录中。

沃伦·巴菲特:谢谢你,Amick女士。公司股东在咨询基础上决定,他们应每隔三年对向公司指定高管支付的薪酬进行一次咨询性投票。

原文

34. Advisory vote on frequency of advisory compensation votes

WARREN BUFFETT: The next item on the agenda is an advisory vote on the frequency of a shareholder advisory vote on compensation of Berkshire Hathaway’s executive officers. I recognize Mr. Walter Scott to place a motion before the meeting on this item.

WALTER SCOTT: I move that the shareholders of the company determine, on an advisory basis, the frequency, whether annual, biannual, or triannual, with which they shall have an advisory vote on the compensation paid to the company’s named executives as set forth in the company’s 2017 annual meeting proxy statement.

WARREN BUFFETT: Is there a second?

RON OLSON: Second the motion.

WARREN BUFFETT: It has been moved and seconded that the shareholders of the company determine the frequency with which they shall have an advisory vote on compensation of named executive officers with the option being every one, two, or three years. Miss Amick, when you are ready, you may give your report.

BECKI AMICK: My report is ready. The ballot of the proxy holders in response to proxies that were received through last Friday afternoon cast 131,268 votes for a frequency of every year, 1,954 votes for a frequency of every two years, and 476,661 votes for a frequency of every three years of an advisory vote on the compensation paid to the company’s named executive officers. The certification required by Delaware law of the precise count of the votes will be given to the secretary to be placed with the minutes of this meeting.

WARREN BUFFETT: Thank you, Miss Amick. The shareholders of the company have determined, on an advisory basis, that they shall have an advisory vote on the compensation paid to the company’s named executive officers every three years.

35. 股东关于披露政治捐款的动议

沃伦·巴菲特:下一项事务是由Clean Yield Asset Management代表股东Tom Beers和Mary Durfee提出的动议。该动议已在代理声明中列出。该动议要求公司提供其政治捐款的报告。董事们建议股东投票反对该提案。我现在请Eileen Durry(音译)——我希望我发音正确——来陈述该动议。为了让所有感兴趣的股东发表意见,我请她将发言限制在五分钟内。1号麦克风区可供希望支持或反对该动议的人使用。只有1号麦克风站处于运行状态。为了在场各位的利益,我要求除最初的提案人外,每位支持或反对该动议的发言者将发言限制在两分钟内,并将发言严格限于该动议。1号台有Clean Yield Management的代表吗?或者,等等。对不起,是Clean Yield Asset Management。

Eileen Durry:下午好,主席先生、董事会成员、各位股东。我叫Eileen Durry。我被要求宣读本提案提交人Tom Beers和Mary Durfee的以下声明。我们的提案,即代理投票中的第4号提案,要求伯克希尔·哈撒韦全面披露其政治支出的程度。我们为什么要求这个?企业政治支出是一项有争议的活动,必须在最高管理层进行谨慎管理和监督。政治捐款方面的管理不善或判断失误可能带来声誉损害、政治风险和法律责任。近年来,在股东和其他利益相关者的敦促下,许多公司对政治捐款采取了更严格的披露和更好的监督。这方面的最佳实践包括全面披露直接和间接政治捐款、描述确保完全遵守法律的政策和程序,以及承诺进行董事会监督。但我们的公司在这方面要么没有政策,要么隐藏起来,以至于在领先的企业政治披露和问责评级体系CPA-Zicklin Index上连续六年得分为零。

相比之下,标准普尔500指数中有56%的公司公开制定了管理公司资金政治支出的详细政策。像GE、Travelers、Unum、CSX和Norfolk Southern这样的同行都会披露政治支出。相比之下,我们所知道的关于伯克希尔政治支出的全部信息,都包含在今年的代理声明中对我们的提案的两段回应中,该回应试图向我们保证,伯克希尔的政治支出相对于其规模来说很小。但管理层的声明引发的疑问多于答案。例如,它没有说明伯克希尔是否向第三方捐款,比如贸易协会和501(c)(4)组织,这些是几乎无法追踪的暗钱捐款的主要来源。自2012年以来,超过6.7亿美元的暗钱被用于美国选举,而没有披露背后的捐赠者是谁。各位股东,如你们所知,我们公司是一家大型而复杂的企业。伯克希尔·哈撒韦在《财富》500强中排名第四。

在大型公司对政治支出及其关于暗钱工具的政策变得更加透明的趋势下,如果伯克希尔·哈撒韦没有什么可隐瞒的,那么保持如此神秘既无益也无利。如果你们同意,请投票支持第4号提案。

沃伦·巴菲特:谢谢。还有其他希望就动议发言的人吗?

Eileen Durry:据我所知没有。

沃伦·巴菲特:好的。谢谢。我要告诉你们,据我所知,在52年里,伯克希尔·哈撒韦在母公司层面没有进行过任何政治捐款。我——我个人强烈反对“公民联合”案的判决,那是5比4的投票结果。我认为通过超级政治行动委员会让富有的个人或富有的公司进行无限制捐款,这完全不是一件好事。我认为这对我们的民主是一个减分项。我认为巨额资金确实——常常会扭曲政治进程。现实情况是,我们那些处于严格监管行业的任何子公司,可能都不得不进行一些政治捐款。因为它们的竞争对手也在做。我告诉我们的经理,基本上,如果他们——我不希望他们利用公司资金根据自己的个人政治偏好进行选举捐款。我会认为这是对伯克希尔的失信。但我确实认识到,如果他们身处铁路行业、电力公用事业行业或其他什么行业,本质上确有进行政治捐款的必要。

我确信他们也会给我不会投票支持的人捐款。但这是在某些活动中具有重大政治性质的行业里做生意的现实。所以,我(听不清)在某种程度上我的心与你们同在,我希望“公民联合”案的结果是相反的。我不喜欢花大钱的想法。但我不认为我们——我认为——我个人认为,如果你的竞争对手不列出所有他们捐款的政治组织,而你列出来,这可能会对你不利。我认为在即将讨论的所有三个提案中,都涉及相关费用。所以我个人投票反对这个提案。但我确实希望,像你们一样,未来金钱——特别是巨额资金和未披露的资金——在政治中扮演的角色比现在更小。我不认为最高法院推翻“公民联合”案的可能性很大。因此,我认为该动议已准备好采取行动。

如果有股东亲自投票,他们现在应该在该动议的选票上做标记,并将选票交给走道中的会议工作人员之一。Amick女士,准备好后请做报告。

Becki Amick:我的报告准备好了。代理投票持有人根据截至上周五下午收到的代理投票所投的选票,支持该动议的为64,449票,反对的为542,399票。由于反对票数超过了就此事宜正确投出的所有A类和B类股份票数的多数,以及所有已发行股份的票数,该动议未获通过。特拉华州法律要求的精确投票计数证明将交给秘书,并放入本次会议记录中。

沃伦·巴菲特:谢谢你,Amick女士。该提案未获通过。

原文

35. Shareholder motion to disclose political contributions

WARREN BUFFETT: The next item of business is the motion put forth by Clean Yield Asset Management on behalf of shareholders, Tom Beers and Mary Durfee. The motion is set forth in the proxy statement. The motion requests that the company provide a report on its political contributions. The directors recommended that the shareholders vote against the proposal. I will now recognize Eileen Durry (PH) — I hope I’m pronouncing that right — to present the motion. To allow all interested shareholders present their views, I ask to limit the — I ask to limit her remarks to five minutes. And the microzone — the microphone at zone 1 is available for those wishing to speak for or against the motion. Zone 1 is the only microphone station in operation. For the benefit of those present, I ask that each speaker for or against the motion, with the exception of the original proposer, limit themselves to two minutes and confine your remarks solely to the motion. And do we have, at station 1, the representative of Clean Yield Management? Or, wait. Sorry. Clean Yield Asset Management.

EILEEN DURRY: Good afternoon, Mr. Chairman, board of directors, and my fellow shareholders. My name is Eileen Durry. And I have been asked to read the following statement by the filers of this proposal, Tom Beers and Mary Durfee. Our proposal, number four on the proxy ballot, calls on Berkshire Hathaway to fully disclose the extent of its political spending. Why do we ask for this? Corporate political spending is a controversial activity that must be carefully managed and overseen at the most senior levels of management. Mismanagement or misjudgment around political contributions can bring reputation damage, political risks, and legal consequences. In recent years, at the urging of shareholders and other stakeholders, scores of companies have adopted stronger disclosure and better oversight of political contributions. Best practices in this area include full disclosure of direct and indirect political contributions, descriptions of policies and procedures to ensure full legal compliance, and a commitment to board oversight. But our company’s policies in this area are so nonexistent or hidden that they have earned it a score of zero for six years running on the leading rating system for corporate political disclosure and accountability, the CPA-Zicklin Index.

In contrast, 56 percent of the S&P make public a detailed policy governing political expenditures from corporate funds. Peers such as GE, Travelers, Unum, CSX, and Norfolk Southern disclose political spending. In contrast, all we know about Berkshire’s political spending is contained in the two paragraph response to our proposal in this year’s proxy statement, which seeks to reassure us that Berkshire’s political spending is small, relative to its size. But management’s statement raises more questions than it answers. It says nothing, for example, about whether Berkshire gives to third party, like trade associations and 501(c)(4)s, which are leading sources of dark money contributions that are nearly impossible to trace. Since 2012, over $670 million in dark money was spent in the U.S. elections with no disclosure of who the underlying donors were. Fellow shareholders, as you know, our company is a large and complicated enterprise. Berkshire Hathaway ranks number four in the Fortune 500.

At a time when the trend among large companies is to be more open about their political spending and their policies regarding dark money vehicles, it doesn’t behoove or benefit Berkshire Hathaway to be so secretive if it has nothing to hide. If you agree, please vote in favor of proposal number four.

WARREN BUFFETT: Thank you. Are there other people that wish to speak on the motion?

EILEEN DURRY: Not that I know of.

WARREN BUFFETT: OK. Thank you. And I will tell you that, to my knowledge, in 52 years, Berkshire Hathaway, at the parent company level, has not made a political contribution. I don’t — I, personally, disagree strongly with the Citizens United decision, which was a five-to-four vote. And I think that having unlimited contributions by wealthy individuals through super PACs and — or wealthy corporations — I do not think it’s a plus at all. And I think it’s a minus in our democracy. And I think that big money does — can often distort the political process. It’s a reality that any of our subsidiaries in heavily regulated industries are probably going to have to make some political contributions. Their competitors do it. And I tell our managers, basically, if they — I don’t want them making contributions on their own personal preferences in elections to be made from corporate funds. And I would regard that as a breach of trust with Berkshire. But I do recognize that if they’re in the railroad industry, or the electric utility industry, or whatever it may be, that there is a necessity, essentially, to make political contributions.

And I’m sure they give money to people that I wouldn’t vote for. But that is a reality of doing business in certain businesses which have a significant political aspect to their activities. So, I (inaudible) and my heart is with you to some extent, in terms of I wish Citizens United had gone the other way. I don’t like the idea of great sums being spent. But I do not think we — I think it — personally, I think that it could be disadvantageous to actually list all of the political organizations to which people contribute when competitors don’t. And I think there’s expense involved in all three of the proposals that are coming up on this one. So I, personally, voted against the proposition. But I do hope, like you, that money plays a lesser part in politics — big money — in the future — and undisclosed money — than it does now. And I don’t think the odds are good that the Supreme Court is going to reverse Citizens United. So with that, I would say the motion is now ready to be acted upon.

If there are any shareholders voting in person, they should now mark their ballot on the motion and deliver their ballot to one of the meeting officials in the aisles. Miss Amick, when you’re ready, you may give your report.

BECKI AMICK: My report is ready. The ballot of the proxy holders in response to proxies that were received through last Friday afternoon cast 64,449 votes for the motion and 542,399 votes against the motion. As the number of votes against the motion exceeds a majority of the number of votes of all Class A and Class B shares properly cast on the matter, as well as all votes outstanding, the motion has failed. The certification required by Delaware law of the precise count of the votes will be given to the secretary to be placed with the minutes of this meeting.

WARREN BUFFETT: Thank you, Miss Amick. The proposal fails.

36. 股东关于甲烷排放的动议

沃伦·巴菲特:下一项事务是由Baldwin Brothers Inc.代表股东Marcia Sage提出的动议。该动议已在代理声明中列出。该动议要求公司提供一份报告,审查公司关于所有运营中甲烷排放的政策、行动、计划和减排目标。董事们建议股东投票反对该提案。我现在请Eileen Durry陈述该动议。为了让所有感兴趣的股东发表意见,我请她将发言限制在五分钟内。1号麦克风区可供希望支持或反对该动议的人使用。只有1号麦克风站处于运行状态。为了在场各位的利益,我要求每位支持或反对该动议的发言者将发言限制在两分钟内——不过,Durry女士,你的情况是五分钟——并将发言严格限于该动议。

Eileen Durry:下午好,主席先生、董事会成员、各位股东。我叫Eileen Durry。我在这里代表我们公司的长期投资者Marcia Sage提出Arjuna Capital和Baldwin Brothers的提案。第5号提案旨在通过确保关于甲烷排放信息的透明披露来保护股东价值。提出这个提案的原因显然符合保护长期股东价值的利益。

泄漏的气体对我们公司有直接的经济影响,因为它不再可用于销售,这为减排目标和控制流程建立了明确的商业理由。事实上,2012年泄漏的甲烷造成了300亿美元的收入损失,相当于全球天然气产量的3%。国家资源保护委员会估计,捕获目前浪费的气体用于销售,可以将甲烷污染减少约80%。虽然用天然气替代煤炭的气候效益已被广泛宣传,但当泄漏率超过2.7%时,这种效益就会被抵消,因为甲烷在20年期间造成的全球变暖影响是二氧化碳的84倍。最近的学术研究尤其令人不安,因为他们发现甲烷泄漏率远高于美国环保署目前的估计。此外,天然气储存带来了巨大的风险。

2015年,南加州天然气公司位于洛杉矶的Aliso Canyon储存场的注气井发生故障,揭示了天然气储存设施在维护和安全方面的重大弱点。该事件暴露了在井喷事故面前缺乏监督和应急计划。伯克希尔·哈撒韦拥有的储存设施面临类似风险,据估计其天然气储量在美国排名第11位。全国有超过400个天然气储存设施,其中许多是几十年前钻探的。众多独立研究人员得出结论,如果天然气要引领更可持续的能源未来,那么必须解决排放缺失问题。持续的关注引发了公众辩论,并导致州和联邦层面的监管行动。一个强有力的目标设定、测量、减排和信息披露计划将表明监管风险的降低,以及高效运营,最大化天然气销售和股东价值。鉴于此,我们认为我们公司有一个巨大的机会,通过向股东提供这些重要信息来向前迈进。代理投票建议的主要提供者ISS(机构股东服务公司)也同意并建议投赞成票,指出此类披露将使股东能够更好地理解公司对其甲烷排放及相关风险的管理。感谢你们的考虑。

沃伦·巴菲特:还有其他希望就这个动议发言的人吗?

Eileen Durry:我想没有。

沃伦·巴菲特:好的。该动议现在已准备好采取行动。如果有股东亲自投票,他们现在应该在该动议的选票上做标记,并将选票交给走道中的会议工作人员之一。Amick女士,准备好后请做报告。

Becki Amick:我的报告准备好了。代理投票持有人根据截至上周五下午收到的代理投票所投的选票,支持该动议的为57,600票,反对的为542,870票。由于反对票数超过了就此事宜正确投出的所有A类和B类股份票数的多数,以及所有已发行股份的票数,该动议未获通过。特拉华州法律要求的精确投票计数证明将交给秘书,并放入本次会议记录中。

沃伦·巴菲特:Greg,顺便说一下——有麦克风吗?你——是的,这里——你或许可以谈谈甲烷的情况。

Gregory Abel:当然,沃伦。谢谢你的评论。当你考虑甲烷排放时,相对于碳排放来说,这是一个严重的问题。它被强调比碳排放糟糕84倍。但我很高兴报告我们在伯克希尔·哈撒韦的情况。所以,评论中提出了三个不同问题。一个是石油和天然气生产的整体排放。所以,我要强调的第一件事是我们不拥有任何石油和天然气生产资产。所以我们没有井,实际上也没有那个风险。第二点被强调的是Aliso Canyon的严重气体损失。那是一口注气井发生故障。花了数月时间修复。如果你从根本上分析那里的问题——我们确实拥有其他储存设施,但我们不使用他们的那种技术或那种井。我们所有的井都从上到下用套管固井,这创造了非常不同的风险,并且可以在几小时内得到缓解。然后,第三个问题被提出的是泄漏率。

并且至少在对该提案的第二次回应中强调,该行业的领先公司的泄漏率为1%,或者他们已经制定了计划来实现1%的泄漏率。我很高兴地报告,当我们查看我们管道的泄漏率时,我们只有0.53%。所以,基本上是行业领先公司的一半。这显然支持了股东的建议。谢谢。

沃伦·巴菲特:谢谢,Greg。你们已经听到了投票结果。该提案未获通过。

原文

36. Shareholder motion on methane emissions

WARREN BUFFETT: The next item of business is put forth by Baldwin Brothers Inc. on behalf of shareholder Marcia Sage. The motion is set forth in the proxy statement. The motion requests that the company provide a report reviewing the company’s policies, actions, plans and reduction targets related to methane emissions from all operations. The directors have recommended that the shareholders vote against the proposal. I will now recognize Eileen Durry to present the motion. To allow all interested shareholders to present their views, I ask her to limit her remarks to five minutes. The microphone at zone 1 is available for those wishing to speak for or against the motion. Zone 1 is the only microphone station in operation. For the benefit of those present, I ask that each speaker for and against — or against the motion — limit themselves to two minutes — although, Miss Durry, that’s five minutes in your case — and to confine your remarks solely to the motion.

EILEEN DURRY: Good afternoon, Mr. Chairman, members of the board, and fellow shareholders. My name is Eileen Durry. I am here to move Arjuna Capital and Baldwin Brothers’ proposal on behalf of Marcia Sage, a long-term investor in our company. Proposal five seeks to protect shareholder value by ensuring the transparent disclosure for information regarding methane emissions. The reason for this proposal are clearly in the interest of protecting long-term shareholder value.

Leaked gas has a direct economic impact on our company as it is no longer available for sale, establishing a clear business case for reduction targets and control processes. In fact, leaked methane represented $30 billion of lost revenue in 2012, equivalent to three percent of gas produced globally. The National Resources Defense Council estimates that capturing currently wasted gas for sale could reduce methane pollution by roughly 80 percent. And while the climate benefit of replacing coal with natural gas has been widely publicized, that benefit is negated when leakage rates exceed 2.7 percent, as methane carries 84 times the global warming impact of CO2 over a 20-year period. Recent academic studies are particularly troubling as they have identified methane leakage far north of current EPA estimates. Additionally, gas storage presents outsized risks.

The 2015 failure of a gas injection well at Southern California Gas Company’s Aliso Canyon storage field in Los Angeles revealed major vulnerabilities in the maintenance and safety of natural gas storage facilities. The incident exposed both a lack of oversight and contingency planning in the face of a well blowout. Berkshire Hathaway has storage facilities that face similar risks as it is estimated to hold the 11th highest volume in natural gas in the country. There are over 400 gas storage facilities around the country, many of which were drilled decades ago. Numerous independent researchers have concluded that if natural gas is to lead to a more sustainable energy future, then missing emissions must be addressed. Ongoing concerns have spurred public debate and led to regulatory action at the state and federal level. A strong program of target-setting measurement, mitigation, and disclosure would indicate a reduction in regulatory risk as well as efficient operations maximizing gas for sale and shareholder value. Given this, we believe our company has a tremendous opportunity to move forward by providing shareholders with this important information. ISS, the leading provider of proxy voting advice, agrees and has a recommended a vote in favor, noting such disclosures would allow shareholders to better understand the company’s management of its methane emissions and any related risks. Thank you for your consideration.

WARREN BUFFETT: Are there other people who wish to speak on this motion?

EILEEN DURRY: I don’t believe so.

WARREN BUFFETT: OK. The motion is now ready to be acted upon. If there are any shareholders voting in person, they should now mark their ballot on the motion and deliver their ballot to one of the meeting officials in the aisles. Miss Amick, when you’re ready, you may give your report.

BECKI AMICK: My report is ready. The ballot of the proxy holders in response to proxies that were received through last Friday afternoon cast 57,600 votes for the motion and 542,870 votes against the motion. As the number of votes against the motion exceeds a majority of the number of votes of all Class A and Class B shares properly cast on the matter, as well as all votes outstanding, the motion has failed. The certification required by Delaware law of the precise count of the votes will be given to the secretary to be placed with the minutes of this meeting.

WARREN BUFFETT: Greg, incidentally — is there a live microphone? You’re — yeah, there we — you might talk a little bit about the methane situation.

GREGORY ABEL: Sure, Warren. So thank you for your comments. And when you think about methane emissions, it is a serious issue, relative to carbon. It was highlighted 84 times worse than a carbon emission. But I’d be very pleased to report on our situation at Berkshire Hathaway. So, three different issues were raised in the comment. One was overall emissions from oil and gas production. So, the first thing I would just highlight is that we do not own any oil and gas producing assets. So we don’t have any wells and, effectively, don’t have that risk. The second thing that was highlighted was the significant loss of gas at Aliso Canyon. It was a injection well that failed. Took many months to fix the well. And if you fundamentally look at the problem there — and we do own other storage facilities, but we do not use their technology or that type of well. All of our wells are cased to the top which creates a very different risk and, literally, can be mitigated within hours. And, then, the third issue which was raised was leakage rates.

And it was highlighted, at least in a second response to the proposal, that the leading companies in the industry have a leakage rate of one percent, or they’ve put together programs to achieve a leakage rate of one percent. And I’m happy to report, when we look at our leakage rate from our pipelines, we’re at 0.53 of one percent. So, basically, half of the leading companies in the industry. So that, obviously, support the recommendation of the shareholders. Thank you.

WARREN BUFFETT: Thanks, Greg. You’ve heard the vote. And the proposal fails.

37. 股东关于剥离化石燃料持有的动议

沃伦·巴菲特:下一项事务是由股东Nebraska Peace Foundation提出的动议。该动议已在代理声明中列出。该动议要求公司剥离其在从事化石燃料开采、加工或燃烧的公司的持股。董事们建议股东投票反对该提案。我现在请Mark Vasina陈述该动议。同样,为了让所有感兴趣的股东发表意见,我请他将其发言限制在五分钟内。1号麦克风区可供希望支持或反对该动议的人使用。只有1号麦克风站处于运行状态。为了在场各位的利益,后续发言者应——我要求他们将自己限制在两分钟内,并将发言严格限于该动议。那么,请开始。

Mark Vasina:谢谢。我的名字是Mark Vasina。我代表Nebraska Peace Foundation。我们在这里提出我们的提案,要求伯克希尔·哈撒韦在12年内剥离其碳基资产,我们认为这段时间是一个非常温和的提议。去年,我们带着一个提案来到这里,要求伯克希尔·哈撒韦评估并报告气候变化对其保险公司的影响。在我们——在那次会议之后,一些股东找到我们,认为我们手下留情了。他们建议真正的问题是剥离。所以我们思考了。我们回来要求剥离碳基资产。我们认识到,对于一家参与投资其他公司的上市公司来说,剥离所面临的挑战不同于大学捐赠基金、养老计划、公共基金会(例如比尔及梅琳达·盖茨基金会)——这些已经剥离或实施了剥离计划的组织。然而,我们认为,剥离的必要性不仅涉及社会、伦理甚至道德问题,还涉及财务风险。

正如英格兰银行在其对受其监管的保险公司的建议中,要求他们调查并报告气候变化对这些公司的风险时指出的那样,持有这些碳基资产的财务风险是真实存在的——且不可预测。像监管风险、政治风险、技术变化、投资者——投资者情绪变化——这些因素对此类投资的资产财务价值构成了风险。所以正如我所说,我们提议在12年内剥离所有碳基资产。接下来将有三位杰出的美国气候科学家、内布拉斯加州Winnebago部落的Frank LaMere以及克雷顿大学神学家Richard Miller发言。感谢你们给我们机会来陈述我们支持这项提案的理由。

沃伦·巴菲特:谢谢。我们继续下一位发言人。

Michael Mann:巴菲特主席、董事会成员和股东们,我是Michael Mann。我是宾夕法尼亚州立大学的教授,也是一位气候科学家。作为一名花费大量时间传播气候变化现实和威胁的科学家,今天能有机会在这里向你们讲话是我的荣幸。沃伦·巴菲特,被称为奥马哈的先知,对许多人来说是一种鼓舞,象征着职业道德、白手起家的成功以及远见带来的巨大回报。现在,远见意味着同时识别机会和风险。而在风险方面,气候变化是最好的例子。例如,我最近在《科学报告》期刊上合著了一篇文章,证明气候变化在近年来前所未有的、毁灭性的干旱、洪水和热浪中扮演了关键角色。我们目前看到的这些影响只是冰山一角。如果我们想避免气候变化最糟糕的影响,必须在未来几年内大幅降低碳排放。

巴菲特先生在2015年致股东的信中创造了“诺亚定律”一词来描述气候变化带来的风险,他说:“如果只有1%的可能性地球正走向一场真正的重大灾难,而拖延意味着越过不可逆转的临界点,那么现在不采取行动是鲁莽的。”我完全同意。科学告诉我们,如果在温室气体排放方面没有大幅减少,我们正在走向灾难。董事会成员比尔·盖茨一年前展现了大胆的领导力,当时比尔及梅琳达·盖茨基金会宣布剥离其化石燃料持有。如果巴菲特先生效仿,这将向全球商业界的其他部分发出一个深刻的信号,一个信号表明我们可以在为时已晚之前,通过现在正面解决这个问题,既能减轻风险,又能抓住清洁能源技术大规模增长形式的机会。谢谢。

沃伦·巴菲特:谢谢。我相信还有另一位或两位发言者。请自报姓名。

Richard Somerville:我叫Richard Somerville。我是一位气候科学家,也是加州大学圣地亚哥分校的教授。巴菲特主席、董事会和股东们,世界正在变暖。这是由于人类活动造成的。情况正在恶化。观测证据是压倒性的。全球所有最热的年份都是近年来的。我们看到天气在变化。我们看到更严重的洪水和干旱。海平面上升正在加速。全球的冰盖和冰川正在缩小。除非温室气体和颗粒物的排放很快大幅减少,否则气候变化会变得越来越严重。关于未来气候最大的未知数是人类行为。一切都取决于人类现在做什么。我们手握控制我们子孙后代气候的恒温器。2015年,世界各国在巴黎就安全允许的升温幅度达成一致。巴黎目标是以科学为依据的。科学表明,要实现这个目标,需要迅速和大规模地减排。我们不能只是勉强应付。犹豫和拖延会导致灾难。与未缓解的气候变化将造成的损害相比,减轻气候变化的破坏是廉价的。

想要一个例子吗?对气候变化什么都不做的后果是,海平面将变得如此之高,以至于沿海城市最终必须被废弃。我们造成了这个问题。我们能解决它。民意调查显示,大多数美国人希望采取强有力的行动来限制气候变化。推动清洁能源的力量是强大的。市场正在转向反对化石燃料。太阳能和风能的价格正在下降。它们已经可以在没有补贴的情况下竞争。汽车电气化正在快速进行。清洁能源提供就业和经济增长。进步和繁荣不需要排放温室气体。伯克希尔·哈撒韦和沃伦·巴菲特在世界各地受到理所当然的钦佩和尊重。帮助世界应对气候变化应该成为他们遗产的重要组成部分。这是我们欠子孙后代的。谢谢。

沃伦·巴菲特:谢谢。我相信还有一位发言者。(掌声)

David Titley:谢谢你,先生。我是David Titley,退役海军少将,前海军海洋学家,现在是宾夕法尼亚州立大学的实践教授。我从2000年12月起就是伯克希尔·哈撒韦的股东。先生,感谢你领导这家企业。当我在五角大楼任职时,我有幸直接为五角大楼最重要的战略规划师Andrew Marshall先生工作。他教我如何思考风险,特别是那些看似遥远或概率低,但影响非常大的风险,比如大规模杀伤性武器。气候变化是一个肥尾、正在显现的风险。它实际上是对人、对我们构成的风险。当这种风险得不到管理时,我们就会遇到安全问题。叙利亚就是一个例子。气候是导致悲剧结果的漫长事件链中的一环。非气候事件,比如超过一百万难民因伊拉克战争涌入叙利亚城市,给叙利亚政府带来了压力。然后,大约十年前,一场异常强烈的干旱和热浪,与气候变化高度相关,摧毁了叙利亚的农业。

现在,你有数百万绝望的人一无所有,这就成了极端分子的温床。叙利亚就是一个例子,说明了为什么在安全领域,我们说气候变化会加剧不稳定的风险。它可以使糟糕的地方变得更糟,非常糟糕。高级军官知道,必须在为时已晚之前,在你还能做到的时候应对风险并采取预防措施。美国国防部理解气候变化的风险。多年来它一直在悄悄地努力适应气候变化。温斯顿·丘吉尔据称说过:“美国人总是可以在穷尽所有其他可能性之后,指望他们做正确的事。”但我们会赢。而你,先生,可以帮助我们。这是我的请求。政府和企业领导人在做什么来稳定气候?我们应该减少而不是接受不受控制的气候变化所带来的风险,因为冰层不在乎是哪个政党控制白宫或国会。它只是融化。谢谢。(掌声)

Frank LaMere:我是Frank LaMere,来自内布拉斯加州Winnebago部落的熊族。正是这片大陆的原住民首先祝圣了我们生活和成长的土地,他们献上祈祷和恳求,请求允许我们生活,并为后代开辟道路。作为对造物主赐福的交换,我们的祖先同意成为土地的守护者。对我们提供一切的地球母亲的守护现在已经改变。但契约保持不变。这一点毫无疑问

沃伦·巴菲特:好的。谢谢。(掌声)现在可以对动议进行表决。如果任何股东亲自投票,请现在在选票上就动议进行标记,并将选票交给过道中的一位会议官员。艾米克女士,当你准备好时,请给出你的报告。

原文

WARREN BUFFETT: OK. Thank you. (Applause) The motion is now ready to be acted upon. If there are any shareholders voting in person, they should now mark their ballots on the motion and deliver their ballots to one of the meeting officials in the aisles. Miss Amick, when you’re ready, you may give your report.

贝基·艾米克:我的报告已准备好。根据上周五下午之前收到的代理投票,代理持有人的投票结果为:7,784票赞成该动议,594,044票反对该动议。由于反对票数超过了就该事项适当投票的所有A类和B类股份投票总数的多数,也超过了所有未投票的股份,该动议未获通过。特拉华州法律要求的关于投票确切计数的认证将提交给秘书,并作为本次会议纪要的一部分。

原文

BECKI AMICK: My report is ready. The ballot of the proxy holders in response to proxies that were received through last Friday afternoon cast 7,784 votes for the motion and 594,044 votes against the motion. As the number of votes against the motion exceeds a majority of the number of votes of all Class A and Class B shares properly cast on the matter, as well as all votes outstanding, the motion has failed. The certification required by Delaware law of the precise count of the votes will be given to the secretary to be placed with the minutes of this meeting.

沃伦·巴菲特:谢谢你,艾米克女士。该动议未通过。斯科特先生,你有动议吗?

原文

WARREN BUFFETT: Thank you, Miss Amick. The proposal fails. And Mr. Scott, do you have a motion?

沃尔特·斯科特:我动议会议休会。

原文

WALTER SCOTT: I move the meeting be adjourned.

沃伦·巴菲特:有人附议吗?

原文

WARREN BUFFETT: Is there a second?

罗恩·奥尔森:我附议此动议。

原文

RON OLSON: I second the motion.

沃伦·巴菲特:休会动议已经提出并得到附议。我们将通过口头表决进行。是否有任何讨论?如果没有,赞成者请说“赞成”。

原文

WARREN BUFFETT: The motion to adjourn has now been made and seconded. We will vote by voice. Any discussion, if not, all in favor say, “Aye.”

多位声音:赞成。

原文

VOICES: Aye.

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